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Witte T, Hicks C, Hermans A, Shields S, Overy DP. Debunking the Myth of Fusarium poae T-2/HT-2 Toxin Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3949-3957. [PMID: 38375818 PMCID: PMC10905990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium poae is commonly detected in field surveys of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of cereal crops and can produce a range of trichothecene mycotoxins. Although experimentally validated reports of F. poae strains producing T-2/HT-2 trichothecenes are rare, F. poae is frequently generalized in the literature as a producer of T-2/HT-2 toxins due to a single study from 2004 in which T-2/HT-2 toxins were detected at low levels from six out of forty-nine F. poae strains examined. To validate/substantiate the observations reported from the 2004 study, the producing strains were acquired and phylogenetically confirmed to be correctly assigned as F. poae; however, no evidence of T-2/HT-2 toxin production was observed from axenic cultures. Moreover, no evidence for a TRI16 ortholog, encoding a key acyltransferase shown to be necessary for T-2 toxin production in other Fusarium species, was observed in any of the de novo assembled genomes of the F. poae strains. Our findings corroborate multiple field-based and in vitro studies on FHB-associated Fusarium populations which also do not support the production of T-2/HT-2 toxins with F. poae and therefore conclude that F. poae should not be generalized as a T-2/HT-2 toxin producing species of Fusarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
E. Witte
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Carmen Hicks
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Anne Hermans
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sam Shields
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - David P. Overy
- Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and
Development Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Pavicic M, Mouhu K, Hautsalo J, Jacobson D, Jalli M, Himanen K. Image-based time series analysis to establish differential disease progression for two Fusarium head blight pathogens in oat spikelets with variable resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1126717. [PMID: 36998678 PMCID: PMC10043315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1126717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oat-based value-added products have increased their value as healthy foodstuff. Fusarium head blight (FHB) infections and the mycotoxins accumulated to the oat seeds, however, pose a challenge to oat production. The FHB infections are predicted to become more prevalent in the future changing climates and under more limited use of fungicides. Both these factors increase the pressure for breeding new resistant cultivars. Until now, however, genetic links in oats against FHB infection have been difficult to identify. Therefore, there is a great need for more effective breeding efforts, including improved phenotyping methods allowing time series analysis and the identification of molecular markers during disease progression. To these ends, dissected spikelets of several oat genotypes with different resistance profiles were studied by image-based methods during disease progression by Fusarium culmorum or F. langsethiae species. The chlorophyll fluorescence of each pixel in the spikelets was recorded after inoculation by the two Fusarium spp., and the progression of the infections was analyzed by calculating the mean maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) values for each spikelet. The recorded values were (i) the change in the photosynthetically active area of the spikelet as percentage of its initial size, and (ii) the mean of Fv/Fm values of all fluorescent pixels per spikelet post inoculation, both indicative of the progression of the FHB disease. The disease progression was successfully monitored, and different stages of the infection could be defined along the time series. The data also confirmed the differential rate of disease progression by the two FHB causal agents. In addition, oat varieties with variable responses to the infections were indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Pavicic
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational and Predictive Biology, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Katriina Mouhu
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Hautsalo
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources Planta, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Computational and Predictive Biology, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Marja Jalli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources Planta, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111288. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent occurrences of high levels of Fusarium mycotoxins have been recorded in Norwegian oat grain. To elucidate the influence of tillage operations on the development of Fusarium and mycotoxins in oat grain, we conducted tillage trials with continuous oats at two locations in southeast Norway. We have previously presented the content of Fusarium DNA detected in straw residues and air samples from these fields. Grain harvested from ploughed plots had lower levels of Fusarium langsethiae DNA and HT-2 and T-2 toxins (HT2 + T2) compared to grain from harrowed plots. Our results indicate that the risk of F. langsethiae and HT2 + T2 contamination of oats is reduced with increasing tillage intensity. No distinct influence of tillage on the DNA concentration of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum in the harvested grain was observed. In contrast to F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, only limited contents of F. langsethiae DNA were observed in straw residues and air samples. Still, considerable concentrations of F. langsethiae DNA and HT2 + T2 were recorded in oat grain harvested from these fields. We speculate that the life cycle of F. langsethiae differs from those of F. graminearum and F. avenaceum with regard to survival, inoculum production and dispersal.
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Khairullina A, Tsardakas Renhuldt N, Wiesenberger G, Bentzer J, Collinge DB, Adam G, Bülow L. Identification and Functional Characterisation of Two Oat UDP-Glucosyltransferases Involved in Deoxynivalenol Detoxification. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070446. [PMID: 35878183 PMCID: PMC9318758 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oat is susceptible to several Fusarium species that cause contamination with different trichothecene mycotoxins. The molecular mechanisms behind Fusarium resistance in oat have yet to be elucidated. In the present work, we identified and characterised two oat UDP-glucosyltransferases orthologous to barley HvUGT13248. Overexpression of the latter in wheat had been shown previously to increase resistance to deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) and to decrease disease the severity of both Fusarium head blight and Fusarium crown rot. Both oat genes are highly inducible by the application of DON and during infection with Fusarium graminearum. Heterologous expression of these genes in a toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conferred high levels of resistance to DON, NIV and HT-2 toxins, but not C4-acetylated trichothecenes (T-2, diacetoxyscirpenol). Recombinant enzymes AsUGT1 and AsUGT2 expressed in Escherichia coli rapidly lost activity upon purification, but the treatment of whole cells with the toxin clearly demonstrated the ability to convert DON into DON-3-O-glucoside. The two UGTs could therefore play an important role in counteracting the Fusarium virulence factor DON in oat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfia Khairullina
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikos Tsardakas Renhuldt
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (G.W.); (G.A.)
| | - Johan Bentzer
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
| | - David B. Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Institute of Microbial Genetics, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (G.W.); (G.A.)
| | - Leif Bülow
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; (N.T.R.); (J.B.); (L.B.)
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