1
|
Beal MA, Habauzit D, Khoury L, Audebert M. Human next-generation risk assessment of trichothecene toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114916. [PMID: 39128691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are naturally occurring chemicals, produced by fungi, that can be found in contaminated crops. Trichothecenes have the potential to indirectly damage DNA and exacerbate genotoxic effects of genotoxicants. However, genotoxicity data for most trichothecenes are limited and data gaps remain. Here we use the γH2AX/pH3 assay to evaluate DNA damage in vitro of 13 trichothecenes. Three human cell lines (SH-SY5Y, ACHN, and HepG2) were exposed to each trichothecene (0.001-100 μM) to assess toxicity as models for the brain, kidney, and liver, respectively. Concentration-dependent induction of DNA damage, illustrated by γH2AX induction, was observed for all trichothecenes. In vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) modeling was employed to support in vivo equivalent potency ranking and screen for risk potential. Diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2, and HT-2 had the highest genotoxic potency, notably in SH-SY5Y cells. Administered equivalent doses (AEDs) derived from IVIVE were compared against exposure data from French total diet studies to assess risk potential. AEDs derived for T-2 and HT-2 from the SH-SY5Y model were within 100-fold of exposure levels for infants aged one year or less. Overall, the potential for trichothecenes to damage DNA and higher exposures in infants highlights the need to investigate the cumulative effects across the broader trichothecene family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Beal
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Denis Habauzit
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | | | - Marc Audebert
- Toxalim UMR1331, Toulouse University, INRAE, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taroncher M, Fuentes C, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ. Assessment of the genotoxic and mutagenic effects induced by T-2 mycotoxin in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2024; 501:153712. [PMID: 38128774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin produced by molds belonging to Fusarium. Among the Fusarium mycotoxins, trichothecenes are frequently reported in food and feed, being the T-2 toxin (T-2) the mycotoxin which possesses the highest toxicity. According to EFSA, T-2 is found in various cereal grains used in food and feed products, mainly in oats, and it has a high environmental impact due to its mechanisms of toxicity. However, recent information on its genotoxic and mutagenic effects is lacking. This work aimed to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of T-2 in vitro. For this purpose, HepG2 cells were exposed to 15, 30, and 60 nM T-2 for 24 h, then the DNA damage was evaluated by the micronucleus and the comet assays. In addition, point mutation analysis was performed by the bacterial reverse mutation test using 0.15-60 nM of T-2 concentrations. The results showed chromosomal damage at 60 nM T-2 since significantly more MN appeared at this concentration than in the control samples. Regarding the comet assay, DNA double helix breaks appeared at all concentrations tested and, in a concentration-dependent manner. However, no mutagenic effects were observed at any of the concentrations tested for the Salmonella typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, or the Escherichia coli (E. Coli) WP2 strain in the absence or presence of a metabolic activation system. Therefore, these results showed that T-2 mycotoxin produced genotoxic effects by MN and comet assay, while no mutagenicity was observed. However, further research simulating different metabolic activation pathways and the combined exposure of this mycotoxin with other mutagenic chemicals that could be present in the diet is necessary to discard the mutagenic potential of T-2 fully. These results highlight the carcinogenic potential and danger associated with T-2 exposure and should be considered to prevent associated food risks for the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Taroncher
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox). Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Cristina Fuentes
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox). Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain; Department of Food Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox). Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxic Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox). Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alonso-Jauregui M, López de Cerain A, Azqueta A, Rodriguez-Garraus A, Gil AG, González-Peñas E, Vettorazzi A. In Vivo Genotoxicity and Toxicity Assessment of Sterigmatocystin Individually and in Mixture with Aflatoxin B1. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:491. [PMID: 37624248 PMCID: PMC10467059 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural food and feed contaminants produced by several molds. The primary mode of exposure in humans and animals is through mixtures. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and sterigmatocystin (STER) are structurally related mycotoxins that share the same biosynthetic route. Few in vivo genotoxicity assays have been performed with STER. In the present genotoxicity study, Wistar rats were dosed orally with STER (20 mg/kg b.w.), AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg b.w.) or a mixture of both in an integrated micronucleus (bone marrow) and comet study (liver and kidney). STER was dosed at the highest feasible dose in corn oil. No increase in the percentage of micronuclei in bone marrow was observed at any condition. Slight DNA damage was detected in the livers of animals treated with AFB1 or the mixture (DNA strand breaks and Fpg (Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase)-sensitive sites, respectively). Plasma, liver, and kidney samples were analyzed with LC-MS/MS demonstrating exposure to both mycotoxins. General toxicity parameters (organs absolute weight, biochemistry, and histopathology) were not altered either individually or in the mixture. The overall absence of individual genotoxicity did not allow us to set any type of interaction in the mixture. However, a possible toxicokinetic interaction was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alonso-Jauregui
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Adriana Rodriguez-Garraus
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Ana Gloria Gil
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.-J.); (A.L.d.C.); (A.A.); (A.R.-G.); (A.G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poivre M, Antoine MH, Kryshen K, Atsapkina A, Shikov AN, Twyffels L, Nachtergael A, Duez P, Nortier J. Assessment of the Cytotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Genotoxicity of Two Traditional Chinese Herbs: Aristolochia baetica and Magnolia officinalis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:52. [PMID: 36668872 PMCID: PMC9864762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal remedies used in traditional medicine often contain several compounds combined in order to potentiate their own intrinsic properties. However, herbs can sometimes cause serious health troubles. In Belgium, patients who developed severe aristolochic acid nephropathy ingested slimming pills containing root extracts of an Aristolochia species, as well as the bark of Magnolia officinalis. The goal of the study was to evaluate, on a human renal cell line, Aristolochia and Magnolia extracts for their cytotoxicity by a resazurin cell viability assay, and their genotoxicity by immunodetection and quantification of the phosphorylated histone γ-H2AX. The present study also sought to assess the mutagenicity of these extracts, employing an OECD recognized test, the Ames test, using four Salmonella typhimurium strains with and without a microsomial fraction. Based on our results, it has been demonstrated that the Aristolochia-Magnolia combination (aqueous extracts) was more genotoxic to human kidney cells, and that this combination (aqueous and methanolic extracts) was more cytotoxic to human kidney cells after 24 and 48 h. Interestingly, it has also been shown that the Aristolochia-Magnolia combination (aqueous extracts) was mutagenic with a TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain in the presence of a microsomial liver S9 fraction. This mutagenic effect appears to be dose-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Poivre
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons—UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie-Hélène Antoine
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Kirill Kryshen
- Saint-Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander N. Shikov
- Department of Technology of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov 14a, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Laure Twyffels
- CMMI Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons—UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons—UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Nortier
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Faculty of Medecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|