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Zingales V, Esposito MR, Quagliata M, Cimetta E, Ruiz MJ. Cytotoxic effects induced by combined exposure to the mycotoxins sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A and patulin on human tumour and healthy 3D spheroids. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 192:114951. [PMID: 39182638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of mycotoxins through diet. Despite the serious threat they pose, mycotoxin risk assessment often overlooks co-exposure. With the aim of filling this gap, the present study investigates the combined cytotoxicity of sterigmatocystin (STE), ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin (PAT) in human tumour Neuroblastoma and healthy Mesenchymal Stem Cells three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. The range of concentrations tested (1.56-50 μM for STE, 0.78-25 μM for OTA and 0.15-5 μM for PAT) was selected considering the IC50 values obtained in previous studies and the estimated dietary exposure of consumers. To ensure appropriate experimental conditions, assessments for single mycotoxins and their combinations were conducted simultaneously. The nature of the toxicological interactions among the mycotoxins was then defined using the isobologram analysis. Our results demonstrated increased cytotoxicity in mycotoxin mixtures compared to individual exposure, with abundance of synergistic interactions. These findings highlight that the co-occurrence of STE, OTA and PAT in food may increase their individual toxic effects and should not be underestimated. Moreover, the use of advanced culture models increased the reliability and physiological relevance of our results which can serve as a groundwork for formulating standardized regulatory approaches towards mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zingales
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Valencia, Spain; Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)-Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Esposito
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)-Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Quagliata
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)-Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy; Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)-Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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Marrazzo P, Sargenti A, Costa R, Paris F, Peca J, Piras D, Pizzuti V, Pasqua S, Alviano F. Label-free live characterization of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids by biophysical properties measurement. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 94:101052. [PMID: 39293300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2024.101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has become a consolidated method in the stem cell field, where mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) can be used to generate in vitro spheroid aggregates called MSC-Spheroids (MSph). MSph is a floating cluster of stem cells similar to those in literature are known as bone marrow-derived "mesenspheres". Even though MSC properties are shared by MSph, depending on the cell type and their tissue source, the morphology and degree of compaction of the MSph can be variable, creating limitations in such a cell model. Thus, during culture, a variation in stem cell functionality and viability, in addition to the suitability for comparing MSph in some experimental protocols, can be affected by spheroid biophysical intrinsic properties like mass density. To investigate this limitation and provide a new method for researchers, MSph of seven different tissue sources were compared by combining mass density, weight, and size evaluations with viability assays for ATP measurement. MSph cultured in traditional static conditions showed decreased in viability over the days of culture, while mass density exhibited different trends among cell types. Additionally, treatment of MSph with a non-toxic concentration of a natural compound cell regulator, such as plumbagin, altered the mass density of a selected cell type, thereby confirming the efficacy of the biophysical approach in monitoring MSph variability post-treatment. The results encourage using MSph in the early days of culture after their formation to ensure viability and likely retention of the stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marrazzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - A Sargenti
- CellDynamics iSRL, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Costa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Paris
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - J Peca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Piras
- CellDynamics iSRL, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Pizzuti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Pasqua
- CellDynamics iSRL, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Alviano
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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de Almeida Roque A, Zablocki da Luz J, Filipak Neto F, Barjhoux I, Rioult D, de Oliveira Ribeiro CA. Low concentrations of complex mixtures of pesticides and metabolites are toxic to common Carp brain cells ( Cyprinus carpio carpio). Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39210515 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2397432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Pesticide use increases annually, and Brazil is the world's largest consumer. However, unlike the European Union (EU), there is no established limit value for pesticide mixtures in drinking water, and therefore the concentration of pesticides can reach 3354 times the EU limit. Thus, determining the risk of exposure to pesticide mixtures and their main metabolites is challenging and requires the use of alternative methods. In the present study, the Common Carp Brain (CCB) cell line was used to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of relevant pesticide mixtures (glyphosate, 2,4-D, atrazine, and mancozeb) and their main metabolites after 72 h of exposure. The tested concentrations were based on the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) defined by Brazilian legislation. The results showed that cells exposed to lower concentrations of the pesticide mixtures and the pesticide + metabolite mixtures were affected by a decrease in cell confluence, resazurin metabolism, and wound healing capacity. The IBR index showed that lower concentrations had more severe effects, suggesting the absence of safe concentrations of these pesticide and metabolite mixtures for the CCB cell line within the tested concentration range. These findings raise concerns about the effects of exposure to these substances on animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliciane de Almeida Roque
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica Zablocki da Luz
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Francisco Filipak Neto
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Iris Barjhoux
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO - Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Damien Rioult
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO - Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- URCATech Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale URCATech- MOBICYTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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Wang X, Guo L, Yisha Z, Gu A, Liu T. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition modulates urinary tract smooth muscle contraction and bladder cell transcriptional programs. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38994819 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a master regulator of cell proliferation and contraction, but its physiological role in the lower urinary tract is unknown. We utilized transcriptomic programs of human bladder smooth muscle cells (hBSMCs), 3D bladder spheroid viability assays, and human ureterovesical junction contractility measurements to elucidate the impacts of PLK1 inhibition. This work reveals PLK1 reduction with the selective inhibitor TAK-960 (500 nM) suppresses high K+-evoked contractions of human urinary smooth muscle ex vivo while decreasing urothelial cell viability. Transcriptomic analysis of hBSMCs treated with TAK-960 shows modulation of cell cycle and contraction pathways, specifically through altered expression of Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factors. In bladder spheroids, PLK1 inhibition also suppresses smooth muscle contraction protein filamin. Taken together, these findings establish PLK1 is a critical governor of urinary smooth muscle contraction and urothelial proliferation with implications for lower urinary tract disorders. Targeting PLK1 pharmacologically may therefore offer therapeutic potential to ameliorate hypercontractility and aberrant growth. Further elucidation of PLK1 signaling networks promises new insights into pathogenesis and much needed treatment advances for debilitating urinary symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linfa Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuhaer Yisha
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aodun Gu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongzu Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Laparoscopic/Endoscopic Urologic Surgery, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Medical Quality Control Center for Laparoscopic/Endoscopic Urologic Surgery, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Urogenital Tumors, Wuhan, China
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Henriquez JE, Badwaik VD, Bianchi E, Chen W, Corvaro M, LaRocca J, Lunsman TD, Zu C, Johnson KJ. From Pipeline to Plant Protection Products: Using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Agrochemical Safety Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10710-10724. [PMID: 38688008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The human population will be approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, and food security has been identified as one of the key issues facing the global population. Agrochemicals are an important tool available to farmers that enable high crop yields and continued access to healthy foods, but the average new agrochemical active ingredient takes more than ten years, 350 million dollars, and 20,000 animals to develop and register. The time, monetary, and animal costs incentivize the use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in early-stage screening to prioritize chemical candidates. This review outlines NAMs that are currently available or can be adapted for use in early-stage screening agrochemical programs. It covers new in vitro screens that are on the horizon in key areas of regulatory concern. Overall, early-stage screening with NAMs enables the prioritization of development for agrochemicals without human and environmental health concerns through a more directed, agile, and iterative development program before animal-based regulatory testing is even considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek D Badwaik
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Chengli Zu
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Kamin J Johnson
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Zingales V, Esposito MR, Quagliata M, Cimetta E, Ruiz MJ. Comparative Study of Spheroids (3D) and Monolayer Cultures (2D) for the In Vitro Assessment of Cytotoxicity Induced by the Mycotoxins Sterigmatocystin, Ochratoxin A and Patulin. Foods 2024; 13:564. [PMID: 38397541 PMCID: PMC10887621 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi associated with a variety of acute and chronic foodborne diseases. Current toxicology studies mainly rely on monolayer cell cultures and animal models, which are undeniably affected by several limitations. To bridge the gap between the current in vitro toxicology approach and the in vivo predictability of the data, we here investigated the cytotoxic effects induced by the mycotoxins sterigmatocystin (STE), ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin (PAT) on different 2D and 3D cell cultures. We focused on human tumours (neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and epithelial breast cancer MDA-MB-213 cells) and healthy cells (bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BM-MSC, and umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs). The cytotoxicity of STE, OTA, and PAT was determined after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure using an ATP assay in both culture models. Three-dimensional spheroids' morphology was also analysed using the MATLAB-based open source software AnaSP 1.4 version. Our results highlight how each cell line and different culture models showed specific sensitivities, reinforcing the importance of using more complex models for toxicology studies and a multiple cell line approach for an improved and more comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zingales
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Esposito
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Quagliata
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (M.R.E.); (M.Q.); (E.C.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Cittá Della Speranza (IRP)—Lab BIAMET, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - María-José Ruiz
- Research Group in Alternative Methods for Determining Toxics Effects and Risk Assessment of Contaminants and Mixtures (RiskTox), 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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