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Conventional vs. organic vineyards: Black Aspergilli population structure, mycotoxigenic capacity and mycotoxin contamination assessment in wines, using a new Q-TOF MS-MS detection method. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Zhuang H, Feng T. Isolation, identification, and application of yeast strains from the local ecosystem of Summer Black vineyard. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhuang
- School of Health and Social Care Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College Shanghai China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
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Recent Advances in Mycotoxin Analysis and Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Grapes and Derived Products. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that can cause toxic effects in human and animal health. Most of the filamentous fungi that produce these mycotoxins belong to four genera, namely, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Mycotoxigenic fungi, along with mycotoxins, create a constant and serious economic threat for agriculture in many terms, counting product losses due to crop contamination and food spoilage, as well malnutrition when considering nutritional quality degradation. Given the importance of robust and precise diagnostics of mycotoxins and the related producing fungi in the grape food chain, one of the most important agricultural sectors worldwide, the present review initially delivers a comprehensive presentation of mycotoxin reports on grape and derived products, including a wide range of commodities such as fresh grapes, raisins, wine, juices, and other processed products. Next, based on worldwide regulations’ requirements for mycotoxins, and referring to the relative literature, this work presents methodological approaches for mycotoxin determination, and stresses major methods for the detection of fungal species responsible for mycotoxin production. The principle of function and basic technical background on the available analytical and molecular biology techniques developed—including chromatography, mass spectrometry, immunochemical-based assays, biosensors, and molecular assays—is briefly given, and references for their application to grape and derived product testing are highlighted.
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Pest Management and Ochratoxin A Contamination in Grapes: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050303. [PMID: 32392817 PMCID: PMC7290310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is the most toxic member of ochratoxins, a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. The most relevant species involved in OTA production in grapes is Aspergillus carbonarius. Berry infection by A. carbonarius is enhanced by damage to the skin caused by abiotic and biotic factors. Insect pests play a major role in European vineyards, and Lepidopteran species such as the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana are undoubtedly crucial. New scenarios are also emerging due to the introduction and spread of allochthonous pests as well as climate change. Such pests may be involved in the dissemination of OTA producing fungi even if confirmation is still lacking and further studies are needed. An OTA predicting model is available, but it should be integrated with models aimed at forecasting L. botrana phenology and demography in order to improve model reliability.
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Huang X, Xiao Z, Kong F, Chen A, Perrone G, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang H. Diversity and ochratoxin A-fumonisin profile of black Aspergilli isolated from grapes in China. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. are a common contaminant of grapes and a major source of mycotoxins. China is the largest producer of grape in the world now, however, the toxigenic Aspergillus population on grape in this country is still largely unknown. In this study, a total of 345 strains were isolated from grapes of 13 main grapevine producing regions in China. Based on calmodulin gene sequences, eight species within Aspergillus section Nigri were identified. Among them, Aspergillus tubingensis (48.7%) was predominant, followed by Aspergillus welwitschiae (20.6%) and Aspergillus aculeatinus (11%). Average of contamination level was up to 64.19%, and we found the occurrence of section Nigri species on the surface of fresh grapes was significantly influenced by the climate (P<0.05). The subtropical monsoon climate showed the highest fungal detection rate (72.45%), followed by the temperate monsoon climate (49.82%), and the lowest frequency was found in the temperate continental climate (37.23%). Regarding mycotoxin-producing capacity, 4.4% of the total tested section Nigri isolates (137) were positive for ochratoxin A (OTA) production and 59.6% were fumonisin B2 (FB2) producers. Of those, Aspergillus carbonarius was the main OTA producer and A. welwitschiae and Aspergillus niger were the main FB2 producers with different toxigenic ability. Our results highlight the potential risk of OTA and FB2 contamination by A. carbonarius and A. welwitschiae on grape in China, respectively; management strategies should be considered for preventing and reducing the toxigenic Aspergillus and its mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - Z. Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China P.R
| | - F. Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - A.J. Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China P.R
| | - G. Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Z. Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
| | - J. Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China P.R
| | - H. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China P.R
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El Sheikha AF. Molecular Detection of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Foods: The Case for Using PCR-DGGE. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2018.1547644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Farag El Sheikha
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shibin El Kom, Minufiya Government, Egypt
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Xanthopoulou A, Ganopoulos I, Tryfinopoulou P, Panagou EZ, Osanthanunkul M, Madesis P, Kizis D. Rapid and accurate identification of black aspergilli from grapes using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:309-314. [PMID: 29876941 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus is a diverse genus of fungi with high economic and social impact. Various species that belong to section Nigri (black aspergilli) are common agents of grape spoilage and potent producers of ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin associated with various nephrotoxic and immunotoxic effects in humans. Black aspergilli are difficult to classify following only phenotypic criteria; thus chemotaxonomic and molecular methods are employed in parallel with phenotypic ones for species characterization. These approaches, though accurate and replicable, require more than one individual step and are to a certain extent laborious when a rapid identification of these species is required. RESULTS The aim of this study was to develop a high-resolution melting polymerase chain reaction (HRM-PCR) assay as a rapid method for identification of Aspergillus spp. section Nigri isolates and their detection in grape samples. Melt curve analysis of amplicons originating from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) ribosomal region generated species-specific HRM curve profiles, enabling the accurate differentiation of the analyzed genotypes. Furthermore, the assay was able to identify A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, A. niger, A. ibericus and A. japonicus in grape samples artificially inoculated with conidia of these fungi. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first report on the development of an HRM-PCR assay for the identification of black Aspergillus species in grape samples. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources ELGO-DEMETER, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalitsa Tryfinopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Z Panagou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maslin Osanthanunkul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
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A highly efficient electrophoretic method for discrimination between two Neoscytalidium species using a specific fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragment. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:161-170. [PMID: 30109569 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neoscytalidium (or N.) dimidiatum and N. novaehollandiae are two aggressive plant pathogenic species that affect several agricultural crops. Early detection and identification of these fungi are of critical importance to bring about the effective minimization to the threat they pose to the infected plants. Herein, two species of Neoscytalidium were rapidly discriminated by utilizing the rRNA internal transcribed (ITS4-5.8S-ITS5) PCR primers. A total of 100 isolates of Neoscytalidium species, which were isolated from Iraqi canker-infected fig trees, were included in this study. Two discrete electrophoretic PCR bands were observed in Neoscytalidium isolates-A-variants were about 546 bp, while B-variants were about 993 bp in length. The comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of both DNA variants revealed that A-variants resided between N. novaehollandiae and N. hyalinum, while B-variants were closely related to N. dimidiatum. Furthermore, the highly specific re-constructed tree of both electrophoretic variants demonstrated that B-variants share a high similarity with N. novaehollandiae. Additionally, the secondary structures for both variants were predicted computationally to reveal the structural patterns that each variant follows. In conclusion, a small rRNA locus comprising 22 nucleotides that differs in the two variants is potentially responsible for this species-specific classification. The main divergence in the amplified loci led to the classification of these fungal variants into two main species, namely N. dimidiatum and N. novaehollandiae, demonstrating that the amplification by ITS4-ITS5 rRNA fragment is a beneficial strategy that can be employed for the assessment of Neoscytalidium diversity in the natural ecosystems.
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Ferranti LDS, Fungaro MHP, Massi FP, Silva JJD, Penha RES, Frisvad JC, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Diversity of Aspergillus section Nigri on the surface of Vitis labrusca and its hybrid grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Kogkaki EA, Sofoulis M, Natskoulis P, Tarantilis PA, Pappas CS, Panagou EZ. Differentiation and identification of grape-associated black aspergilli using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis of mycelia. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 259:22-28. [PMID: 28779624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of FT-IR spectroscopy as a high-throughput method for rapid differentiation among the ochratoxigenic species of Aspergillus carbonarius and the non-ochratoxigenic or low toxigenic species of Aspergillus niger aggregate, namely A. tubingensis and A. niger isolated previously from grapes of Greek vineyards. A total of 182 isolates of A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, and A. niger were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The first derivative of specific spectral regions (3002-2801cm-1, 1773-1550cm-1, and 1286-952cm-1) were chosen and evaluated with respect to absorbance values. The average spectra of 130 fungal isolates were used for model calibration based on Discriminant analysis and the remaining 52 spectra were used for external model validation. This methodology was able to differentiate correctly 98.8% in total accuracy in both model calibration and validation. The per class accuracy for A. carbonarius was 95.3% and 100% for model calibration and validation, respectively, whereas for A. niger aggregate the per class accuracy amounted to 100% in both cases. The obtained results indicated that FT-IR could become a promising, fast, reliable and low-cost tool for the discrimination and differentiation of closely related fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia A Kogkaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Manos Sofoulis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Natskoulis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Pappas
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Z Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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Einloft TC, Hoeltz M, Teixeira TR, Oldoni VP, Manfroi V, Noll IB. Survey of mycobiota, black Aspergillus and ochratoxin A occurrence on Brazilian wine grapes. ANN MICROBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-016-1236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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12
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Kanapitsas A, Batrinou A, Aravantinos A, Sflomos C, Markaki P. Gamma radiation inhibits the production of Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus carbonarius. Development of a method for OTA determination in raisins. FOOD BIOSCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL, Ho YS, Fidelibus MW. Population Dynamics of Aspergillus Section Nigri Species on Vineyard Samples of Grapes and Raisins. J Food Prot 2016; 79:448-53. [PMID: 26939655 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several species of Aspergillus section Nigri, including potential mycotoxin producers, are common residents of grape vineyards, but the relative population size of individual species throughout the growing season is difficult to determine using traditional isolation and identification methods. Using a quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method in combination with dilution plating, total Aspergillus section Nigri populations and relative proportions of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, A. carbonarius, and A. tubingensis were measured from vineyard samples without the need for identifying individual fungal isolates. Grapes were sampled from two raisin vineyards (vineyards A and B) at berry set, veraison, harvest, and raisin stages in two consecutive years. Plate counts showed that the total population of Aspergillus section Nigri present on the fruit increased from berry set to raisin and became a larger component of the total recovered fungal population in both vineyards in both years. Results from ddPCR analysis showed that the relative proportion of A. carbonarius among the four species assayed increased later in the season (harvest and raisin) in comparison to earlier in the season (berry set and veraison). Total fungal and Aspergillus section Nigri plate counts were not significantly different between vineyards in either year. However, vineyard A generally showed higher proportions of A. carbonarius in harvest and raisin samples than vineyard B. This coincided with higher incidence and levels of ochratoxin A in vineyard A harvest and raisin fruit than in vineyard B fruit. This work demonstrates that this ddPCR method is a useful tool for culture-independent monitoring of populations of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species during grape and raisin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Palumbo
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | - Teresa L O'Keeffe
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Yvonne S Ho
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - Matthew W Fidelibus
- University of California, Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, California 93648, USA
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Ab Majid AH, Zahran Z, Abd Rahim AH, Ismail NA, Abdul Rahman W, Mohammad Zubairi KS, Dieng H, Satho T. Morphological and molecular characterization of fungus isolated from tropical bed bugs in Northern Peninsular Malaysia, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Tryfinopoulou P, Kizis D, Nychas GJE, Panagou EZ. Quantification of Aspergillus carbonarius in grapes using a real time PCR assay. Food Microbiol 2015; 51:139-43. [PMID: 26187838 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A study on the representation of Aspergillus carbonarius in the vineyards of the Mesogeia geographical region of Attica, Greece, was conducted. One hundred and twenty five samples of the indigenous drought and disease resistant Savatiano wine grape variety, the most widely planted in Greece, were collected. The sample's total DNA extracts were initially tested for fungal DNA presence by targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region in end-point Polymerase Chain Reactions. Samples which were proved positive were further subjected to PCR analysis using specific primers targeting an A. carbonarius polycetide synthase (pks) gene. Among ITS positive samples (70%), A. carbonarius was represented in 42% of them. Furthermore, a SYBR Green I Real Time PCR method was used to quantify the amount of this species in the grape samples. The values of the positive samples were estimated in the range of 13 to 50 × 10(3) fungal haploid genomes/g grapes. The significance of this study lies in the applicability of a rapid and culture-independent method to detect and quantify A. carbonarius on grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalitsa Tryfinopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece; Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, St. Delta 8, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Efstathios Z Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
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Kostarelou P, Kanapitsas A, Pyrri I, Kapsanaki-Gotsi E, Markaki P. Aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus and strains of Aspergillus section Nigri in currants of Greek origin. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Biodiversity and ITS-RFLP characterisation of Aspergillus section Nigri isolates in grapes from four traditional grape-producing areas in Greece. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93923. [PMID: 24710283 PMCID: PMC3977974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on the occurrence of Aspergillus section Nigri species on grapes from four traditional grape-producing areas in Greece during the 2011/2012 vintage, and their capability to produce OTA was conducted. One hundred and twenty-eight black aspergilli isolates were characterised at the species level initially by the use of morphological criteria in accordance with appropriate keys, followed by molecular characterisation performed with Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 5.8 ribosomal RNA gene Internal Transcribed Spacer region (5.8 rRNA ITS). Restriction enzyme digestion of the ITS amplicons using the HhaI, HinfI and RsaI, endonucleases distinguished eleven different patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), four for each of the HhaI and RsaI digests and three for HinfI. From a total number of 128 individual isolates, 124 were classified into four Aspergillus species corresponding to A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, A. japonicus and A. ibericus, and the remaining 4 were classified as members of the A. niger aggregate. A. carbonarius and A. tubingensis being the main representative species were equally counted, with higher geographical representation of the former in southern and the latter in northern regions, respectively. All isolates were tested for their ochratoxigenic potential by use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), resulting in significant interspecies differences in OTA production.
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García-Cela E, Crespo-Sempere A, Ramos A, Sanchis V, Marin S. Ecophysiological characterization of Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus niger isolated from grapes in Spanish vineyards. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 173:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Rousseaux S, Diguta CF, Radoï-Matei F, Alexandre H, Guilloux-Bénatier M. Non-Botrytis grape-rotting fungi responsible for earthy and moldy off-flavors and mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2013; 38:104-21. [PMID: 24290633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The grape microflora is complex and includes filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria with different physiological characteristics and effects on wine production. Most studies have focused on the wine microbiota, but a few studies have reported the ecology of grape microorganisms. Some of these organisms - such as non-Botrytis bunch rotting fungi, which greatly influence the safety or sensory quality of wine, due to the production of mycotoxins and off-flavors, respectively - are considered to be spoilage agents. We review here the diversity of filamentous fungi on grapes and the factors influencing their development, such as grape ripening stage, environmental factors (climate, rain and cultivation practices), grape variety and grape health status. We also discuss the pathways by which mycotoxins and off-flavors are produced, the control of the population, the metabolites responsible for wine spoilage and the methods for detecting and characterizing the microorganisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rousseaux
- UMR PAM Université de Bourgogne-AgroSup Dijon Laboratoire VALMiS Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin Jules Guyot, Université de Bourgogne, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
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