1
|
Tkachenko A. Hemocompatibility studies in nanotoxicology: Hemolysis or eryptosis? (A review). Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105814. [PMID: 38582230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Hemocompatibility evaluation is an important step in nanotoxicological studies. It is generally accepted that nanomaterials promote lysis of erythrocytes, blood clotting, alter phagocytosis, and upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, there are no standardized guidelines for testing nanomaterials hemocompatibility despite the fact that nanomaterials enter the bloodstream and interact with blood cells. In this review, the current knowledge on the ability of nanomaterials to induce distinct cell death modalities of erythrocytes is highlighted primarily focusing on hemolysis and eryptosis. This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying erythrotoxicity of nanomaterials and critically compare the sensitivity and efficiency of hemolysis or eryptosis assays for nanomaterials blood compatibility testing. The list of eryptosis-inducing nanomaterials is growing, but it is still difficult to generalize how physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles affect eryptosis degree and molecular mechanisms involved. Thus, another aim of this review is to raise the awareness of eryptosis as a nanotoxicological tool to encourage the corresponding studies. It is worthwhile to consider adding eryptosis to in vitro nanomaterials hemocompatibility testing protocols and guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tkachenko A. Apoptosis and eryptosis: similarities and differences. Apoptosis 2024; 29:482-502. [PMID: 38036865 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Eryptosis is a regulated cell death (RCD) of mature erythrocytes initially described as a counterpart of apoptosis for enucleated cells. However, over the recent years, a growing number of studies have emphasized certain differences between both cell death modalities. In this review paper, we underline the hallmarks of eryptosis and apoptosis and highlight resemblances and dissimilarities between both RCDs. We summarize and critically discuss differences in the impact of caspase-3, Ca2+ signaling, ROS signaling pathways, opposing roles of casein kinase 1α, protein kinase C, Janus kinase 3, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, and AMP-activated protein kinase to highlight a certain degree of divergence between apoptosis and eryptosis. This review emphasizes the crucial importance of further studies that focus on deepening our knowledge of cell death machinery and identifying novel differences between cell death of nucleated and enucleated cells. This might provide evidence that erythrocytes can be defined as viable entities capable of programmed cell destruction. Additionally, the revealed cell type-specific patterns in cell death can facilitate the development of cell death-modulating therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alfhili MA, Basudan AM, Aljaser FS, Dera A, Alsughayyir J. Bioymifi, a novel mimetic of TNF-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL), stimulates eryptosis. Med Oncol 2021; 38:138. [PMID: 34633592 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine that initiates apoptosis upon binding to death receptor 5 (DR5) on cancer cells. Small molecule TRAIL mimetics have therefore been investigated as promising chemotherapeutic agents. Since anemia of chemotherapy is common, our goal is to investigate the hemolytic and eryptotic properties of novel DR5 agonist bioymifi (BMF) and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Whole blood (WB) was stimulated with 100 μM of BMF, whereas red blood cells (RBCs) were treated with 10-100 μM of BMF for 24 h at 37 °C. WB was analyzed for RBC, leukocyte, and platelet indices, while RBCs were examined for hemolysis by light absorbance of free hemoglobin, membrane scrambling by Annexin V-FITC, calcium by Fluo4/AM, cellular morphology by light scatter, and oxidative stress by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) using flow cytometry. Caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, p38 inhibitor SB203580, casein kinase 1α inhibitor D4476, receptor-interacting protein 1 inhibitor necrostatin-2, reduced glutathione, or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor aspirin were added accordingly. BMF exerted dose-responsive, calcium-independent hemolysis, reduced RBC hemoglobin, significantly increased Annexin V-, Fluo4-, and DCF-positive cells, along with a dual effect on forward and side light scatter. Notably, the cytotoxic potential of BMF was significantly mitigated upon pharmacological inhibition of p38. Furthermore, BMF exhibited selective toxicity to eosinophils and significantly diminished reticulocyte hemoglobin content. Altogether, these novel findings highlight the adverse outcomes of BMF exposure on RBC physiology and provide the first toxicological assessment of BMF as an antitumor agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alfhili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed M Basudan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Feda S Aljaser
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Podsiedlik M, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Sikora J. Erythrocytes as model cells for biocompatibility assessment, cytotoxicity screening of xenobiotics and drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 332:109305. [PMID: 33130048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes (RBCs) represent the main cell component in circulation and recently have become a topic of intensive scientific interest. The relevance of erythrocytes as a model for cytotoxicity screening of xenobiotics is under the spotlight of this review. Erythrocytes constitute a fundamental cellular model to study potential interactions with blood components of manifold novel polymer or biomaterials. Morphological changes, subsequent disruption of RBC membrane integrity, and hemolysis could be used to determine the cytotoxicity of various compounds. Erythrocytes undergo a programmed death (eryptosis) which could serve as a good model for evaluating certain mechanisms which correspond to apoptosis taking place in nucleated cells. Importantly, erythrocytes can be successfully used as a valuable cellular model in examination of oxidative stress generated by certain diseases or multiple xenobiotics since red cells are subjected to permanent oxidative stress. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity of erythrocytes, and the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes could reflect reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating properties of various substances and allow to determine their effects on tissues. The last part of this review presents the latest findings on the possible application of RBCs as drug delivery systems (DDS). In conclusion, all these findings make erythrocytes highly valuable cells for in vitro biocompatibility assessment, cytotoxicity screening of a wide variety of substances as well as drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podsiedlik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen IS, Liang WZ, Wang JL, Kuo CC, Hao LJ, Chou CT, Jan CR. Exploration of thioridazine-induced Ca 2+ signaling and non-Ca 2+-triggered cell death in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2020; 63:187-194. [PMID: 32859886 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_45_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioridazine, belonging to first-generation antipsychotic drugs, is a prescription used to treat schizophrenia. However, the effect of thioridazine on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and viability in human liver cancer cells is unclear. This study examined whether thioridazine altered Ca2+ signaling and viability in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Ca2+ concentrations in suspended cells were measured using the fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive dye fura-2. Cell viability was examined by WST-1 assay. Thioridazine at concentrations of 25-100 μM induced [Ca2+]i rises. Ca2+ removal reduced the signal by 20%. Thioridazine (100 μM) induced Mn2+ influx suggesting of Ca2+ entry. Thioridazine-induced Ca2+ entry was inhibited by 20% by protein kinase C (PKC) activator (phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate) and inhibitor (GF109203X) and by three inhibitors of store-operated Ca2+ channels: nifedipine, econazole, and SKF96365. In Ca2+-free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin (TG) abolished thioridazine-evoked [Ca2+]i rises. On the other hand, thioridazine preincubation completely inhibited the [Ca2+]i rises induced by TG. Furthermore, U73122 totally suppressed the [Ca2+]i rises induced by thioridazine via inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC). Regarding cytotoxicity, at 30-80 μM, thioridazine reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent fashion. This cytotoxicity was not prevented by preincubation with 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM) (a Ca2+ chelator). To conclude, thioridazine caused concentration-dependent [Ca2+]i rises in HepG2 human hepatoma cells by inducing Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via PLC-associated pathways and Ca2+ influx from extracellular medium through PKC-sensitive store-operated Ca2+ entry. In addition, thioridazine induced cytotoxicity in a Ca2+-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Shu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhe Liang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung; Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Long Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Kuo
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Lyh-Jyh Hao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kaohsiung Veteran General Hospital Tainan Branch; Chung Hwa University of Medical and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chou
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi Campus; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ren Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arif A, Salam S, Mahmood R. Bioallethrin-induced generation of reactive species and oxidative damage in isolated human erythrocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104810. [PMID: 32097678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioallethrin is an insecticide that is widely used to control mosquitoes, fleas and cockroaches. The widespread use of bioallethrin has resulted in both occupational and non-occupational human exposure. Bioallethrin enters blood, regardless of the route of exposure, where it can interact with erythrocytes. We have studied the effect of bioallethrin on isolated human erythrocytes under in vitro conditions. Erythrocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of bioallethrin (10-200 μM) for 4 h at 37 °C. Several biochemical parameters were analyzed in bioallethrin treated and untreated (control) cells. Incubation of erythrocytes with bioallethrin increased protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and depleted sulfhydryl group content. Membrane damage was evident from cell lysis, osmotic fragility, inhibition of bound enzymes and transmembrane electron transport system. Bioallethrin also increased hemoglobin oxidation, heme degradation and the release of free iron moiety. This will decrease the oxygen transporting ability of blood. Bioallethrin treatment altered the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes and diminished the antioxidant power of cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that bioallethrin treatment also altered erythrocyte mophology. Almost all changes were in a bioallethrin concentration dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of bioallethrin is probably mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species whose formation was significantly enhanced in treated erythrocytes. Thus bioallethrin enhances the generation of reactive species which cause oxidative damage of cell components in human erythrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P, India
| | - Samreen Salam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P, India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Triggering of eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, by phenoxodiol. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1311-1318. [PMID: 31280326 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenoxodiol is used for the treatment of malignancy. The substance is effective by triggering suicidal tumor cell death or apoptosis. At least in theory, phenoxodiol could similarly stimulate suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and breakdown of cell membrane asymmetry with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Signaling of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increase of ceramide abundance at the cell surface. The present study explored whether phenoxodiol induces eryptosis and whether it modifies Ca2+ entry, ROS, and ceramide. Using flow cytometry, phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was quantified from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3 fluorescence, ROS from DCFDA-dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies. A 48-h exposure of human erythrocytes to phenoxodiol (100 μg/ml [416 μM]) significantly increased the percentage of annexin V binding cells, significantly decreased average forward scatter and Fluo3 fluorescence and significantly increased ceramide abundance, but did not significantly modify DCFDA fluorescence. The effect of phenoxodiol on annexin V binding tended to decrease following removal of extracellular Ca2+, an effect, however, not reaching statistical significance. In conclusion, phenoxodiol triggers eryptosis, an effect paralleled by increase of ceramide abundance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zambrano P, Suwalsky M, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Strzalka K, Sepúlveda B, Gallardo MJ, Aguilar LF. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and anti-Alzheimer drug donepezil interacts with human erythrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1078-1085. [PMID: 30904408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Donepezil is used to treat symptomatically the Alzheimer's disease (AD). This drug is a specific inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whose main physiological function is to hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of donepezil on human erythrocytes as AChE is present in its membrane. For this purpose, human erythrocytes and molecular model of its membrane built-up of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) were used. The latter correspond to classes of phospholipids present in the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. Our experimental evidences obtained from X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that donepezil was capable of interacting with both phospholipids. Fluorescence spectroscopy results showed a moderate increase in the fluidity of the hydrophobic tails of DMPC and isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes (IUM). On the other hand, results by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical defocusing microscopy (DM) showed that the drug changed the normal biconcave shape of the erythrocytes inducing the formation of stomatocytes (cup-shaped cells). This effect was explained by the incorporation of donepezil molecules into the erythrocyte membrane and interactions with AChE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zambrano
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mario Suwalsky
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Malgorzata Jemiola-Rzeminska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Luis F Aguilar
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pruchnik H, Włoch A, Bonarska-Kujawa D, Kleszczyńska H. An In Vitro Study of the Effect of Cytotoxic Triorganotin Dimethylaminophenylazobenzoate Complexes on Red Blood Cells. J Membr Biol 2018; 251:735-745. [PMID: 30350012 PMCID: PMC6244762 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-018-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of tributyltin (TBTA) and triphenyltin (TPhTA) 2-[4 (dimethylamino)phenylazo]benzoates, showing promising cytostatic activity against tumor cells, with erythrocytes and with erythrocyte membranes and model lipid membranes have been investigated. The effect of TBTA and TPhTA on the erythrocyte and its model membrane was investigated by the microscopic and spectroscopic methods. Interaction of tin complexes with the membrane was determined on the basis of hemolytic activity, changes induced in the shape of erythrocytes, as well as physicochemical parameters of the membrane, such as fluidity. The studies showed that the compounds in higher concentration induce hemolysis; however, TBTA is more toxic than TPhTA. Both TBTA and TPhTA induce morphological alterations in red blood cells-from discocytes to spherocytes and from discocytes to echinocytes. The results suggest that investigated complexes interact with the erythrocyte membrane, change its properties, and probably locate themselves in the hydrophilic part of the membrane, which agrees with conclusions drawn from investigation of erythrocyte membranes and model lipid membranes with the help of fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Pruchnik
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Włoch
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Kleszczyńska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Attanzio A, Frazzitta A, Vasto S, Tesoriere L, Pintaudi AM, Livrea MA, Cilla A, Allegra M. Increased eryptosis in smokers is associated with the antioxidant status and C-reactive protein levels. Toxicology 2018; 411:43-48. [PMID: 30385265 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been linked with oxidative stress and inflammation. In turn, eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death similar to apoptosis that can be triggered by oxidative stress, has been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis. However, the link between smoking and eryptosis has not been explored so far. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of eryptotic erythrocytes in healthy male smokers (n = 21) compared to non-smokers (n = 21) and assess its relationship with systemic inflammation (CRP) as well as with antioxidant defense (GSH) and their resistance to ex-vivo induced hemolysis. Smoking caused an increase in phosphatidylserine translocation outside the erythrocyte membrane (hallmark of eryptosis), significantly correlated to the plasma level of CRP (r = 0.546) and GSH concentration in erythrocytes (r=-0.475). With respect to non-smokers, smokers show a marginal increase of total leucocytes and erythrocyte volume, no modifications of the RBC resistance to oxidative stress-induced hemolysis and hematological and lipid parameters unvaried. We conclude that the inflammatory status (high CRP levels) and RBC oxidative stress (low GSH levels) caused by cigarette smoking are associated with an increase of eryptotic erythrocytes, a yet unknown relationship potentially involved with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Frazzitta
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pintaudi
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Livrea
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Mario Allegra
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bissinger R, Bhuyan AAM, Qadri SM, Lang F. Oxidative stress, eryptosis and anemia: a pivotal mechanistic nexus in systemic diseases. FEBS J 2018; 286:826-854. [PMID: 30028073 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The average lifespan of circulating erythrocytes usually exceeds hundred days. Prior to that, however, erythrocytes may be exposed to oxidative stress in the circulation which could cause injury and trigger their suicidal death or eryptosis. Oxidative stress activates Ca2+ -permeable nonselective cation channels in the cell membrane, thus, stimulating Ca2+ entry and subsequent cell membrane scrambling resulting in phosphatidylserine exposure and activation of Ca2+ -sensitive K+ channels leading to K+ exit, hyperpolarization, Cl- exit, and ultimately cell shrinkage due to loss of KCl and osmotically driven water. While the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and anemia remains ill-defined, several diseases such as diabetes, hepatic failure, malignancy, chronic kidney disease and inflammation have been identified to display both increased oxidative stress as well as eryptosis. Recent compelling evidence suggests that oxidative stress is an important perpetrator in accelerating erythrocyte loss in different systemic conditions and an underlying mechanism for anemia associated with these pathological states. In the present review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in reducing erythrocyte survival and provide novel insights into the possible use of antioxidants as putative antieryptotic and antianemic agents in a variety of systemic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abdulla Al Mamun Bhuyan
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Vegetative & Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sicińska P. Di-n-butyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate and their metabolites induce haemolysis and eryptosis in human erythrocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:44-53. [PMID: 29605748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been extensively used as plasticizers in various fields, including food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry. Those compounds do not form covalent bonds to substances they are being added to, and thus they may migrate easily and penetrate various products used every day. They may reach organisms with air, food, or by a direct skin contact. Significant levels of phthalates and their metabolites are found in urine, breast milk, blood serum, venous blood, and cord blood. The purpose of this study was to assess the simple toxicity (haemolysis) and programmed death (eryptosis) caused by following phthalates: di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and their metabolites: mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) in vitro in human RBCs. RBCs were incubated with the above mentioned compounds at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500 μg/mL for 24 h. Obtained results demonstrated that DBP and BBP possess higher haemolytic properties compared to their metabolites. The lethal concentration (LC50) was determined. The value was 126.37 ± 5.94 μg/mL for DBP, and 103.65 ± 4.03 μg/mL for BBP, and for metabolites the LC50 value was over 500 μg/mL. All compounds induced eryptosis causing translocation of phosphatidylserine, increased cytosolic calcium ions level, increased caspase-3 and calpain activation in human erythrocytes. BBP caused translocation of phosphatidylserine at a lower concentration compared to DBP. In case of other parameters, more pronounced changes were evoked by DBP at lower concentrations. Metabolites showed a significantly lower toxicity compared to parent compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz., Pomorska 141/143 St. 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bissinger R, Schumacher C, Qadri SM, Honisch S, Malik A, Götz F, Kopp HG, Lang F. Enhanced eryptosis contributes to anemia in lung cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14002-14. [PMID: 26872376 PMCID: PMC4924694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Anemia is a common complication of malignancy, which could result from either compromised erythropoiesis or decreased lifespan of circulating erythrocytes. Premature suicidal erythrocyte death, characterized by cell shrinkage and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, decreases erythrocyte lifespan and could thus cause anemia. Here, we explored whether accelerated eryptosis participates in the pathophysiology of anemia associated with lung cancer (LC) and its treatment. Methods Erythrocytes were drawn from healthy volunteers and LC patients with and without cytostatic treatment. PS exposure (annexin V-binding), cell volume (forward scatter), cytosolic Ca2+ (Fluo3 fluorescence), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (DCFDA fluorescence) and ceramide formation (anti-ceramide antibody) were determined by flow cytometry. Results Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were significantly lower in LC patients as compared to healthy controls, even though reticulocyte number was higher in LC (3.0±0.6%) than in controls (1.4±0.2%). The percentage of PS-exposing erythrocytes was significantly higher in LC patients with (1.4±0.1%) and without (1.2±0.3%) cytostatic treatment as compared to healthy controls (0.6±0.1%). Erythrocyte ROS production and ceramide abundance, but not Fluo3 fluorescence, were significantly higher in freshly drawn erythrocytes from LC patients than in freshly drawn erythrocytes from healthy controls. PS exposure of erythrocytes drawn from healthy volunteers was significantly more pronounced following incubation in plasma from LC patients than following incubation in plasma from healthy controls. Conclusion Anemia in LC patients with and without cytostatic treatment is paralleled by increased eryptosis, which is triggered, at least in part, by increased oxidative stress and ceramide formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carla Schumacher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kopp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jagadish S, Hemshekhar M, NaveenKumar SK, Sharath Kumar KS, Sundaram MS, Basappa, Girish KS, Rangappa KS. Novel oxolane derivative DMTD mitigates high glucose-induced erythrocyte apoptosis by regulating oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:167-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
15
|
Sivagnanam U, Palanirajan SK, Gummadi SN. The role of human phospholipid scramblases in apoptosis: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2261-2271. [PMID: 28844836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human phospholipid scramblases (hPLSCRs) are a family of four homologous single pass transmembrane proteins (hPLSCR1-4) initially identified as the proteins responsible for Ca2+ mediated bidirectional phospholipid translocation in plasma membrane. Though in-vitro assays had provided evidence, the role of hPLSCRs in phospholipid translocation is still debated. Recent reports revealed a new class of proteins, TMEM16 and Xkr8 to exhibit scramblase activity challenging the function of hPLSCRs. Apart from phospholipid scrambling, numerous reports have emphasized the multifunctional roles of hPLSCRs in key cellular processes including tumorigenesis, antiviral defense, protein and DNA interactions, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis. In this review, the role of hPLSCRs in mediating cell death through phosphatidylserine exposure, interaction with death receptors, cardiolipin exposure, heavy metal and radiation induced apoptosis and pathological apoptosis followed by their involvement in cancer cells are discussed. This review aims to connect the multifunctional characteristics of hPLSCRs to their decisive involvement in apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Sivagnanam
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Palanirajan
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Sathyanarayana N Gummadi
- Applied and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Romero A, Ares I, Ramos E, Castellano V, Martínez M, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Mycotoxins modify the barrier function of Caco-2 cells through differential gene expression of specific claudin isoforms: Protective effect of illite mineral clay. Toxicology 2016; 353-354:21-33. [PMID: 27153755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and T-2 toxin (T2) are mycotoxins that commonly contaminate the food chain and cause various toxicological effects. Their global occurrence is regarded as an important risk factor for human and animal health. In this study, the results demonstrate that, in human Caco-2 cells, AFB1, FB1, OTA and T2 origin cytotoxic effects, determining cell viability through MTT assay and LDH leakage, and decrease trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The decrease in barrier properties is concomitant with a reduction in the expression levels of the tight junction constituents claudin-3, claudin-4 and occludin. The protective effect of mineral clays (diosmectite, montmorillonite and illite) on alterations in cell viability and epithelial barrier function induced by the mycotoxins was also evaluated. Illite was the best clay to prevent the mycotoxin effects. Illite plus mycotoxin co-treatment completely abolished AFB1 and FB1-induced cytotoxicity. Also, the decreases in the gene expression of claudins and the reduction of TEER induced by mycotoxins were reversed by the illite plus mycotoxin co-treatment. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that mycotoxins AFB1, FB1, T2 and OTA disrupt the intestinal barrier permeability by a mechanism involving reduction of claudin isoform expressions, and illite counteracts this disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Castellano
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Attanasio P, Bissinger R, Haverkamp W, Pieske B, Wutzler A, Lang F. Enhanced suicidal erythrocyte death in acute cardiac failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:1316-24. [PMID: 26479159 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common complication of acute cardiac failure (AHF) is anaemia, which negatively influences the clinical outcome. Causes of anaemia include enhanced eryptosis, a suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation. Signalling triggering eryptosis include oxidative stress, increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) -activity ([Ca(2+) ]i ) and ceramide. The present study explored whether AHF is associated with accelerated eryptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Erythrocytes were drawn from healthy volunteers (n = 10) and patients hospitalized for AHF (n = 22). Phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca(2+) ]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) abundance from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) fluorescence, as determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS In AHF-patients, haemoglobin concentration (11·5 ± 0·5 g/dL), and haematocrit (35·6 ± 1·2%) were significantly lower than haemoglobin concentration (14·1 ± 0·4 g/dL), and haematocrit (40·1 ± 1·0%) in healthy volunteers, even though reticulocyte number was significantly higher in AHF patients (2·3 ± 0·3%) than in healthy volunteers (1·1 ± 0·2%). The percentage of erythrocytes exposing phosphatidylserine was significantly higher in AHF patients (1·8 ± 0·1%) than in healthy volunteers (1·2 ± 0·2%). The forward scatter was significantly lower and the ROS abundance significantly larger in AHF patients than in healthy volunteers. In erythrocytes drawn from healthy volunteers, phosphatidylserine and ROS abundance was increased to significantly higher values following a 24 h treatment with plasma from AHF patients than with plasma from healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION AHF leads to anaemia despite increased reticulocyte number and at least partially due to enhanced eryptosis. Underlying mechanisms include oxidative stress imposed by a plasma borne component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Attanasio
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Haverkamp
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Wutzler
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pagano M, Faggio C. The use of erythrocyte fragility to assess xenobiotic cytotoxicity. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:351-5. [PMID: 26399850 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocytes of mammals represent a good model to evaluate the cytotoxicity of molecules, organic and inorganic, natural or synthetic, by cellular damage measure. Indeed, before any investigation on the mechanism of action of different molecules, it is important to perform a cytotoxicity assay. Among the different cytotoxicity assays that assess a possible toxicity in the red blood cells is the rate of haemolysis. This essay is based on the evaluation of the alterations of red cell membranes in the presence of an eventual xenobiotic. Red blood cells are the main cells in circulation, and they are responsible for transporting oxygen; in fact, any alterations of this process could be lethal. The plasma membrane of red blood cells is a multi-component structure such as to confer to these cells their characteristic biconcave shape, high flexibility, elasticity and deformability. However, there are clear signs of cellular suffering if there are any alterations to this structure. One method of toxicity assessment is based on measurement of the efflux of haemoglobin from suspended red blood cells. Haemolysis, and therefore the loss of haemoglobin, is the signal stability of the cell membrane of the erythrocytes. In recent years, the discovery of programmed cell death in mammalian red blood cells presented a diversification of the response to injury by these a-nucleated cells. This review shows that mammals' erythrocytes might serve well as a model cell to study on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of many treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pagano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, S.Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, S.Agata-Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lang F, Jilani K, Lang E. Therapeutic potential of manipulating suicidal erythrocyte death. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1219-27. [PMID: 26013571 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1051306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage and phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis is triggered by cell stress such as energy depletion and oxidative stress, by Ca(2+)-entry, ceramide, caspases, calpain and/or altered activity of several kinases. Phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall and may thus impede microcirculation. Eryptotic cells are further engulfed by phagocytes and thus rapidly cleared from circulation. AREAS COVERED Stimulation of eryptosis contributes to anemia of several clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, malignancy, hepatic failure, heart failure, uremia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, fever, dehydration, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and Wilson's disease. On the other hand, eryptosis with subsequent clearance of infected erythrocytes in malaria may counteract parasitemia. EXPERT OPINION In theory, anemia due to excessive eryptosis could be alleviated by treatment with small molecules inhibiting eryptosis. In malaria, stimulators of eryptosis may accelerate death of infected erythrocytes and thus favorably influence the clinical course of the disease. Many small molecules inhibit or stimulate eryptosis. Several stimulators favorably influence murine malaria. Further preclinical and subsequent clinical studies are required to elucidate the therapeutic potential of stimulators or inhibitors of eryptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology , Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen , Germany +49 7071 29 72194 ; +49 7071 29 5618 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Triggers, inhibitors, mechanisms, and significance of eryptosis: the suicidal erythrocyte death. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:513518. [PMID: 25821808 PMCID: PMC4364016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/513518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis is characterized by erythrocyte shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include Ca(2+) entry, ceramide formation, stimulation of caspases, calpain activation, energy depletion, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of several kinases. Eryptosis is triggered by a wide variety of xenobiotics. It is inhibited by several xenobiotics and endogenous molecules including NO and erythropoietin. The susceptibility of erythrocytes to eryptosis increases with erythrocyte age. Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes adhere to the vascular wall by binding to endothelial CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor for phosphatidylserine and oxidized low density lipoprotein (CXCL16). Phosphatidylserine exposing erythrocytes are further engulfed by phagocytosing cells and are thus rapidly cleared from circulating blood. Eryptosis eliminates infected or defective erythrocytes thus counteracting parasitemia in malaria and preventing detrimental hemolysis of defective cells. Excessive eryptosis, however, may lead to anemia and may interfere with microcirculation. Enhanced eryptosis contributes to the pathophysiology of several clinical disorders including metabolic syndrome and diabetes, malignancy, cardiac and renal insufficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, mycoplasma infection, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and Wilson's disease. Facilitating or inhibiting eryptosis may be a therapeutic option in those disorders.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bissinger R, Malik A, Warsi J, Jilani K, Lang F. Piperlongumine-induced phosphatidylserine translocation in the erythrocyte membrane. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2975-88. [PMID: 25317837 PMCID: PMC4210880 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piperlongumine, a component of Piper longum fruit, is considered as a treatment for malignancy. It is effective by inducing apoptosis. Mechanisms involved in the apoptotic action of piperlongumine include oxidative stress and activation of p38 kinase. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Signaling involved in eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca²⁺-activity ([Ca²⁺]i), formation of ceramide, oxidative stress and activation of p38 kinase. METHODS Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, [Ca²⁺]i from Fluo3 fluorescence, reactive oxygen species from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate fluorescence, and ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies in flow cytometry. RESULTS A 48 h exposure to piperlongumine (30 µM) was followed by significant decrease of forward scatter and increase of annexin-V-binding. Piperlongumine did not significantly modify [Ca²⁺]i and the effect was not dependent on presence of extracellular Ca²⁺. Piperlongumine significantly increased ROS formation and ceramide abundance. CONCLUSIONS Piperlongumine triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect independent from entry of extracellular Ca²⁺ but at least partially due to ROS and ceramide formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosi Bissinger
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Jamshed Warsi
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Kashif Jilani
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Malik A, Bissinger R, Jilani K, Lang F. Stimulation of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling by nystatin. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 116:47-52. [PMID: 24894380 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal ionophore nystatin dissipates the Na(+) and K(+) gradients across the cell membrane, leading to cellular gain of Na(+) and cellular loss of K(+) . The increase of cellular Na(+) concentration may result in Ca(2+) accumulation in exchange for Na(+) . Increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity ([Ca(2+) ]i ) and loss of cellular K(+) foster apoptosis-like suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterised by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. The present study explored whether nystatin stimulates eryptosis. Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter (FSC), phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin V binding and [Ca(2+) ]i from Fluo3-fluorescence in flow cytometry. A 48-hr exposure to nystatin (15 μg/ml) was followed by a significant increase of [Ca(2+) ]i , a significant increase of annexin V binding and a significant decrease of FSC. The annexin V binding after nystatin treatment was significantly blunted in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca(2+) . Partial replacement of extracellular Na(+) with extracellular K(+) blunted the nystatin-induced erythrocyte shrinkage but increased [Ca(2+) ]i and annexin V binding. Nystatin triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect at least partially due to entry of extracellular Ca(2+) .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abaid Malik
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
In vitro induction of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine translocation by the natural naphthoquinone shikonin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1559-74. [PMID: 24828755 PMCID: PMC4052252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, the most important component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has previously been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The anticancer effect has been attributed to the stimulation of suicidal cell death or apoptosis. Similar to the apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may experience eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include the increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and ceramide formation. The present study explored whether Shikonin stimulates eryptosis. To this end, Fluo 3 fluorescence was measured to quantify [Ca2+]i, forward scatter to estimate cell volume, annexin V binding to identify phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, hemoglobin release to determine hemolysis and antibodies to quantify ceramide abundance. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Shikonin (1 µM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, increased ceramide abundance, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin V binding. The effect of Shikonin (1 µM) on annexin V binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, Shikonin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to the stimulation of Ca2+ entry and ceramide formation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stimulation of erythrocyte cell membrane scrambling by mushroom tyrosinase. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1096-108. [PMID: 24647148 PMCID: PMC3968379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mushroom tyrosinase, a copper containing enzyme, modifies growth and survival of tumor cells. Mushroom tyrosinase may foster apoptosis, an effect in part due to interference with mitochondrial function. Erythrocytes lack mitochondria but are able to undergo apoptosis-like suicidal cell death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine-exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Signaling involved in the triggering of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and activation of sphingomyelinase with subsequent formation of ceramide. The present study explored, whether tyrosinase stimulates eryptosis. Methods: Cell volume has been estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine-exposure from annexin V binding, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, and ceramide abundance from binding of fluorescent antibodies in flow cytometry. Results: A 24 h exposure to mushroom tyrosinase (7 U/mL) was followed by a significant increase of [Ca2+]i, a significant increase of ceramide abundance, and a significant increase of annexin-V-binding. The annexin-V-binding following tyrosinase treatment was significantly blunted but not abrogated in the nominal absence of extracellular Ca2+. Tyrosinase did not significantly modify forward scatter. Conclusions: Tyrosinase triggers cell membrane scrambling, an effect, at least partially, due to entry of extracellular Ca2+ and ceramide formation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Alzoubi K, Honisch S, Abed M, Lang F. Triggering of suicidal erythrocyte death by penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:54-65. [PMID: 24368324 PMCID: PMC3920249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphenolic 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose from several medicinal herbs triggers apoptosis and has, thus, been proposed for treatment of malignancy. The substance is at least partially effective through caspase activation. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis is triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i). The sensitivity to [Ca2+]i is enhanced by ceramide. The present study explored whether penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose stimulates eryptosis. Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin V binding, hemolysis from hemoglobin-release, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence and ceramide abundance from fluorescent antibodies. A 48-h exposure of human erythrocytes to penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose significantly decreased forward scatter (50 µM) and significantly increased annexin V binding (10 µM). Up to 50 µM penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose did not significantly modify [Ca2+]i. However, the effect of penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (25 µM) induced annexin V binding was slightly, but significantly, blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+, pointing to sensitization of erythrocytes to the scrambling effect of Ca2+. Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (25 µM) further increased ceramide formation. In conclusion, penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect partially due to stimulation of ceramide formation with subsequent sensitization of erythrocytes to Ca2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstraße 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|