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Zorrilla JG, Siciliano A, Petraretti M, Saviano L, Spampinato M, Cimmino A, Guida M, Pollio A, Bravi S, Masi M. Ecotoxicological assessment of cyclic peptides produced by a Planktothrix rubescens bloom: Impact on aquatic model organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119394. [PMID: 38866313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, a natural phenomenon in freshwater ecosystems, have increased in frequency and severity due to climate change and eutrophication. Some cyanobacteria are able to produce harmful substances called cyanotoxins. These metabolites possess different chemical structures and action mechanisms representing a serious concern for human health and the environment. The most studied cyanotoxins belong to the group of microcystins which are potent hepatotoxins. Anabaenopeptins are another class of cyclic peptides produced by certain species of cyanobacteria, including Planktothrix spp. Despite limited knowledge regarding individual effects of anabaenopeptins on freshwater organisms, reports have identified in vivo toxicity in representatives of freshwater zooplankton by cyanobacterial extracts or mixtures containing anabaenopeptins. This study focused on the isolation and toxicity evaluation of the cyanotoxins produced in the 2022 Planktothrix rubescens bloom in Averno lake, Italy. The three main cyclic peptides have been isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS) and optical analyses as anabaenopeptins A and B, and oscillamide Y. Ecotoxicological tests on the aquatic model organisms Daphnia magna (crustacean), Raphidocelis subcapitata (algae), and Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium) revealed that anabaenopeptins A and B do not generate significant toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations, being also found a stimulatory effect on R. subcapitata in the case of anabaenopeptin A. By contrast, oscillamide Y displayed toxicity. Ecological implications based on ECOSAR predictions align with experimental data. Moreover, long-term exposure bioassays on different green unicellular algae species showed that R. subcapitata was not significantly affected, while Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris exhibited altered growth patterns. These results, together with the already-known background in literature, highlight the complexity of interactions between organisms and the tested compounds, which may be influenced by species-specific sensitivities, physiological differences, and modes of action, possibly affected by parameters like lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Zorrilla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy; Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), University of Cadiz, C/Avenida República Saharaui, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariagioia Petraretti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Saviano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marisa Spampinato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sergio Bravi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Konkel R, Grabski M, Cegłowska M, Wieczerzak E, Węgrzyn G, Mazur-Marzec H. Anabaenopeptins from Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12346. [PMID: 36231642 PMCID: PMC9564503 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the Nostoc genus belong to the most prolific sources of bioactive metabolites. In our previous study on Nostoc edaphicum strain CCNP1411, the occurrence of cyanopeptolins and nostocyclopeptides was documented. In the current work, the production of anabaenopeptins (APs) by the strain was studied using genetic and chemical methods. Compatibility between the analysis of the apt gene cluster and the structure of the identified APs was found. Three of the APs, including two new variants, were isolated as pure compounds and tested against four serine proteases and carboxypeptidase A (CPA). The in vitro enzymatic assays showed a typical activity of this class of cyanopeptides, i.e., the most pronounced effects were observed in the case of CPA. The activity of the detected compounds against important metabolic enzymes confirms the pharmaceutical potential of anabaenopeptins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Konkel
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, M. J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Michał Grabski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Wieczerzak
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, PL-80308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, M. J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland
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Painter KJ, Venkiteswaran JJ, Simon DF, Vo Duy S, Sauvé S, Baulch HM. Early and late cyanobacterial bloomers in a shallow, eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1212-1227. [PMID: 35833582 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms present challenges for water treatment, especially in regions like the Canadian prairies where poor water quality intensifies water treatment issues. Buoyant cyanobacteria that resist sedimentation present a challenge as water treatment operators attempt to balance pre-treatment and toxic disinfection by-products. Here, we used microscopy to identify and describe the succession of cyanobacterial species in Buffalo Pound Lake, a key drinking water supply. We used indicator species analysis to identify temporal grouping structures throughout two sampling seasons from May to October 2018 and 2019. Our findings highlight two key cyanobacterial bloom phases - a mid-summer diazotrophic bloom of Dolichospermum spp. and an autumn Planktothrix agardhii bloom. Dolichospermum crassa and Woronichinia compacta served as indicators of the mid-summer and autumn bloom phases, respectively. Different cyanobacterial metabolites were associated with the distinct bloom phases in both years: toxic microcystins were associated with the mid-summer Dolichospermum bloom and some newly monitored cyanopeptides (anabaenopeptin A and B) with the autumn Planktothrix bloom. Despite forming a significant proportion of the autumn phytoplankton biomass (>60%), the Planktothrix bloom had previously not been detected by sensor or laboratory-derived chlorophyll-a. Our results demonstrate the power of targeted taxonomic identification of key species as a tool for managers of bloom-prone systems. Moreover, we describe an autumn Planktothrix agardhii bloom that has the potential to disrupt water treatment due to its evasion of detection. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying this autumn bloom given the expectation that warmer temperatures and a longer ice-free season will become the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Painter
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada.
| | - Jason J Venkiteswaran
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Dana F Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Helen M Baulch
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada.
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Zervou SK, Kaloudis T, Gkelis S, Hiskia A, Mazur-Marzec H. Anabaenopeptins from Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Bodies of Greece. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:4. [PMID: 35050981 PMCID: PMC8781842 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms that are able to produce a large number of secondary metabolites. In freshwaters, under favorable conditions, they can rapidly multiply, forming blooms, and can release their toxic/bioactive metabolites in water. Among them, anabaenopeptins (APs) are a less studied class of cyclic bioactive cyanopeptides. The occurrence and structural variety of APs in cyanobacterial blooms and cultured strains from Greek freshwaters were investigated. Cyanobacterial extracts were analyzed with LC-qTRAP MS/MS using information-dependent acquisition in enhanced ion product mode in order to obtain the fragmentation mass spectra of APs. Thirteen APs were detected, and their possible structures were annotated based on the elucidation of fragmentation spectra, including three novel ones. APs were present in the majority of bloom samples (91%) collected from nine Greek lakes during different time periods. A large variety of APs was observed, with up to eight congeners co-occurring in the same sample. AP F (87%), Oscillamide Y (87%) and AP B (65%) were the most frequently detected congeners. Thirty cyanobacterial strain cultures were also analyzed. APs were only detected in one strain (Microcystis ichtyoblabe). The results contribute to a better understanding of APs produced by freshwater cyanobacteria and expand the range of structurally characterized APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., 15310 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., 15310 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str., 15310 Athens, Greece; (T.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
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Anabaenopeptins: What We Know So Far. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080522. [PMID: 34437393 PMCID: PMC8402340 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are microorganisms with photosynthetic mechanisms capable of colonizing several distinct environments worldwide. They can produce a vast spectrum of bioactive compounds with different properties, resulting in an improved adaptative capacity. Their richness in secondary metabolites is related to their unique and diverse metabolic apparatus, such as Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPSs). One important class of peptides produced by the non-ribosomal pathway is anabaenopeptins. These cyclic hexapeptides demonstrated inhibitory activity towards phosphatases and proteases, which could be related to their toxicity and adaptiveness against zooplankters and crustaceans. Thus, this review aims to identify key features related to anabaenopeptins, including the diversity of their structure, occurrence, the biosynthetic steps for their production, ecological roles, and biotechnological applications.
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Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Cyanometabolites in the Eutrophic Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to determine the profiles of cyanopeptides and anatoxin synthetized by cyanobacteria in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea) and to characterize their spatial and temporal patterns in this ecosystem. Cyanometabolites were analysed by a LC-MS/MS system and were coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. During the investigation period (2013–2017), 10 microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, 16 anabaenopeptins, including 1 oscillamide, 12 aeruginosins, 1 aeruginosamide, 3 cyanopeptolins and 4 microginins were detected. The most frequently detected metabolites were found at all investigated sites. Demethylated microcystin variants and anabaenopeptins had the strongest relationship with Planktothrix agardhii, while non-demethylated microcystin variants and anatoxin had the strongest relationship with Microcystis spp. Low concentrations of some microcystins: [Asp3]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-LR, as well as a few other cyanopeptides: AP-A and AEG-A were found during the cold period (December–March). Over the study period, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix and Microcystis were the main dominant cyanobacteria species, while Planktothrix, Microcystis, and Dolichospermum were potentially producers of cyanopeptides and anatoxin detected in samples from the Curonian Lagoon.
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Zervou SK, Moschandreou K, Paraskevopoulou A, Christophoridis C, Grigoriadou E, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Tsiaoussi V, Hiskia A. Cyanobacterial Toxins and Peptides in Lake Vegoritis, Greece. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060394. [PMID: 34205997 PMCID: PMC8230288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins (CTs) produced by cyanobacteria in surface freshwater are a major threat for public health and aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria can also produce a wide variety of other understudied bioactive metabolites such as oligopeptides microginins (MGs), aeruginosins (AERs), aeruginosamides (AEGs) and anabaenopeptins (APs). This study reports on the co-occurrence of CTs and cyanopeptides (CPs) in Lake Vegoritis, Greece and presents their variant-specific profiles obtained during 3-years of monitoring (2018–2020). Fifteen CTs (cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), nodularin (NOD), and 12 microcystins (MCs)) and ten CPs (3 APs, 4 MGs, 2 AERs and aeruginosamide (AEG A)) were targeted using an extended and validated LC-MS/MS protocol for the simultaneous determination of multi-class CTs and CPs. Results showed the presence of MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, dmMC-LR, dmMC-RR, MC-HtyR, and MC-HilR) and CYN at concentrations of <1 μg/L, with MC-LR (79%) and CYN (71%) being the most frequently occurring. Anabaenopeptins B (AP B) and F (AP F) were detected in almost all samples and microginin T1 (MG T1) was the most abundant CP, reaching 47.0 μg/L. This is the first report of the co-occurrence of CTs and CPs in Lake Vegoritis, which is used for irrigation, fishing and recreational activities. The findings support the need for further investigations of the occurrence of CTs and the less studied cyanobacterial metabolites in lakes, to promote risk assessment with relevance to human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; (S.-K.Z.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (T.K.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Kimon Moschandreou
- The Goulandris Natural History Museum—Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre, 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, Thermi P.O. Box 60394, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.M.); (V.T.)
| | - Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; (S.-K.Z.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (T.K.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; (S.-K.Z.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (T.K.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Elpida Grigoriadou
- Water Resources Management Agency of West Macedonia, 50100 Kozani, Decentralized Administration of Epirus—Western Macedonia, Greece;
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; (S.-K.Z.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (T.K.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Theodoros M. Triantis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; (S.-K.Z.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (T.K.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsiaoussi
- The Goulandris Natural History Museum—Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre, 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, Thermi P.O. Box 60394, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.M.); (V.T.)
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece; (S.-K.Z.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (T.K.); (T.M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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May DS, Crnkovic CM, Krunic A, Wilson TA, Fuchs JR, Orjala JE. 15N Stable Isotope Labeling and Comparative Metabolomics Facilitates Genome Mining in Cultured Cyanobacteria. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:758-765. [PMID: 32083834 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As genome mining becomes a more widely used approach to identify bacterial natural products, the challenge of matching biosynthetic gene clusters to their cognate secondary metabolites has become more apparent. Bioinformatic platforms such as AntiSMASH have made great progress in predicting chemical structures from genetic information, however the predicted structures are often incomplete. This complicates identifying the predicted compounds by mass spectrometry. Secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria represent a unique opportunity for bridging this gap. Cultured cyanobacteria incorporate inorganic nitrogen provided in chemically defined media into all nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites. Thus, stable isotope labeling with 15N labeled nitrate and subsequent comparative metabolomics can be used to match biosynthetic gene clusters to their cognate compounds in cell extracts. Analysis of the sequenced genome of Nostoc sp. UIC 10630 identified six biosynthetic gene clusters predicted to encode the production of a secondary metabolite with at least one nitrogen atom. Comparative metabolomic analysis of the 15N labeled and unlabeled cell extracts revealed four nitrogen containing compounds that contained the same number of nitrogen atoms as were predicted in the biosynthetic gene clusters. Two of the four compounds were new secondary metabolites, and their structures were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, and MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. May
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Camila M. Crnkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Federal District 70040-020, Brazil
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Aleksej Krunic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tyler A. Wilson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - James R. Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jimmy E. Orjala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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