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Wachowska U, Sulyok M, Wiwart M, Suchowilska E, Kandler W, Krska R. The application of antagonistic yeasts and bacteria: An assessment of in vivo and under field conditions pattern of Fusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat grain. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chrpová J, Grausgruber H, Weyermann V, Buerstmayr M, Palicová J, Kozová J, Trávníčková M, Nguyen QT, Moreno Amores JE, Buerstmayr H, Janovská D. Resistance of Winter Spelt Wheat [ Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta (L.) Thell.] to Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661484. [PMID: 33897749 PMCID: PMC8058439 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) of spelt wheat was investigated in field trials carried out at three European locations between 2016 and 2018. Resistance was assessed after artificial inoculation by visual scoring of symptoms and the determination of the contamination of grains and glumes with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). It was found that typical spelt traits such as tall plant height, lax spikes, and tough glumes play a role as passive resistance factors. Across all test environments, modern spelt varieties with a significantly reduced plant height showed a significantly higher susceptibility to FHB and a higher contamination of the grains with DON compared to old landraces/varieties and plant genetic resources. Similarly, the lowest mycotoxin levels in grains were found only in old landraces and varieties, while the highest DON concentration was observed mainly in modern varieties. The results obtained can be used for the selection of suitable parental material for breeding spelt with improved FHB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Maria Buerstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Quynh Trang Nguyen
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jose Esteban Moreno Amores
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
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Antifungal Activity against Fusarium culmorum of Stevioside, Silybum marianum Seed Extracts, and Their Conjugate Complexes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080440. [PMID: 32722038 PMCID: PMC7460105 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a disease that poses a major challenge in cereal production that has important food and feed safety implications due to trichothecene contamination. In this study, the effect of stevioside-a glycoside found in the leaves of candyleaf (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)-was evaluated in vitro against Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc., alone and in combination (in a 1:1 molar ratio) with polyphenols obtained from milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn). Different concentrations, ranging from 32 to 512 µg·mL-1, were assayed, finding EC50 and EC90 inhibitory concentrations of 156 and 221 µg·mL-1, respectively, for the treatment based only on stevioside, and EC50 and EC90 values of 123 and 160 µg·mL-1, respectively, for the treatment based on the stevioside-polyphenol conjugate complexes. Colony formation inhibition results were consistent, reaching full inhibition at 256 µg·mL-1. Given that synergistic behavior was observed for this latter formulation (SF = 1.43, according to Wadley's method), it was further assessed for grain protection at storage, mostly directed against mycotoxin contamination caused by the aforementioned phytopathogen, confirming that it could inhibit fungal growth and avoid trichothecene contamination. Moreover, seed tests showed that the treatment did not affect the percentage of germination, and it resulted in a lower incidence of root rot caused by the pathogen in Kamut and winter wheat seedlings. Hence, the application of these stevioside-S. marianum seed extract conjugate complexes may be put forward as a promising and environmentally friendly treatment for the protection of cereal crops and stored grain against FHB.
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Duba A, Goriewa-Duba K, Wachowska U, Głowacka K, Wiwart M. The Associations between Leaf Morphology, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Fusarium Resistance in Selected Species of Wheat with Different Ploidy Levels. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100360. [PMID: 31547501 PMCID: PMC6843448 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In wheat, resistance to Fusarium is conditioned by anatomical, morphological, and physiological traits. The aim of this study was to evaluate selected elements of constitutive barriers in common wheat, spelt, Polish wheat, emmer, and einkorn. The activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme and rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were evaluated in the tissues of common wheat and spelt inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Most of the relict wheat species were more abundant in morphological barriers than common wheat. F. culmorum penetrated constitutive barriers, which increased PAL activity and intensified ROS production 24 h after inoculation in wheat tissues. The lowest increase in PAL activity after inoculation was observed in cv. Sumai3, which resistance is based on limiting the spread of F. culmorum within the spike. Spelt line Tas 581 glumes were characterized by the highest concentration of ROS 24 h after inoculation. The ROS content remained high for five days. The results of this study indicate that high trichome density plays a key role in resistance to pathogens. In the resistant spelt line with effective constitutive barriers, PAL activity and ROS content were higher than those observed in susceptible wheats after inoculation with F. culmorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Duba
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Goriewa-Duba
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wachowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Marian Wiwart
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Righetti L, Cirlini M, Folloni S, Ranieri R, Galaverna G, Bertuzzi T, Dall’Asta C, Battilani P, Giorni P. 5-n-alkylresorcinols but not hydroxycinnamic acids are directly related to a lower accumulation of deoxynivalenol and its glucoside in Triticum spp. Genotypes with different ploidity levels. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Krulj J, Đisalov J, Bočarov-Stančić A, Pezo L, Kojić J, Vidaković A, Solarov MB. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in Triticum species inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of climate change, global trade and technological changes in processing industries cause higher occurrence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cereal crops. Four Triticum species: common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spelt (T. aestivum ssp. spelta L.), Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum Jakubz.) and hybrid wheat (T. aestivum L.– F1) were examined for their response to A. flavus infection and production of AFB1. The grains were obtained from control and artificially field inoculated wheat with A. flavus isolates (No. 1 and No. 2) in the 2016 vegetation season in the region of Vojvodina (Northern province of Serbia). Spelt wheat showed the strongest response to the infection in comparison to other analysed wheat species due to specific physico-chemical characteristics of the hull. The weakest response to A. flavus infections was noted in Khorasan wheat. The highest AFB1 level (256 μg/kg) was observed in the dehulled spelt grains, in comparison to other species where the AFB1 in dehulled grains was not detected. The levels of AFB1 in spelt were about three times higher in hulls (648 and 97.3 μg/kg, respectively) in comparison to grains (256 and 30.7 μg/kg, respectively) in two inoculation treatments (A. flavus No. 1 and No. 2, respectively). In order to investigate the impact of wheat hulls on development of A. flavus, including the biosynthesis of toxic fungal metabolites, physico-chemical and structural properties of different Triticum spp. hulls were characterised. The highest value of the water absorption index and total dietary fibre were observed in spelt hulls in comparison to other wheat species. Additionally, the height value distribution of the fossilized stomatal apparatus of hulls indicates the diversity of spelt wheat compared to other wheat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Krulj
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - J. Đisalov
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - A. Bočarov-Stančić
- Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, 11000 Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 68B, Serbia
| | - L. Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - J. Kojić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - A. Vidaković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - M. Bodroža Solarov
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bul. cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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