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Chirwa KA, Francisco KR, Dube PS, Park H, Legoabe LJ, Teixeira TR, Caffrey CR, Beteck RM. Tractable Quinolone Hydrazides Exhibiting Sub-Micromolar and Broad Spectrum Antitrypanosomal Activities. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300667. [PMID: 38326914 PMCID: PMC11076157 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nagana and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by (sub)species of Trypanosoma, are diseases that impede human and animal health, and economic growth in Africa. The few drugs available have drawbacks including suboptimal efficacy, adverse effects, drug resistance, and difficult routes of administration. New drugs are needed. A series of 20 novel quinolone compounds with affordable synthetic routes was made and evaluated in vitro against Trypanosoma brucei and HEK293 cells. Of the 20 compounds, 12 had sub-micromolar potencies against the parasite (EC50 values=0.051-0.57 μM), and most were non-toxic to HEK293 cells (CC50 values>5 μM). Two of the most potent compounds presented sub-micromolar activities against other trypanosome (sub)species (T. cruzi and T. b. rhodesiense). Although aqueous solubility is poor, both compounds possess good logD values (2-3), and either robust or poor microsomal stability profiles. These varying attributes will be addressed in future reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgothatso A Chirwa
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Karol R Francisco
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phelelisiwe S Dube
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Hayoung Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Thaiz Rodrigues Teixeira
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Anzaku ET, Mohammed MA, Ozbulak U, Won J, Hong H, Krishnamoorthy J, Van Hoecke S, Magez S, Van Messem A, De Neve W. Tryp: a dataset of microscopy images of unstained thick blood smears for trypanosome detection. Sci Data 2023; 10:716. [PMID: 37853038 PMCID: PMC10584977 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD), challenges communities in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. The World Health Organization underscores the need for practical, field-adaptable diagnostics and rapid screening tools to address the negative impact of NTDs. While artificial intelligence has shown promising results in disease screening, the lack of curated datasets impedes progress. In response to this challenge, we developed the Tryp dataset, comprising microscopy images of unstained thick blood smears containing the Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasite. The Tryp dataset provides bounding box annotations for tightly enclosed regions containing the parasite for 3,085 positive images, and 93 images collected from negative blood samples. The Tryp dataset represents the largest of its kind. Furthermore, we provide a benchmark on three leading deep learning-based object detection techniques that demonstrate the feasibility of AI for this task. Overall, the availability of the Tryp dataset is expected to facilitate research advancements in diagnostic screening for this disease, which may lead to improved healthcare outcomes for the communities impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esla Timothy Anzaku
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea.
- IDLab, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mohammed Aliy Mohammed
- IDLab, Ghent University - imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Utku Ozbulak
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | - Jongbum Won
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | - Hyesoo Hong
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | | | - Sofie Van Hoecke
- IDLab, Ghent University - imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Biomedical Research Center, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wesley De Neve
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
- IDLab, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
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Verma R, Das G, Singh AP, Kumar S, Nath S, Sengupta PP, Sankar M, Tiwari A, Gupta V, Srivastava S. Molecular and genetic diversity in isolates of Trypanosoma evansi from naturally infected horse and dogs by using RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Madhya Pradesh, India. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7347-7356. [PMID: 37439897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that can infect a wide range of animals and is widespread around the world. In this study, we analyzed four fatal cases of T. evansi infection using clinical, parasitological, and molecular approaches. We also explored the genetic diversity, demographic history, and population-genetic structure of T. evansi using available Rode Trypanozoon antigenic type (RoTat) 1.2 gene sequences. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical findings of infected animals revealed high fever, anemia, weakness, and anorexia. The animals were treated with diminazene aceturate, which was moderately effective, and hematobiochemical parameters showed changes in hemoglobin and glucose levels. The molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi was analyzed using the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed two distinct clusters of T. evansi circulating in India. The genetic diversity indices, neutrality tests, gene flow, and genetic differentiation outcomes confirmed the genetic diversity of the T. evansi population, with a lack of uniformity. The identification of two distinct clusters, exhibiting differential demographic histories and evolutionary forces, implies that the clusters may have undergone independent evolutionary trajectories or experienced different environmental pressures. CONCLUSION The present findings underlined the need of an early and precise diagnosis in order to treat and control T. evansi infections, and the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene is an important genetic marker for understanding the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. evansi. This knowledge can be used to create tailored strategies to control and manage the infection in an endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India.
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Ajit Pratap Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Campus, Jabalpur, 482004, (MP), India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- Parasitology Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, 560064, KA, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, (UP), India
| | - Amita Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Shraddha Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
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Akinbobola JS, Okaiyeto SO, Sackey AK, Allam L, Mohammed B, Dinga JN, Chukwuemeka PC, Cunningham L. Comparative performance evaluation of blood film microscopy for the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis by some laboratories in North-central Nigeria. Open Vet J 2023; 13:599-603. [PMID: 37304603 PMCID: PMC10257452 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to its affordability in disease-affected communities and suitability for field application, microscopy has historically been considered the gold standard for field diagnosis of trypanosomosis in rural settings. Aim This works aims to compare the performance of microscopists on bovine trypanosome microscopy by organizing the first comparative assessment on a correct reading of slides by laboratory professionals using the read slide results and a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire in North-central Nigeria. Methods Ten participants were addressed, as they were sent a panel of two slides (Slide 1: No Trypanosome present; Slide 2: Trypanosome present) and a questionnaire. Results All participants greater than 41 years old reported correctly the presence and absence of parasites on slides. Only 3/8 of microscopists from routine diagnostic laboratories reported correctly the presence of the parasite. Conclusion Our study confirmed errors in reading slides. Therefore, training of microscopists besides a nationwide quality assessment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones Soladoye Akinbobola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Lushaikyaa Allam
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Bisalla Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jerome Nyhalah Dinga
- Michael Gahnyam Gbeugvat Foundation, Buea, Cameroon
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Prosper C. Chukwuemeka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Lucas Cunningham
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Biological Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Prevalence of trypanosomes and selected symbionts in tsetse species of eastern Zambia. Parasitology 2022; 149:1406-1410. [PMID: 35699129 PMCID: PMC10090762 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insect symbionts have attracted attention for their potential use as anti-parasitic gene products in arthropod disease vectors. While tsetse species of the Luangwa valley have been extensively studied, less is known about the prevalence of symbionts and their interactions with the trypanosome parasite. Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis bacteria, in tsetse flies infected with trypanosomes (Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei). Out of 278 captured tsetse flies in eastern Zambia, 95.3% (n = 265, 95% CI = 92.8–97.8) carried endosymbionts: Wolbachia (79.1%, 95% CI 73.9–83.8) and Sodalis (86.3%, 95% CI 81.7–90.1). Overall, trypanosome prevalence was 25.5% (n = 71, 95% CI = 20.4–30.7), 10.8% (n = 30, 95% CI 7.1–14.4) for T. brucei, 1.4% (n = 4, 95% CI = 0.4–3.6) for both T. congolense and T. vivax, and 0.7% (n = 2, 95% CI 0.1–2.6) for T. b. rhodesiense. Out of 240 tsetse flies that were infected with Sodalis, trypanosome infection was reported in 40 tsetse flies (16.7%, 95% CI = 12.0–21.4) while 37 (16.8%, 95% CI 11.9–21.8) of the 220 Wolbachia infected tsetse flies were infected with trypanosomes. There was 1.3 times likelihood of T. brucei infection to be present when Wolbachia was present and 1.7 likelihood of T. brucei infection when Sodalis was present. Overall findings suggest absence of correlation between the presence of tsetse endosymbionts and tsetse with trypanosome infection. Lastly, the presence of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse species examined provided insights into the risk communities face, and the importance of African trypanosomiasis in the area.
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Development of Cathepsin L-like Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) in South Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020136. [PMID: 35215080 PMCID: PMC8879637 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), is an infectious parasitic disease of wildlife and livestock caused by multiple species and strains of Trypanosoma. In South Africa, it is restricted to northern KwaZulu-Natal (NKZN) and caused by Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. A cross-sectional study was done to determine AAT prevalence in 384 goat samples and identify trypanosome species circulating in 60 cattle at dip tanks that are on the interface with the Hluhluwe-uMfolozi game reserve in NKZN. Both cattle and goat samples were analyzed using the buffy coat technique (BCT) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS) region. Cattle samples were further analyzed using an ITS quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays designed for the detection of T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. None of the goat samples tested positive for Trypanosoma infections. The ITS qPCR assay detected Trypanosoma DNA in 30% of the cattle samples, while only 8.3% were positive with the ITS PCR and 11.7% were positive using BCT. Quantitative real-time PCR assays were designed to amplify a 98 bp, 137 bp, and 116 bp fragment of the cathepsin L-like (CATL) gene from T. brucei, T. theileri, and T. congolense, respectively. Each assay was shown to be efficient (>94%) and specific (109 to 102/101 copies/reaction) in the detection of Trypanosoma species. The CATL qPCR assays detected T. congolense and T. theileri infections in 33.3% of the cattle samples. The CATL qPCR assays also detected T. congolense infections in goats (23.1%) that were neither detected by BCT nor the ITS PCR. The CATL qPCR assays provide an additional, sensitive, and specific tool for Trypanosoma diagnostics. The presence of trypanosomes in goats suggests they might be potential reservoirs of infections to other livestock.
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Mulenga GM, Gummow B. The detection of African trypanosomes in goats reared in tsetse infested villages of Eastern Zambia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:370. [PMID: 36323989 PMCID: PMC9630221 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Control programmes for African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock have been mainly focused on cattle with very little focus on goats, an important reservoir for the disease. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), this study investigated trypanosome infection in village goats in Mambwe, a rural District in Eastern Zambia. Filter paper blood spots were collected from 326 goats and tested for infection with Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei s.l. using ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS)-PCR. The frequency of trypanosomes from the sampled goats was 4.6% (95% CI = 2.3-6.8). Results indicated significantly high infections with Trypanosoma vivax (4.0%; 95% CI = 1.9-6.1) than T. congolense (0.6%; 95% CI = - 0.2 to 1.5), and T. brucei (0.0%), P = 0.04. Findings show the circulation of trypanosomes that causes AAT in goats and that they may pose serious threats to not only goats but also to other livestock reared alongside goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Mulenga
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia.
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kakumbi Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research Station, P.O Box 70, 10101, Mfuwe, Zambia.
| | - Bruce Gummow
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Policy and Linkages in the Application of a One Health System for Reporting and Controlling African Trypanosomiasis and Other Zoonotic Diseases in Zambia. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010030. [PMID: 35055978 PMCID: PMC8781336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to detect, control and manage emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases in Africa has been limited by a lack of utilisation of available reporting structures and policies to support programmes at national and local levels. This study explored the impact of the Zambian government policies on animal and human disease reporting and management and on One Health opportunities. An in-depth review and analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the existing policies and reporting structures in the departments responsible for Veterinary Services, Health, and Wildlife, was conducted. According to our findings, sub-optimal implementation of existing policies related to the control of zoonotic diseases was impacting disease reporting, and reporting structures play an important role in effective and sustainable reporting of zoonotic diseases. Further, the study explored capacities and strategies in trypanosomiasis control as a case study that could prompt effective adoption of a One Health approach, and as such, the study suggests measures that could help to assess the performance of a One Health system in the control of African trypanosomiasis and other zoonotic diseases.
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Habeeb IF, Chechet GD, Kwaga JKP. Molecular identification and prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle distributed within the Jebba axis of the River Niger, Kwara state, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:560. [PMID: 34715895 PMCID: PMC8557008 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease that threatens the economy of at least 37 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly with regard to livestock farming. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle, and molecularly identified the species of trypanosomes in infected cattle and the spatial distribution of trypanosome-infected herds along the Jebba axis of the River Niger. Methods A randomized cross-sectional study was conducted along the Jebba axis of the River Niger by screening cattle from 36 herd clusters by nested PCR using ITS-1 generic primers. Data generated were analysed using the Chi-square test at a 95% confidence interval. Results Microscopic examination revealed three infected cattle out of 398 examined, representing 0.8% prevalence. Twelve animals (3.0%) were positive by PCR. Our results showed a decline in the packed cell volume of infected animals (24.7%). The infection rates were categorized as single infection in 11/12 (91.7%) and mixed infection in 1/12 (8.3%). Animals were most frequently infected by Trypanosoma congolense (50.0%), with T. congolense Savannah being the most prevalent subspecies (71.4%). Aside from the infection rate by age (10.0%) and relative distance of animals from the River Niger (56.2%), statistical differences in every other parameter tested were based on mere probabilistic chance. Spatial data showed that the disease was prevalent among herds located less than 3 km from the River Niger. Conclusions Six species of trypanosomes were identified in cattle herds along the Jebba axis of the River Niger, with T. congolense being the most prevalent. Age and relative distance of herds from the River Niger may be risk factors for trypanosome infection in cattle herds in this area. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05054-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Funsho Habeeb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria. .,Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. .,National Space Research and Development Agency, Abuja Nigeria (NASRDA), Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Gloria Dada Chechet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Nigeria.,Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jacob K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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