1
|
Faye SLB, Lugand MM, Offianan AT, Dossou-Yovo A, Kouadio DKM, Pinto F. Field testing of user-friendly perennial malaria chemoprevention packaging in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire and Mozambique. Malar J 2024; 23:157. [PMID: 38773567 PMCID: PMC11106929 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC) aims to protect children at risk from severe malaria by the administration of anti-malarial drugs to children of defined ages throughout the year. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) has been widely used for chemoprevention in Africa and a child-friendly dispersible tablet formulation has recently become available. METHODS This qualitative non-interventional observational study was conducted in Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, and Mozambique between February and June 2022. Prototype blister packs, dispensing boxes and job aids designed to support dispersible SP deployment for PMC were evaluated using focus group discussions (FGD) and semi-structured in-depth individual interviews (IDI) with health authorities, health personnel, community health workers (CHWs) and caregivers. The aim was to evaluate knowledge and perceptions of malaria and chemoprevention, test understanding of the tools and identify gaps in understanding, satisfaction, user-friendliness and acceptability, and assess the potential role of CHWs in PMC implementation. Interviews were transcribed and imported to ATLAS.ti for encoding and categorization. Thematic content analysis used deductive and inductive coding with cross-referencing of findings between countries and participants to enrich data interpretation. Continuous comparison across the IDI and FGD permitted iterative, collaborative development of materials. RESULTS Overall, 106 participants completed IDIs and 70 contributed to FGDs. Malaria was widely recognised as the most common disease affecting children, and PMC was viewed as a positive intervention to support child health. The role of CHWs was perceived differently by the target groups, with caregivers appreciating their trusted status in the community, whereas health authorities preferred clinic-based deployment of PMC by health professionals. Empirical testing of the prototype blister packs, dispensing boxes and job aids highlighted the context-specific expectations of respondents, such as familiar situations and equipment, and identified areas of confusion or low acceptance. A key finding was the need for a clear product identity reflecting malaria. CONCLUSION Simple modifications profoundly affected the perception of PMC and influenced acceptability. Iterative quantitative investigation resulted in PMC-specific materials suited to the local context and socio-cultural norms of the target population with the aim of increasing access to chemoprevention in children most at risk of severe malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Landry Birane Faye
- Laboratoire de Sociologie, Anthropologie, Psychologie (LASAP), Department of Sociology, Cheikh Anta DIOP University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maud Majeres Lugand
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215, Geneva 15, Switzerland.
| | - André Touré Offianan
- Department of Parasitology & Mycology, Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aurélie Dossou-Yovo
- Directorate of Health Training and Research, Ministry of Health, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Dieudonné Kouakou M'Bra Kouadio
- Département d'Anthropologie et de Sociologie/Centre de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Braunack-Mayer L, Malinga J, Masserey T, Nekkab N, Sen S, Schellenberg D, Tchouatieu AM, Kelly SL, Penny MA. Design and selection of drug properties to increase the public health impact of next-generation seasonal malaria chemoprevention: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e478-e490. [PMID: 38365418 PMCID: PMC10882206 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is recommended for disease control in settings with moderate to high Plasmodium falciparum transmission and currently depends on the administration of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine. However, poor regimen adherence and the increased frequency of parasite mutations conferring sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance might threaten the effectiveness of SMC. Guidance is needed to de-risk the development of drug compounds for malaria prevention. We aimed to provide guidance for the early prioritisation of new and alternative SMC drugs and their target product profiles. METHODS In this modelling study, we combined an individual-based malaria transmission model that has explicit parasite growth with drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models. We modelled SMC drug attributes for several possible modes of action, linked to their potential public health impact. Global sensitivity analyses identified trade-offs between drug elimination half-life, maximum parasite killing effect, and SMC coverage, and optimisation identified minimum requirements to maximise malaria burden reductions. FINDINGS Model predictions show that preventing infection for the entire period between SMC cycles is more important than drug curative efficacy for clinical disease effectiveness outcomes, but similarly important for impact on prevalence. When children younger than 5 years receive four SMC cycles with high levels of coverage (ie, 69% of children receiving all cycles), drug candidates require a duration of protection half-life higher than 23 days (elimination half-life >10 days) to achieve reductions higher than 75% in clinical incidence and severe disease (measured over the intervention period in the target population, compared with no intervention across a range of modelled scenarios). High coverage is crucial to achieve these targets, requiring more than 60% of children to receive all SMC cycles and more than 90% of children to receive at least one cycle regardless of the protection duration of the drug. INTERPRETATION Although efficacy is crucial for malaria prevalence reductions, chemoprevention development should select drug candidates for their duration of protection to maximise burden reductions, with the duration half-life determining cycle timing. Explicitly designing or selecting drug properties to increase community uptake is paramount. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Swiss National Science Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Braunack-Mayer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josephine Malinga
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thiery Masserey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Narimane Nekkab
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Swapnoleena Sen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schellenberg
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Sherrie L Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gatiba P, Laury J, Steinhardt L, Hwang J, Thwing JI, Zulliger R, Emerson C, Gutman JR. Contextual Factors to Improve Implementation of Malaria Chemoprevention in Children: A Systematic Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:69-78. [PMID: 38081055 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among children under 5 years of age. To help address this challenge, the WHO recommends chemoprevention for certain populations. For children and infants, the WHO recommends seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC; formerly intermittent preventive treatment in infants [IPTi]), and, more recently, intermittent preventive treatment in school children (IPTsc). This review describes the contextual factors, including feasibility, acceptability, health equity, financial considerations, and values and preferences, that impact implementation of these strategies. A systematic search was conducted on July 5, 2022, and repeated April 13, 2023, to identify relevant literature. Two reviewers independently screened titles for eligibility, extracted data from eligible articles, and identified and summarized themes. Of 6,295 unique titles identified, 65 were included. The most frequently evaluated strategy was SMC (n = 40), followed by IPTi (n = 18) and then IPTsc (n = 6). Overall, these strategies were highly acceptable, although with IPTsc, there were community concerns with providing drugs to girls of reproductive age and the use of nonmedical staff for drug distribution. For SMC, door-to-door delivery resulted in higher coverage, improved caregiver acceptance, and reduced cost. Lower adherence was noted when caregivers were charged with giving doses 2 and 3 unsupervised. For SMC and IPTi, travel distances and inclement weather limited accessibility. Sensitization and caregiver education efforts, retention of high-quality drug distributors, and improved transportation were key to improving coverage. Additional research is needed to understand the role of community values and preferences in chemoprevention implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peris Gatiba
- Public Health Institute, Oakland, California
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica Laury
- Public Health Institute, Oakland, California
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura Steinhardt
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jimee Hwang
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie I Thwing
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rose Zulliger
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Courtney Emerson
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie R Gutman
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu M, Hu YX, Lu SN, Idris MA, Zhou SD, Yang J, Feng XN, Huang YM, Xu X, Chen Y, Wang DQ. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Africa and China's upgraded role as a contributor: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:63. [PMID: 37403183 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children under five are the vulnerable population most at risk of being infected with Plasmodium parasites, especially in the Sahel region. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) recommended by World Health Organization (WHO), has proven to be a highly effective intervention to prevent malaria. Given more deaths reported during the COVID-19 pandemic than in previous years due to the disruptions to essential medical services, it is, therefore, necessary to seek a more coordinated and integrated approach to increasing the pace, coverage and resilience of SMC. Towards this end, fully leverage the resources of major players in the global fight against malaria, such as China could accelerate the SMC process in Africa. METHODS We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase for research articles and the Institutional Repository for Information Sharing of WHO for reports on SMC. We used gap analysis to investigate the challenges and gaps of SMC since COVID-19. Through the above methods to explore China's prospective contribution to SMC. RESULTS A total of 68 research articles and reports were found. Through gap analysis, we found that despite the delays in the SMC campaign, 11.8 million children received SMC in 2020. However, there remained some challenges: (1) a shortage of fully covered monthly courses; (2) lack of adherence to the second and third doses of amodiaquine; (3) four courses of SMC are not sufficient to cover the entire malaria transmission season in areas where the peak transmission lasts longer; (4) additional interventions are needed to consolidate SMC efforts. China was certified malaria-free by WHO in 2021, and its experience and expertise in malaria elimination can be shared with high-burden countries. With the potential to join the multilateral cooperation in SMC, including the supply of quality-assured health commodities, know-how transfer and experience sharing, China is expected to contribute to the ongoing scale-up of SMC. CONCLUSIONS A combination of necessary preventive and curative activities may prove beneficial both for targeted populations and for health system strengthening in the long run. More actions are entailed to promote the partnership and China can be one of the main contributors with various roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Hu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shen-Ning Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shu-Duo Zhou
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Ning Feng
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang-Mu Huang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Xu
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Runge M, Stahlfeld A, Ambrose M, Toh KB, Rahman S, Omoniwa OF, Bever CA, Oresanya O, Uhomoibhi P, Galatas B, Tibenderana JK, Gerardin J. Perennial malaria chemoprevention with and without malaria vaccination to reduce malaria burden in young children: a modelling analysis. Malar J 2023; 22:133. [PMID: 37095480 PMCID: PMC10124689 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent WHO recommendation for perennial malaria chemoprevention (PMC) encourages countries to adapt dose timing and number to local conditions. However, knowledge gaps on the epidemiological impact of PMC and possible combination with the malaria vaccine RTS,S hinder informed policy decisions in countries where malaria burden in young children remains high. METHODS The EMOD malaria model was used to predict the impact of PMC with and without RTS,S on clinical and severe malaria cases in children under the age of two years (U2). PMC and RTS,S effect sizes were fit to trial data. PMC was simulated with three to seven doses (PMC-3-7) before the age of eighteen months and RTS,S with three doses, shown to be effective at nine months. Simulations were run for transmission intensities of one to 128 infectious bites per person per year, corresponding to incidences of < 1 to 5500 cases per 1000 population U2. Intervention coverage was either set to 80% or based on 2018 household survey data for Southern Nigeria as a sample use case. The protective efficacy (PE) for clinical and severe cases in children U2 was calculated in comparison to no PMC and no RTS,S. RESULTS The projected impact of PMC or RTS,S was greater at moderate to high transmission than at low or very high transmission. Across the simulated transmission levels, PE estimates of PMC-3 at 80% coverage ranged from 5.7 to 8.8% for clinical, and from 6.1 to 13.6% for severe malaria (PE of RTS,S 10-32% and 24.6-27.5% for clinical and severe malaria, respectively. In children U2, PMC with seven doses nearly averted as many cases as RTS,S, while the combination of both was more impactful than either intervention alone. When operational coverage, as seen in Southern Nigeria, increased to a hypothetical target of 80%, cases were reduced beyond the relative increase in coverage. CONCLUSIONS PMC can substantially reduce clinical and severe cases in the first two years of life in areas with high malaria burden and perennial transmission. A better understanding of the malaria risk profile by age in early childhood and on feasible coverage by age, is needed for selecting an appropriate PMC schedule in a given setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Runge
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Anne Stahlfeld
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Monique Ambrose
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Kok Ben Toh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Semiu Rahman
- Malaria Consortium Nigeria, 33 Pope John Paul Street, Off Gana Street, Maitama, Abuja-FCT Nigeria
| | - Omowunmi F. Omoniwa
- Malaria Consortium Nigeria, 33 Pope John Paul Street, Off Gana Street, Maitama, Abuja-FCT Nigeria
| | - Caitlin A. Bever
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Olusola Oresanya
- Malaria Consortium Nigeria, 33 Pope John Paul Street, Off Gana Street, Maitama, Abuja-FCT Nigeria
| | - Perpetua Uhomoibhi
- National Malaria Elimination Programme, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Beatriz Galatas
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaline Gerardin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fondjo E, Toto JC, Tchouakui M, Eyisap WE, Patchoke S, Menze B, Njeambosay B, Zeukeug F, Ngomdjum RT, Mandeng E, Elanga-Ndille E, Kopya E, Binyang JA, Ndo C, Tene-Fossog B, Tedjou A, Nchoutpouen E, Tchouine F, Achu D, Ambrose K, Hedje J, Kouambeng C, Carlson J, Zohdy S, Chabi J. High vector diversity and malaria transmission dynamics in five sentinel sites in Cameroon. Malar J 2023; 22:123. [PMID: 37055836 PMCID: PMC10100606 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Cameroon. To inform vector control intervention decision making, malaria vector surveillance was conducted monthly from October 2018 to September 2020 in five selected sentinel sites (Gounougou and Simatou in the North, and Bonabéri, Mangoum and Nyabessang in the South). METHODS Human landing catches (HLCs), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps, and pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) were used to assess vector density, species composition, human biting rate (HBR), endophagic index, indoor resting density (IRD), parity, sporozoite infection rates, entomological inoculation rate (EIR), and Anopheles vectorial capacity. RESULTS A total of 139,322 Anopheles mosquitoes from 18 species (or 21 including identified sub-species) were collected across all sites. Out of the 18 species, 12 were malaria vectors including Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles funestus s.l.., Anopheles nili, Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles paludis, Anopheles demeilloni, Anopheles. pharoensis, Anopheles ziemanni, Anopheles multicinctus, Anopheles tenebrosus, Anopheles rufipes, and Anopheles marshallii. Anopheles gambiae s.l. remains the major malaria vector (71% of the total Anopheles) collected, though An. moucheti and An. paludis had the highest sporozoite rates in Nyabessang. The mean indoor HBR of Anopheles ranged from 11.0 bites/human/night (b/h/n) in Bonabéri to 104.0 b/h/n in Simatou, while outdoors, it varied from 24.2 b/h/n in Mangoum to 98.7 b/h/n in Simatou. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. moucheti were actively biting until at least 8:00 a.m. The mean Anopheles IRD was 17.1 females/room, and the parity rate was 68.9%. The mean EIRs for each site were 55.4 infective bites/human/month (ib/h/m) in Gounougou, 99.0 ib/h/m in Simatou, 51.2 ib/h/m in Mangoum, 24.4 ib/h/m in Nyabessang, and 18.1 ib/h/m in Bonabéri. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was confirmed as the main malaria vector with the highest vectorial capacity in all sites based on sporozoite rate, except in Nyabessang. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the high malaria transmission occurring in Cameroon and will support the National Malaria Control Program to design evidence-based malaria vector control strategies, and deployment of effective and integrated vector control interventions to reduce malaria transmission and burden in Cameroon, where several Anopheles species could potentially maintain year-round transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fondjo
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Wolfgang Ekoko Eyisap
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Salomon Patchoke
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Benjamin Menze
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Boris Njeambosay
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Francis Zeukeug
- The Biotechnology Center (BTC), University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Elysée Mandeng
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Edmond Kopya
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Cyrille Ndo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Armel Tedjou
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Central African Organization for Endemic Disease Control (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frederic Tchouine
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dorothy Achu
- National Malaria Control Programme, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kelley Ambrose
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Judith Hedje
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Celestin Kouambeng
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jenny Carlson
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Chabi
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative VectorLink Project, Abt Associates, Rockville, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chemoprevention for the Populations of Malaria Endemic Africa. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10040101. [PMID: 36412595 PMCID: PMC9680511 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs have been used to prevent malaria for centuries, but only recently have they been used on a large scale to prevent malaria in the resident population of malaria endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper discusses some of the reasons for the hesitancy in adoption of chemopreventive strategies in sub-Saharan Africa, reasons why this hesitancy has been overcome in recent years and the range of target groups now identified by the World Health Organization as those who can benefit most from chemoprevention. Adoption of carefully targeted chemopreventive strategies could help reverse the recent stagnation in the decline in malaria in sub-Saharan Africa that had been taking place during the previous two decades.
Collapse
|