1
|
Merakou C, Amendola A, Fortuna C, Marsili G, Fiorentini C, Argentini C, Benedetti E, Rezza G, Maraglino F, Del Manso M, Bella A, Pezzotti P, Riccardo F, Palamara AT, Venturi G, Group TAW. Diagnosis of Imported Dengue and Zika Virus Infections in Italy from November 2015 to November 2022: Laboratory Surveillance Data from a National Reference Laboratory. Viruses 2023; 16:50. [PMID: 38257751 PMCID: PMC10818496 DOI: 10.3390/v16010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are mosquito-borne human pathogens. In Italy, the presence of the competent vector Aedes albopictus increases the risk of autochthonous transmission, and a national plan for arboviruses prevention, surveillance, and response (PNA 2020-2025) is in place. The results of laboratory diagnosis of both viruses by the National Reference Laboratory for arboviruses (NRLA) from November 2015 to November 2022 are presented. Samples from 655 suspected cases were tested by both molecular and serological assays. Virus and antibody kinetics, cross-reactivity, and diagnostic performance of IgM ELISA systems were analysed. Of 524 cases tested for DENV, 146 were classified as confirmed, 7 as probable, while 371 were excluded. Of 619 cases tested for ZIKV, 44 were classified as confirmed, while 492 were excluded. All cases were imported. Overall, 75.3% (110/146) of DENV and 50% (22/44) of ZIKV cases were confirmed through direct virus detection methods. High percentages of cross reactivity were observed between the two viruses. The median lag time from symptoms onset to sample collection was 7 days for both DENV molecular (range 0-20) and NS1 ELISA (range 0-48) tests, with high percentages of positivity also after 7 days (39% and 67%, respectively). For ZIKV, the median lag time was 5 days (range 0-22), with 16% positivity after 7 days. Diagnostic performance was assessed with negative predictive values ranging from 92% to 95% for the anti-DENV systems, and of 97% for the ZIKV one. Lower positive predictive values were seen in the tested population (DENV: 55% to 91%, ZIKV: 50%). DENV and ZIKV diagnosis by molecular test is the gold standard, but sample collection time is a limitation. Serological tests, including Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test, are thus necessary. Co-circulation and cross-reactivity between the two viruses increase diagnostic difficulty. Continuous evaluation of diagnostic strategies is essential to improve laboratory testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Merakou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
- ECDC Fellowship Programme, Public Health Microbiology Path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 16973 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Claudia Fortuna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristiano Fiorentini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Claudio Argentini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Eleonora Benedetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianni Rezza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Maraglino
- General Directorate for Health Prevention, Prevention of the Communicable Diseases and International Prophylaxis, Ministry of Health, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Del Manso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Flavia Riccardo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), 00161 Rome, Italy (A.A.); (C.A.); (A.B.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simonin Y. Emerging Diseases/Viruses Prevention, Control, Surveillance, and One Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050257. [PMID: 37235305 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases have posed a constant threat and major challenge to human health throughout our history [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Etablissement Français du San, 34394 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Touchton M, Wampler B. Democratizing Public Health: Participatory Policymaking Institutions, Mosquito Control, and Zika in the Americas. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010038. [PMID: 36668945 PMCID: PMC9865320 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus spread primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. Zika cases have been detected throughout the mosquito's range, with an epidemic occurring from 2015 to 2017 in Brazil. Many Zika cases are mild or asymptomatic, but infections in pregnant women can cause microcephaly in children, and a small percentage of cases result in Guillan-Barré syndrome. There is currently little systematic information surrounding the municipal spread of the Zika Virus in Brazil. This article uses coarsened exact matching with negative binomial estimation and ordinary least squares estimation to assess the determinants of Zika incidence across the ~280,000 cases confirmed and recorded by Brazil's Ministry of Health in 2016 and 2017. These data come from Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests in Brazil and have not been published. We use data on the universe of individual Zika cases in Brazil and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software to examine the virus at the municipal level across 5570 municipalities and construct a unique, unusually rich dataset covering daily Zika transmission. Additionally, our dataset includes corresponding local data on democratic governance, mosquito control efforts, and environmental conditions to estimate their relationship to Zika transmission. The results demonstrate that the presence of subnational democratic, participatory policymaking institutions and high levels of local state capacity are associated with low rates of Zika contraction. These models control for local healthcare spending and economic conditions, among other factors, that also influence Zika contraction rates. In turn, these findings provide a better understanding of what works for local health governance and mosquito control and makes important data public so that scholars and practitioners can perform their own analyses. Stronger models of Zika transmission will then inform mosquito abatement efforts across the Global South, as well as provide a blueprint for combatting Dengue fever, which is also transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Touchton
- Department of Political Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Faculty Lead for Global Health, Institute for Advanced Studies of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Brian Wampler
- President’s Office of Public Engagement, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arbovirus Seroprevalence Study in Bangphae District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand: Comparison between ELISA and a Multiplex Rapid Diagnostic Test (Chembio DPP® ZCD IgG). Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7110378. [DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses, particularly dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), pose a growing threat to global public health. For disease burden estimation and disease control, seroprevalence studies are paramount. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV on healthy individuals aged from 1–55 years old in Bangphae district, Ratchaburi province, Thailand. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) were performed on archived samples from a dengue serological survey conducted from 2012–2015. All 2012 samples had been previously tested using an anti-DENV immunoglobulin (Ig)G ELISA, and 400 randomly selected samples stratified by age, sex, and residential area were assessed by an in-house anti-ZIKV IgG ELISA and a commercial anti-CHIKV IgG ELISA to determine virus-specific antibody levels. An RDT (Chembio DPP® ZCD IgM/IgG System) was also used to investigate the presence of antibodies against DENV, ZIKV, or CHIKV. The ELISA results indicate that the seroprevalences of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV were 84.3%, 58.0%, and 22.5%, respectively. The youngest age group had the lowest seroprevalence for all three arboviruses, and the seroprevalences for these viruses were progressively higher with increasing participant age. The DPP® IgG sensitivities, as compared with ELISAs, for DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV were relatively low, only 43.92%, 25.86%, and 37.78%, respectively. The ELISA results indicate that 16% of the study population was seropositive for all three viruses. DENV had the highest seroprevalence. ZIKV and CHIKV were also circulating in Bangphae district, Ratchaburi province, Thailand. The DPP® ZCD rapid test is not sensitive enough for use in seroprevalence studies.
Collapse
|