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Lupia T, Crisà E, Sangiorgio V, Bosio R, Stroffolini G, Staffilano E, Gregorc V, Corcione S, De Rosa FG. Presumptive pulmonary toxocariasis in a patient affected by acute myeloid leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma: case report and review of the literature in immunocompromised hosts. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2024; 32:103-112. [PMID: 38456027 PMCID: PMC10917563 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3201-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a zoonosis transmitted by the nematode Toxocara spp. Immunocompromised hosts are more susceptible than general population to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. In this population toxocariasis may present as exacerbation or reactivation and could have severe or atypical manifestations being a diagnostic challenge for healthcare providers. We report a case of a presumptive pulmonary toxocariasis during chemotherapy in a patient affected by acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and Hodgkin lymphoma and we summarize current evidence of pulmonary involvement in immunocompromised population with Toxocara spp infection in a narrative review. The aim of this work is also to revise the current literature on pulmonary involvement during Toxocara spp infection in immunocompromised hosts to improve knowledge on clinical presentation, treatment and outcome. A 66 years old man who had undergone to a cytarabine and idarubicin chemotherapy induction scheme for AML, complained of febrile neutropenia and dry cought. At the chest computed tomography (CT) there were multiple nodular pulmonary lesions with subpleural consolidations. The lung biopsy revealed inflammatory infiltration with diffuse small granulomas with minor eosinophil component. The laboratory analysis showed high immunoglobulin E (IgE) count with normal peripherical eosinophils, among the extended parasitological analysis, Toxocara immunoblot assay resulted positive. In the most accepted hypothesis of a polmunary toxocariasis infection, the patient was treated with a combination of albendazole plus corticosteroids for four weeks, with a positive outcome. Infection complications during chemotherapy are not uncommon, however, this is the first reported case of pulmonary toxocariasis during cytarabine and idarubicin treatment in AML. The revised literature shows male gender and younger age as possible risk factors, nevertheless the majority of cases of seropositivity for Toxocara was reported in solid organ malignancies. In this case, the suspect was mainly based on laboratory total elevated IgE, confirmed by serological, anatomo-pathological and radiological findings. Hypereosinophilia is often not present in chronic infection. In conclusion, pulmonary toxocariasis should be ruled out in patients with pulmonary involvement and high IgE titre, with or without peripheral eosinophilia, especially in those with known immunocompromised status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lupia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Cardinal Massaia, Asti, Italy
| | - Elena Crisà
- Unit of Oncology and Haematology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Valentina Sangiorgio
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roberta Bosio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giacomo Stroffolini
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Staffilano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vanesa Gregorc
- Unit of Oncology and Haematology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Silvia Corcione
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- School of Medicine, Infectious Disease & Geographic Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Cardinal Massaia, Asti, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Nana PA, Tchakonté S, Pahane Mbiada M, Fotseu Kouam AL, Mouchili Palena RS, Bricheux G, Nola M, Sime-Ngando T. Influence of tides on the dissemination and related health risks of intestinal helminths along the Kribi beaches (Atlantic Coast, Southern Cameroon). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e10. [PMID: 38263759 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Kribi is a seaside town that welcomes thousands of tourists each year. However, the poor sanitation condition of its beaches along the Atlantic coast is not without risk for visitors. In this study, we used the formol-ether concentration technique to identify and quantify larvae or eggs of intestinal helminths in waters of three regularly visited Kribi beaches (Mpalla, Ngoyè, and Mboamanga). Results revealed that all identified larvae and eggs were cestodes (Hymenolepis nana) and nematodes (Strongyloides sp., Ascaris sp., Ancylostoma duodenale and Trichuris trichiura). All the helminth eggs and larvae showed high abundance at low tide during rainy seasons. Ancylostoma duodenale eggs, totally absent at Mpalla, were densely present at low tide at Ngoyè (301 ± 15 eggs/L). Trichuris trichiura eggs showed the lowest abundance (0 to 62 eggs/L) at all sites. Abiotic variables indicated that waters at the various beaches were basic (pH: 8.75-9.77), generally warmer (32.44°C at Mpalla in the Short Rainy Season), more oxygenated at low tide, and moderately mineralized at high tide. Positive and significant correlations were observed at Ngoyè at low tide between Strongyloides sp. larvae and dissolved oxygen (P ˂ 0.05); and between Ancylostoma duodenale eggs and temperature (P ˂ 0.05). The overall results indicated that the beaches studied are subjected to fecal pollution. This pollution is more accentuated during low tides than during high tides. Depending on tidal movements, swimmers risk exposure to helminth eggs and larvae known to be responsible for gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nana
- Department of Oceanography, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - S Tchakonté
- Laboratory of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 063, Buea, Cameroon
| | - M Pahane Mbiada
- Department of Processing and Quality Control of Aquatic Products, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - A L Fotseu Kouam
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - R S Mouchili Palena
- Department of Oceanography, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon
| | - G Bricheux
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178Aubière, France
| | - M Nola
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - T Sime-Ngando
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178Aubière, France
- Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), UMR CNRS 6524, UMR IRD 163, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178Aubière, France
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Zhu L, Zhang H, Fang J, Xiao S, Xiong F, Deng C, Yang Q, Fu C, Pan Q, Zhao H. Massive Airway Bleeding Caused by Pulmonary Strongyloidiasis in a Patient with a Transplanted Kidney. Int Med Case Rep J 2024; 17:1-7. [PMID: 38196944 PMCID: PMC10772052 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s442535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction We report a fatal case of massive airway bleeding caused by pulmonary strongyloidiasis in a patient with a transplanted kidney. Case Presentation A 47-year-old male, regularly taking immunosuppressants post-kidney transplant, visited our hospital with symptoms of abdominal bloating, nausea, and emesis persisting for three days. After hospitalization, he developed a cough, hemoptysis, and respiratory failure. Sputum analysis confirmed an infestation with Strongyloides stercoralis. Despite receiving albendazole therapy and bronchoscopic management for bronchial hemorrhage, the patient ultimately died due to acute respiratory and circulatory collapse triggered by severe airway bleeding. Conclusion Patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation are at increased risk for disseminated strongyloidiasis. Consequently, infectious disease screening prior to transplantation, along with essential preventive pharmacotherapy, is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyin Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huhai Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Fang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caixia Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Fu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianguang Pan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Army Military Medical University (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China
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