1
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Alonso-Monsalve E, Kaiser DI. Primordial Black Holes with QCD Color Charge. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:231402. [PMID: 38905659 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.231402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
We describe a realistic mechanism whereby black holes with significant QCD color charge could have formed during the early Universe. Primordial black holes (PBHs) could make up a significant fraction of the dark matter if they formed well before the QCD confinement transition. Such PBHs would form by absorbing unconfined quarks and gluons and hence could acquire a net color charge. We estimate the number of PBHs per Hubble volume with near-extremal color charge for various scenarios and discuss possible phenomenological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elba Alonso-Monsalve
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David I Kaiser
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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2
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Figueroa DG, Pieroni M, Ricciardone A, Simakachorn P. Cosmological Background Interpretation of Pulsar Timing Array Data. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:171002. [PMID: 38728738 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.171002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We discuss the interpretation of the detected signal by pulsar timing array (PTA) observations as a gravitational wave background of cosmological origin. We combine NANOGrav 15-years and EPTA-DR2new datasets and confront them against backgrounds from supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), and cosmological signals from inflation, cosmic (super)strings, first-order phase transitions, Gaussian and non-Gaussian large scalar fluctuations, and audible axions. We find that scalar-induced, and to a lesser extent audible axion and cosmic superstring signals, provide a better fit than SMBHBs. These results depend, however, on modeling assumptions, so further data and analysis are needed to reach robust conclusions. Independently of the signal origin, the data strongly constrain the parameter space of cosmological signals, for example, setting an upper bound on primordial non-Gaussianity at PTA scales as |f_{nl}|≲2.34 at 95% C.L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Figueroa
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universitat de València, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauro Pieroni
- Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Ricciardone
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Fermi", Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peera Simakachorn
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universitat de València, 46980, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Franciolini G, Iovino AJ, Vaskonen V, Veermäe H. Recent Gravitational Wave Observation by Pulsar Timing Arrays and Primordial Black Holes: The Importance of Non-Gaussianities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:201401. [PMID: 38039467 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.201401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
We study whether the signal seen by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) may originate from gravitational waves (GWs) induced by large primordial perturbations. Such perturbations may be accompanied by a sizable primordial black hole (PBH) abundance. We improve existing analyses and show that PBH overproduction disfavors Gaussian scenarios for scalar-induced GWs at 2σ and single-field inflationary scenarios, accounting for non-Gaussianity, at 3σ as the explanation of the most constraining NANOGrav 15-year data. This tension can be relaxed in models where non-Gaussianities suppress the PBH abundance. On the flip side, the PTA data does not constrain the abundance of PBHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Franciolini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Junior Iovino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ville Vaskonen
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, Tallinn, Estonia
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Hardi Veermäe
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Rävala 10, Tallinn, Estonia
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4
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Lu P, Takhistov V, Fuller GM. Signatures of a High Temperature QCD Transition in the Early Universe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:221002. [PMID: 37327409 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.221002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Beyond-Standard-Model extensions of QCD could result in quark and gluon confinement occurring well above at temperature around the GeV scale. These models can also alter the order of the QCD phase transition. Therefore, the enhanced production of primordial black holes (PBHs) that can accompany the change in relativistic degrees of freedom at the QCD transition could favor the production of PBHs with mass scales smaller than the Standard Model QCD horizon scale. Consequently, and unlike PBHs associated with a standard GeV-scale QCD transition, such PBHs can account for all the dark matter abundance in the unconstrained asteroid-mass window. This links beyond-Standard-Model modifications of QCD physics over a broad range of unexplored temperature regimes (around 10-10^{3} TeV) with microlensing surveys searching for PBHs. Additionally, we discuss implications of these models for gravitational wave experiments. We show that a first-order QCD phase transition at around 7 TeV is consistent with the Subaru Hyper-Suprime Cam candidate event, while a transition of around 70 GeV is consistent with OGLE candidate events and could also account for the claimed NANOGrav gravitational wave signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lu
- Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Volodymyr Takhistov
- International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles (QUP, WPI), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - George M Fuller
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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5
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Lozanov KD, Takhistov V. Enhanced Gravitational Waves from Inflaton Oscillons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:181002. [PMID: 37204914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.181002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In broad classes of inflationary models the period of accelerated expansion is followed by fragmentation of the inflaton scalar field into localized, long-lived, and massive oscillon excitations. We demonstrate that matter dominance of oscillons, followed by their rapid decay, significantly enhances the primordial gravitational wave (GW) spectrum. These oscillon-induced GWs, sourced by second-order perturbations, are distinct and could be orders of magnitude lower in frequency than the previously considered GWs associated with oscillon formation. We show that detectable oscillon-induced GW signatures establish direct tests independent from cosmic microwave background radiation for regions of parameter space of monodromy, and logarithmic and pure natural (plateau) potential classes of inflationary models, among others. We demonstrate that oscillon-induced GWs in a model based on pure natural inflation could be directly observable with the Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer, and DECIGO. These signatures offer a new route for probing the underlying inflationary physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaloian D Lozanov
- Illinois Center for Advanced Studies of the Universe and Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| | - Volodymyr Takhistov
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), UTIAS The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- International Center for Quantum-field Measurement Systems for Studies of the Universe and Particles (QUP, WPI), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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6
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De Luca V, Franciolini G, Riotto A. Heavy Primordial Black Holes from Strongly Clustered Light Black Holes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:171401. [PMID: 37172260 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.171401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We show that heavy primordial black holes may originate from much lighter ones if the latter are strongly clustered at the time of their formation. While this population is subject to the usual constraints from late-time universe observations, its relation to the initial conditions is different from the standard scenario and provides a new mechanism to generate massive primordial black holes even in the absence of efficient accretion, opening new scenarios, e.g., for the generation of supermassive black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio De Luca
- Center for Particle Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gabriele Franciolini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Riotto
- Département de Physique Théorique and Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Université de Genève, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Mavromatos NE, Spanos VC, Stamou ID. Primordial black holes and gravitational waves in multiaxion-Chern-Simons inflation. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.063532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Ghoshal A, Okada N, Paul A. Radiative plateau inflation with conformal invariance: Dynamical generation of electroweak and seesaw scales. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.055024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Ota A, Macpherson HJ, Coulton WR. Covariant transverse-traceless projection for secondary gravitational waves. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.106.063521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Bari P, Ricciardone A, Bartolo N, Bertacca D, Matarrese S. Signatures of Primordial Gravitational Waves on the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:091301. [PMID: 36083643 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the generation and evolution of second-order energy-density perturbations arising from primordial gravitational waves. Such "tensor-induced scalar modes" approximately evolve as standard linear matter perturbations and may leave observable signatures in the large-scale structure of the Universe. We study the imprint on the matter power spectrum of some primordial models which predict a large gravitational-wave signal at high frequencies. This novel mechanism, in principle, allows us to constrain or detect primordial gravitational waves by looking at specific features in the matter or galaxy power spectrum, thereby allowing us to probe them on a range of scales unexplored so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bari
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Ricciardone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Bartolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Bertacca
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Sabino Matarrese
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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11
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Zhang F. Primordial black holes and scalar induced gravitational waves from the
E
model with a Gauss-Bonnet term. Int J Clin Exp Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.105.063539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Reheating in Runaway Inflation Models via the Evaporation of Mini Primordial Black Holes. GALAXIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/galaxies10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the cosmology of mini Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) produced by large density perturbations that collapse during a stiff fluid domination phase. Such a phase can be realized by a runaway-inflaton model that crosses an inflection point or a sharp feature at the last stage of inflation. Mini PBHs evaporate promptly and reheat the early universe. In addition, we examine two notable implications of this scenario: the possible presence of PBH evaporation remnants in galaxies and a non-zero residual potential energy density for the runaway inflaton that might play the role of the dark energy. We specify the parameter space that this scenario can be realized and we find that a transit PBH domination phase is necessary due to gravitational wave (GW) constraints. A distinct prediction of the scenario is a compound GW signal that might be probed by current and future experiments. We also demonstrate our results employing an explicit inflation model.
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13
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Romero-Rodríguez A, Martínez M, Pujolàs O, Sakellariadou M, Vaskonen V. Search for a Scalar Induced Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background in the Third LIGO-Virgo Observing Run. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:051301. [PMID: 35179921 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.051301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of primordial black holes from inflationary fluctuations is accompanied by a scalar induced gravitational wave background. We perform a Bayesian search of such background in the data from Advanced LIGO and Virgo's first, second, and third observing runs, parametrizing the peak in the curvature power spectrum by a log-normal distribution. The search shows no evidence for such a background. We place 95% confidence level upper limits on the integrated power of the curvature power spectrum peak which, for a narrow width, reaches down to 0.02 at 10^{17} Mpc^{-1}. The resulting constraints are stronger than those arising from big bang nucleosynthesis or cosmic microwave background observations. In addition, we find that the constraints from LIGO and Virgo, at their design sensitivity, and from the Einstein Telescope can compete with those related to the abundance of the formed primordial black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Romero-Rodríguez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Pujolàs
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mairi Sakellariadou
- Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, King's College London, University of London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Vaskonen
- Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Abstract
Primordial black holes, which could have been formed in the very early Universe due to the collapse of large curvature fluctuations, are currently one of the most attractive and fascinating research areas in cosmology for their possible theoretical and observational implications. This review article presents the current results and developments on the conditions for primordial black hole formation from the collapse of curvature fluctuations in spherical symmetry on a Friedman–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker background and its numerical simulation. We review the appropriate formalism for the conditions of primordial black hole formation, and we detail a numerical implementation. We then focus on different results regarding the threshold and the black hole mass using different sets of curvature fluctuations. Finally, we present the current state of analytical estimations for the primordial black hole formation threshold, contrasted with numerical simulations.
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Wu YP, Pinetti E, Silk J. Cosmic Coincidences of Primordial-Black-Hole Dark Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:031102. [PMID: 35119885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.031102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
If primordial black holes (PBHs) contribute more than 10% of the dark matter (DM) density, their energy density today is of the same order as that of the baryons. Such a cosmic coincidence might hint at a mutual origin for the formation scenario of PBHs and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Baryogenesis can be triggered by a sharp transition of the rolling rate of inflaton from slow-roll to (nearly) ultraslow-roll phases that produce large curvature perturbations for PBH formation in single-field inflationary models. We show that the baryogenesis requirement drives the PBH contribution to DM, along with the inferred PBH mass range, the resulting stochastic gravitational wave background frequency window, and the associated cosmic microwave background tensor-to-scalar ratio amplitude, into potentially observable regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Wu
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), UMR 7589 CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Elena Pinetti
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), UMR 7589 CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Torino and INFN, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Theoretical Astrophysics Department, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, 60510, USA
| | - Joseph Silk
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095 CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Beecroft Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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