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OUP accepted manuscript. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:671-681. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wu M, Liu Z, Li X, Zhang A, Li N. Dynamic Changes in Serum Markers and Their Utility in the Early Diagnosis of All Stages of Hepatitis B-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:827-840. [PMID: 32095079 PMCID: PMC6995291 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s229835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined diagnostic values of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin (DCP), glypican-3 (GPC3) and golgi protein 73 (GP73) in diagnosing hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Participants from Beijing YouAn Hospital were enrolled and divided into seven groups. Serum was collected and the levels of AFP, GPC3, GP73 and DCP were simultaneously measured with a protein array. Pearson's χ2 test was applied to compare the clinicopathological characteristics. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse the diagnostic performance of the four markers. Results As a single biomarker for differentiating HCC from all controls, AFP had a larger area under the curve (AUC) (0.798, 95% CI (0.754-0.838) than the other biomarkers, with a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 71.1%. Among the other combinations, AFP plus GPC3 and DCP (0.871, 95% CI (0.833-0.903)) was the best at differentiating HCC from all controls. In discriminating very early stage and early stage HCC from all controls, the AUC of GPC3 (0.744, 95% CI (0.690-0.793); sensitivity 62.8%; specificity 83.3%) was better than that of AFP (0.723, 95% CI (0.668-0.774); sensitivity 67.3%; specificity 71.7%). Among all biomarker combinations, the combination of AFP, GPC3 and GP73 had the largest AUC (0.843, 95% CI (0.796-0.883); sensitivity 84.1%; specificity 71.7%). AFP (AUC 0.726, 95% CI (0.662-0.784)) showed the best performance in the very early diagnosis of HBV-related HCC. Conclusion As a single biomarker, AFP has an advantage in the very early and early diagnosis of HBV-related HCC. The combination of AFP, GPC3 and GP73 is the most suitable marker for the early diagnosis of HBV-related HCC. However, AFP remains the best biomarker for the very early diagnosis of HBV-related HCC, and the adding of one or more markers does not significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Rivière L, Quioc-Salomon B, Fallot G, Halgand B, Féray C, Buendia MA, Neuveut C. Hepatitis B virus replicating in hepatocellular carcinoma encodes HBx variants with preserved ability to antagonize restriction by Smc5/6. Antiviral Res 2019; 172:104618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Goyal A, Chauhan R. The dynamics of integration, viral suppression and cell-cell transmission in the development of occult Hepatitis B virus infection. J Theor Biol 2018; 455:269-280. [PMID: 29969598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out of several phases of HBV infection, the least understood phase is occult hepatitis B virus infection. The paucity of data due to non-availability of biological tissues and the prerequisite of ultra-sensitive assays for the detection of occult hepatitis B virus infection prompted us to utilize mathematical modeling in determining mechanisms that lead to occult hepatitis B virus infection and characteristics of HBV infection during occult hepatitis B virus infection. METHODS We proposed two mathematical models (M1 and M2), considering two different phenomenon for episomal maintenance and accumulation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in infected hepatocytes: (i) M1 - recirculation of the relaxed circular DNA/double-stranded linear DNA from cytoplasm to the nucleus, and (ii) M2 - reinfection of infected hepatocytes with virions. We further incorporated the dynamics of integrated Hepatitis B virus DNA (iHBV) to investigate its role in the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection. RESULTS The analysis showed that the main mechanism for the spread of infection during occult hepatitis B virus infection is cell-to-cell transmission and not cell-free virus transmission. A significant viral suppression (of at least 99% from its peak production values) was essential but not sufficient in the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection under M1; however under M2, the viral suppression was neither sufficient nor essential as the inhibition of the production of HBsAg without viral suppression can also explain the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Our analysis also revealed that occult hepatitis B virus infection seropositive cases are more likely to progress into liver cirrhosis compared to occult hepatitis B virus infection seronegative cases. The iHBV was found to be mostly silent (by either being absent or non-productive for HBsAg) during occult hepatitis B virus infection. CONCLUSION The viral suppression is neither essential nor sufficient to explain the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection on its own. Not only the viral suppression but the inhibition -of the production and the export of HBsAg from cccDNA and iHBV also plays an important role in the development of occult hepatitis B virus infection. This is the first study, which incorporates the dynamics of iHBV and shows that HBV primarily spreads via cell-cell transmission during occult hepatitis B virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goyal
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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Hou Z, Quan J. Hepatitis B virus X protein increases microRNA‑21 expression and accelerates the development of hepatoma via the phosphatase and tensin homolog/phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3285-3291. [PMID: 28339072 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) is a key regulatory protein that is involved in HBV infection, replication and carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of HBx in the progression and metastasis of liver cancer cells and to determine the underlying molecular mechanism of HBx in metastatic liver cancer cells. HBx protein expression was detected by western blot analysis, and microRNA (miR)‑21 levels were determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the highly metastatic MHCC‑97H low metastatic MHCC‑97L and SMMC‑7721 liver cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that the levels of HBx and miR‑21 were significantly increased in MHCC‑97H cells compared with MHCC‑97L and SMMC‑7721 cells. In addition, three pairs of small interfering (si)RNA specific to HBx were designed and synthesized to interfere with endogenous HBx in liver cancer cells, and the results demonstrated that knockdown HBx was associated with a corresponding decrease in miR‑21 expression. The MTT assay results demonstrated that cell viability significantly decreased in HBx‑siRNA cells compared with scramble siRNA‑transfected cells. In addition, transfection with an miR‑21 inhibitor inhibited MHCC‑97H cell proliferation. Furthermore, Transwell assay results revealed that downregulation of HBx and treatment with miR‑21 inhibitors contributed to the inhibition of MHCC‑97H cell invasion and metastasis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that miR‑21 inhibitors and HBx‑siRNA treatment led to the upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and decreased levels of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2. The results of the present study indicated that HBx was positively associated with miR‑21 expression, and downregulation of miR‑21 and HBx suppressed MMP‑2 activity via the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Therefore, HBx and miR‑21 may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhua Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jun Quan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Chen JY, Chen YJ, Yen CJ, Chen WS, Huang WC. HBx sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to lapatinib by up-regulating ErbB3. Oncotarget 2016; 7:473-89. [PMID: 26595522 PMCID: PMC4808012 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor prognosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involves HBV X protein (HBx)-induced tumor progression. HBx also contributes to chemo-resistance via inducing the expressions of anti-apoptosis and multiple drug resistance genes. However, the impact of HBx expression on the therapeutic efficacy of various receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors remains unknown. In this study, our data showed that HBx overexpression did not alter the cellular sensitivity of HCC cell lines to sorafenib but unexpectedly enhanced the cell death induced by EGFR family inhibitors, including gefitinib, erlotinib, and lapatinib due to ErbB3 up-regulation. Mechanistically, HBx transcriptionally up-regulates ErbB3 expression in a NF-κB dependent manner. In addition, HBx also physically interacts with ErbB2 and ErbB3 proteins and enhances the formation of ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimeric complex. The cell viability of HBx-overexpressing cells was decreased by silencing ErbB3 expression, further revealing the pivotal role of ErbB3 in HBx-mediated cell survival. Our data suggest that HBx shifts the oncogenic addiction of HCC cells to ErbB2/ErbB3 signaling pathway via inducing ErbB3 expression and thereby enhances their sensitivity to EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Yu Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Chen
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Internal Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shu Chen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Roggendorf M, Kosinska AD, Liu J, Lu M. The Woodchuck, a Nonprimate Model for Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutic Immunomodulation in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021451. [PMID: 26511761 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its host, the eastern woodchuck, is a very valuable model system for hepatitis B virus infection. Many aspects of WHV replication and pathogenesis resemble acute and chronic hepatitis B infection in patients. Since the establishment of immunological tools, woodchucks were used to develop new therapeutic vaccines and immunomodulatory approaches to treat chronic hepadnaviral infections. Combination therapy of nucleos(t)ide analogs, with prime-boost vaccination and triple therapy, including immunomodulatory strategies by blocking the interaction of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor with its ligand inducing a potent T-cell response in chronic WHV carrier woodchucks, suppression of viral replication, and complete elimination of the virus in 30% of the animals. Both strategies may be used for future therapies in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus that causes acute and chronic hepatitis. HBV infection is a world health problem, with 350 million chronically infected people at increased risk of developing liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV has been classified among human tumor viruses by virtue of a robust epidemiologic association between chronic HBV carriage and HCC occurrence. In the absence of cytopathic effect in infected hepatocytes, the oncogenic role of HBV might involve a combination of direct and indirect effects of the virus during the multistep process of liver carcinogenesis. Liver inflammation and hepatocyte proliferation driven by host immune responses are recognized driving forces of liver cell transformation. Genetic and epigenetic alterations can also result from viral DNA integration into host chromosomes and from prolonged expression of viral gene products. Notably, the transcriptional regulatory protein HBx encoded by the X gene is endowed with tumor promoter activity. HBx has pleiotropic activities and plays a major role in HBV pathogenesis and in liver carcinogenesis. Because hepatic tumors carry a dismal prognosis, there is urgent need to develop early diagnostic markers of HCC and effective therapies against chronic hepatitis B. Deciphering the oncogenic mechanisms that underlie HBV-related tumorigenesis might help developing adapted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Rivière
- Institut Pasteur, Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France,
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Ripoli M, Barbano R, Balsamo T, Piccoli C, Brunetti V, Coco M, Mazzoccoli G, Vinciguerra M, Pazienza V. Hypermethylated levels of E-cadherin promoter in Huh-7 cells expressing the HCV core protein. Virus Res 2011; 160:74-81. [PMID: 21640770 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hepatitis C virus remain unclear. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the HCV core protein on the promoter methylation status of selected genes potentially involved in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the promoter methylation levels of the E-cadherin (CDH1), the glutathione S-transferase p1 (GSTP1), adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), catenin (cadherin-associated protein) beta 1 (CNNTB1) genes by a quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) in the in vitro model of Huh-7 cells expressing the HCV core protein of genotype 1b. RESULTS We found that CDH1 promoter was hypermethylated in genotype 1b HCV core protein-positive cells as compared to control cells expressing the GFP protein alone (HCV core 1b vs GFP p=0.00; HCV core 1b vs Huh-7 p=0.03). This resulted in reduced levels of CDH1 protein as evaluated by immunoblot and by immunofluorescence. On the other hand no significant changes were observed for the other genes investigated. Furthermore, we present evidence that genotype 1b HCV core protein expression induces SIRT1 upregulation and that treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor sirtinol decreases the methylation levels of CDH1 promoter (1b+sirtinol vs 1b p=0.05; 1b+sirtinol vs GFP+sirtinol p=NS) resulting in 1.7-fold increased CDH1 mRNA expression (1b+sirtinol vs 1b p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HCV core protein could play a role in HCC at least in part by altering the methylation status of CDH1 promoter. These findings could also suggest a novel therapeutic approach for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ripoli
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, viale dei Cappuccini n.1, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
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