1
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Jing X, Wang P, Liu J, Xiang M, Song X, Wang C, Li P, Li H, Wu Z, Zhang C. A viral protein competitively bound to rice CIPK23 inhibits potassium absorption and facilitates virus systemic infection in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38578842 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) plays a crucial role as a macronutrient in the growth and development of plants. Studies have definitely determined the vital roles of K+ in response to pathogen invasion. Our previous investigations revealed that rice plants infected with rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) displayed a reduction in K+ content, but the mechanism by which RGSV infection subverts K+ uptake remains unknown. In this study, we found that overexpression of RGSV P1, a specific viral protein encoded by viral RNA1, results in enhanced sensitivity to low K+ stress and exhibits a significantly lower rate of K+ influx compared to wild-type rice plants. Further investigation revealed that RGSV P1 interacts with OsCIPK23, an upstream regulator of Shaker K+ channel OsAKT1. Moreover, we found that the P1 protein recruits the OsCIPK23 to the Cajal bodies (CBs). In vivo assays demonstrated that the P1 protein competitively binds to OsCIPK23 with both OsCBL1 and OsAKT1. In the nucleus, the P1 protein enhances the binding of OsCIPK23 to OsCoilin, a homologue of the signature protein of CBs in Arabidopsis, and facilitates their trafficking through these CB structures. Genetic analysis indicates that mutant in oscipk23 suppresses RGSV systemic infection. Conversely, osakt1 mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to RGSV infection. These findings suggest that RGSV P1 hinders the absorption of K+ in rice plants by recruiting the OsCIPK23 to the CB structures. This process potentially promotes virus systemic infection but comes at the expense of inhibiting OsAKT1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Jing
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengyue Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agronomy, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Meirong Xiang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Song
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengbai Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Taliansky ME, Love AJ, Kołowerzo-Lubnau A, Smoliński DJ. Cajal bodies: Evolutionarily conserved nuclear biomolecular condensates with properties unique to plants. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3214-3235. [PMID: 37202374 PMCID: PMC10473218 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proper orchestration of the thousands of biochemical processes that are essential to the life of every cell requires highly organized cellular compartmentalization of dedicated microenvironments. There are 2 ways to create this intracellular segregation to optimize cellular function. One way is to create specific organelles, enclosed spaces bounded by lipid membranes that regulate macromolecular flux in and out of the compartment. A second way is via membraneless biomolecular condensates that form due to to liquid-liquid phase separation. Although research on these membraneless condensates has historically been performed using animal and fungal systems, recent studies have explored basic principles governing the assembly, properties, and functions of membraneless compartments in plants. In this review, we discuss how phase separation is involved in a variety of key processes occurring in Cajal bodies (CBs), a type of biomolecular condensate found in nuclei. These processes include RNA metabolism, formation of ribonucleoproteins involved in transcription, RNA splicing, ribosome biogenesis, and telomere maintenance. Besides these primary roles of CBs, we discuss unique plant-specific functions of CBs in RNA-based regulatory pathways such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, mRNA retention, and RNA silencing. Finally, we summarize recent progress and discuss the functions of CBs in responses to pathogen attacks and abiotic stresses, responses that may be regulated via mechanisms governed by polyADP-ribosylation. Thus, plant CBs are emerging as highly complex and multifunctional biomolecular condensates that are involved in a surprisingly diverse range of molecular mechanisms that we are just beginning to appreciate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Agnieszka Kołowerzo-Lubnau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jan Smoliński
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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3
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Spechenkova N, Samarskaya VO, Kalinina NO, Zavriev SK, MacFarlane S, Love AJ, Taliansky M. Plant Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Is a Potential Mediator of Cross-Talk between the Cajal Body Protein Coilin and Salicylic Acid-Mediated Antiviral Defence. Viruses 2023; 15:1282. [PMID: 37376582 DOI: 10.3390/v15061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus and Cajal bodies (CBs) are sub-nuclear domains with well-known roles in RNA metabolism and RNA-protein assembly. However, they also participate in other important aspects of cell functioning. This study uncovers a previously unrecognised mechanism by which these bodies and their components regulate host defences against pathogen attack. We show that the CB protein coilin interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), redistributes it to the nucleolus and modifies its function, and that these events are accompanied by substantial increases in endogenous concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), activation of SA-responsive gene expression and callose deposition leading to the restriction of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) systemic infection. Consistent with this, we also find that treatment with SA subverts the negative effect of the pharmacological PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) on plant recovery from TRV infection. Our results suggest that PARP1 could act as a key molecular actuator in the regulatory network which integrates coilin activities as a stress sensor for virus infection and SA-mediated antivirus defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Spechenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriya O Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya O Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey K Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - S MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Andrew J Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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4
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Spechenkova N, Kalinina NO, Zavriev SK, Love AJ, Taliansky M. ADP-Ribosylation and Antiviral Resistance in Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:241. [PMID: 36680280 PMCID: PMC9861866 DOI: 10.3390/v15010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation) is a versatile posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells which is involved in the regulation of a wide range of key biological processes, including DNA repair, cell signalling, programmed cell death, growth and development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Members of the poly(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase (PARP) family play a central role in the process of ADPRylation. Protein targets can be modified by adding either a single ADP-ribose moiety (mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation; MARylation), which is catalysed by mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferases (MARTs or PARP "monoenzymes"), or targets may be decorated with chains of multiple ADP-ribose moieties (PARylation), via the activities of PARP "polyenzymes". Studies have revealed crosstalk between PARylation (and to a lesser extent, MARylation) processes in plants and plant-virus interactions, suggesting that these tight links may represent a novel factor regulating plant antiviral immunity. From this perspective, we go through the literature linking PARylation-associated processes with other plant regulation pathways controlling virus resistance. Once unraveled, these links may serve as the basis of innovative strategies to improve crop resistance to viruses under challenging environmental conditions which could mitigate yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Spechenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya O. Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey K. Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew J. Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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5
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Bahari A, Castillo AG, Safaie N, Bejarano ER, Luna AP, Shams-Bakhsh M. Functional Analysis of V2 Protein of Beet Curly Top Iran Virus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3351. [PMID: 36501393 PMCID: PMC9736138 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is one of the main causal agents of the beet curly top disease in Iran and the newly established Becurtovirus genus type species. Although the biological features of known becurtoviruses are similar to those of curtoviruses, they only share a limited sequence identity, and no information is available on the function of their viral genes. In this work, we demonstrate that BCTIV V2, as the curtoviral V2, is also a local silencing suppressor in Nicotiana benthamiana and can delay the systemic silencing spreading, although it cannot block the cell-to-cell movement of the silencing signal to adjacent cells. BCTIV V2 shows the same subcellular localization as curtoviral V2, being detected in the nucleus and perinuclear region, and its ectopic expression from a PVX-derived vector also causes the induction of necrotic lesions in N. benthamiana, such as the ones produced during the HR, both at the local and systemic levels. The results from the infection of N. benthamiana with a V2 BCTIV mutant showed that V2 is required for systemic infection, but not for viral replication, in a local infection. Considering all these results, we can conclude that BCTIV V2 is a functional homologue of curtoviral V2 and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenicity and systemic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiyeh Bahari
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Naser Safaie
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran 336-14115, Iran
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6
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Londoño Vélez V, Alquraish F, Tarbiyyah I, Rafique F, Mao D, Chodasiewicz M. Landscape of biomolecular condensates in heat stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032045. [PMID: 36311142 PMCID: PMC9601738 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High temperature is one of the abiotic stresses that plants face and acts as a major constraint on crop production and food security. Plants have evolved several mechanisms to overcome challenging environments and respond to internal and external stimuli. One significant mechanism is the formation of biomolecular condensates driven by liquid-liquid phase separation. Biomolecular condensates have received much attention in the past decade, especially with regard to how plants perceive temperature fluctuations and their involvement in stress response and tolerance. In this review, we compile and discuss examples of plant biomolecular condensates regarding their composition, localization, and functions triggered by exposure to heat. Bioinformatic tools can be exploited to predict heat-induced biomolecular condensates. As the field of biomolecular condensates has emerged in the study of plants, many intriguing questions have arisen that have yet to be solved. Increased knowledge of biomolecular condensates will help in securing crop production and overcoming limitations caused by heat stress.
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7
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Gonzalez PA, Nagy PD. The centromeric histone CenH3 is recruited into the tombusvirus replication organelles. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010653. [PMID: 35767596 PMCID: PMC9275711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tombusviruses, similar to other (+)RNA viruses, exploit the host cells by co-opting numerous host components and rewiring cellular pathways to build extensive virus-induced replication organelles (VROs) in the cytosol of the infected cells. Most molecular resources are suboptimal in susceptible cells and therefore, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) drives intensive remodeling and subversion of many cellular processes. The authors discovered that the nuclear centromeric CenH3 histone variant (Cse4p in yeast, CENP-A in humans) plays a major role in tombusvirus replication in plants and in the yeast model host. We find that over-expression of CenH3 greatly interferes with tombusvirus replication, whereas mutation or knockdown of CenH3 enhances TBSV replication in yeast and plants. CenH3 binds to the viral RNA and acts as an RNA chaperone. Although these data support a restriction role of CenH3 in tombusvirus replication, we demonstrate that by partially sequestering CenH3 into VROs, TBSV indirectly alters selective gene expression of the host, leading to more abundant protein pool. This in turn helps TBSV to subvert pro-viral host factors into replication. We show this through the example of hypoxia factors, glycolytic and fermentation enzymes, which are exploited more efficiently by tombusviruses to produce abundant ATP locally within the VROs in infected cells. Altogether, we propose that subversion of CenH3/Cse4p from the nucleus into cytosolic VROs facilitates transcriptional changes in the cells, which ultimately leads to more efficient ATP generation in situ within VROs by the co-opted glycolytic enzymes to support the energy requirement of virus replication. In summary, CenH3 plays both pro-viral and restriction functions during tombusvirus replication. This is a surprising novel role for a nuclear histone variant in cytosolic RNA virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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8
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Di Stefano M, Nützmann HW. Modeling the 3D genome of plants. Nucleus 2021; 12:65-81. [PMID: 34057011 PMCID: PMC8168717 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2021.1927503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes are the carriers of inheritable traits and define cell function and development. This is not only based on the linear DNA sequence of chromosomes but also on the additional molecular information they are associated with, including the transcription machinery, histone modifications, and their three-dimensional folding. The synergistic application of experimental approaches and computer simulations has helped to unveil how these organizational layers of the genome interplay in various organisms. However, such multidisciplinary approaches are still rarely explored in the plant kingdom. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on plant 3D genome organization and review recent efforts to integrate cutting-edge experiments from microscopy and next-generation sequencing approaches with theoretical models. Building on these recent approaches, we propose possible avenues to extend the application of theoretical modeling in the characterization of the 3D genome organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Stefano
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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9
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Decle-Carrasco S, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Castano E. Plant viral proteins and fibrillarin: the link to complete the infective cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4677-4686. [PMID: 34036480 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between viruses with the nucleolus is already a well-defined field of study in plant virology. This interaction is not restricted to those viruses that replicate in the nucleus, in fact, RNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm express proteins that localize in the nucleolus. Some positive single stranded RNA viruses from animals and plants have been reported to interact with the main nucleolar protein, Fibrillarin. Among nucleolar proteins, Fibrillarin is an essential protein that has been conserved in sequence and function throughout evolution. Fibrillarin is a methyltransferase protein with more than 100 methylation sites in the pre-ribosomal RNA, involved in multiple cellular processes, including initiation of transcription, oncogenesis, and apoptosis, among others. Recently, it was found that AtFib2 shows a ribonuclease activity. In plant viruses, Fibrillarin is involved in long-distance movement and cell-to-cell movement, being two highly different processes. The mechanism that Fibrillarin performs is still unknown. However, and despite belonging to very different viral families, the majority comply with the following. (1) They are positive single stranded RNA viruses; (2) encode different types of viral proteins that partially localize in the nucleolus; (3) interacts with Fibrillarin exporting it to the cytoplasm; (4) the viral protein-Fibrillarin interaction forms an RNP complex with the viral RNA and; (5) Fibrillarin depletion affects the infective cycle of the virus. Here we review the relationship of those plant viruses with Fibrillarin interaction, with special focus on the molecular processes of the virus to sequester Fibrillarin to complete its infective cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Decle-Carrasco
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Carlos Rodríguez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Enrique Castano
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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10
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Decle-Carrasco S, Rodríguez-Zapata LC, Castano E. Plant viral proteins and fibrillarin: the link to complete the infective cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2021. [PMID: 34036480 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06401-1/tables/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between viruses with the nucleolus is already a well-defined field of study in plant virology. This interaction is not restricted to those viruses that replicate in the nucleus, in fact, RNA viruses that replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm express proteins that localize in the nucleolus. Some positive single stranded RNA viruses from animals and plants have been reported to interact with the main nucleolar protein, Fibrillarin. Among nucleolar proteins, Fibrillarin is an essential protein that has been conserved in sequence and function throughout evolution. Fibrillarin is a methyltransferase protein with more than 100 methylation sites in the pre-ribosomal RNA, involved in multiple cellular processes, including initiation of transcription, oncogenesis, and apoptosis, among others. Recently, it was found that AtFib2 shows a ribonuclease activity. In plant viruses, Fibrillarin is involved in long-distance movement and cell-to-cell movement, being two highly different processes. The mechanism that Fibrillarin performs is still unknown. However, and despite belonging to very different viral families, the majority comply with the following. (1) They are positive single stranded RNA viruses; (2) encode different types of viral proteins that partially localize in the nucleolus; (3) interacts with Fibrillarin exporting it to the cytoplasm; (4) the viral protein-Fibrillarin interaction forms an RNP complex with the viral RNA and; (5) Fibrillarin depletion affects the infective cycle of the virus. Here we review the relationship of those plant viruses with Fibrillarin interaction, with special focus on the molecular processes of the virus to sequester Fibrillarin to complete its infective cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Decle-Carrasco
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Luis Carlos Rodríguez-Zapata
- Unidad de Biotecnología. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Enrique Castano
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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11
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Wang L, Ding Y, He L, Zhang G, Zhu JK, Lozano-Duran R. A virus-encoded protein suppresses methylation of the viral genome through its interaction with AGO4 in the Cajal body. eLife 2020; 9:e55542. [PMID: 33064077 PMCID: PMC7567605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, establishment of de novo DNA methylation is regulated by the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. RdDM machinery is known to concentrate in the Cajal body, but the biological significance of this localization has remained elusive. Here, we show that the antiviral methylation of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) genome requires the Cajal body in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Methylation of the viral genome is countered by a virus-encoded protein, V2, which interacts with the central RdDM component AGO4, interfering with its binding to the viral DNA; Cajal body localization of the V2-AGO4 interaction is necessary for the viral protein to exert this function. Taken together, our results draw a long sought-after functional connection between RdDM, the Cajal body, and antiviral DNA methylation, paving the way for a deeper understanding of DNA methylation and antiviral defences in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yi Ding
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li He
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Wang D, Sun S, Ren Y, Li S, Yang X, Zhou X. RepA Promotes the Nucleolar Exclusion of the V2 Protein of Mulberry Mosaic Dwarf-Associated Virus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1828. [PMID: 32903838 PMCID: PMC7438950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses have limited coding capacities so that they rely heavily on the expression of multifunctional viral proteins to achieve a successful infection. The functional specification of viral proteins is often related to their differential interaction with plant and viral components and somewhat depends on their localization to various subcellular compartments. In this study, we analyzed the intracellular localization of the V2 protein of Mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV), an unsigned species of the family Geminiviridae. We show that the V2 protein colocalizes with the nucleolar protein fibrillarin (NbFib2) in the nucleolus upon transient expression in the epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana. A yeast-two hybrid assay, followed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, demonstrated the specific interaction between V2 and NbFib2. Intriguingly, we find that the presence of MMDaV excludes the V2 protein from the nucleolus to nucleoplasm. We present evidence that the replication-associated protein A (RepA) protein of MMDaV interacts with V2 and enables the nucleolar exclusion of V2. We also show that, while V2 interacts with itself primarily in the nucleolus, the presence of RepA redirects the site of V2-V2 interaction from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. We further reveal that RepA promotes V2 out of the nucleolus presumably by directing the NbFib2-V2 complex from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm. Considering the critical role of the nucleolus in plant virus infection, this RepA-dependent modulation of V2 nucleolar localization would be crucial for understanding the involvement of this subcellular compartment in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoshuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sukarta OC, Townsend PD, Llewelyn A, Dixon CH, Slootweg EJ, Pålsson LO, Takken FL, Goverse A, Cann MJ. A DNA-Binding Bromodomain-Containing Protein Interacts with and Reduces Rx1-Mediated Immune Response to Potato Virus X. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100086. [PMID: 32715296 PMCID: PMC7371201 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant NLR proteins enable the immune system to recognize and respond to pathogen attack. An early consequence of immune activation is transcriptional reprogramming. Some NLRs have been shown to act in the nucleus and interact with transcription factors. The Rx1 NLR protein of potato binds and distorts double-stranded DNA. However, the components of the chromatin-localized Rx1 complex are largely unknown. Here, we report a physical and functional interaction between Rx1 and NbDBCP, a bromodomain-containing chromatin-interacting protein. NbDBCP accumulates in the nucleoplasm and nucleolus, interacts with chromatin, and redistributes Rx1 to the nucleolus in a subpopulation of imaged cells. Rx1 overexpression reduces the interaction between NbDBCP and chromatin. NbDBCP is a negative regulator of Rx1-mediated immune responses to potato virus X (PVX), and this activity requires an intact bromodomain. Previously, Rx1 has been shown to regulate the DNA-binding activity of a Golden2-like transcription factor, NbGlk1. Rx1 and NbDBCP act synergistically to reduce NbGlk1 DNA binding, suggesting a mode of action for NbDBCP's inhibitory effect on immunity. This study provides new mechanistic insight into the mechanism by which a chromatin-localized NLR complex co-ordinates immune signaling after pathogen perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavina C.A. Sukarta
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip D. Townsend
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alexander Llewelyn
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Christopher H. Dixon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Erik J. Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars-Olof Pålsson
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J. Cann
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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