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Tang Z, Han Y, Meng Y, Li J, Qiu X, Bajinka O, Wu G, Tan Y. A bioinformatics approach to systematically analyze the molecular patterns of monkeypox virus-host cell interactions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30483. [PMID: 38737277 PMCID: PMC11088324 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox has been spreading worldwide since May 2022, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a "public health emergency of international concern." The spread of monkeypox has posed a serious threat to the health of people around the world, but few studies have been conducted, and the molecular mechanism of monkeypox after infection remains unclear. We therefore implemented a transcriptome analysis to identify signaling pathways and biomarkers in monkeypox-infected cells to help understand monkeypox-host cell interactions. In this study, datasets GSE36854 and GSE11234 were obtained from GEO. Of these, 84 significantly different genes were identified in the dataset GSE36854, followed by KEGG, GO analysis protein-protein interaction (PPI) construction, and Hub gene extraction. We also analyzed the expression regulation of hub genes and screened for drugs targeting hub genes. The results showed that monkeypox-infected cells significantly activated the cellular immune response. The top 10 hub genes are IER3, IFIT2, IL11, ZC3H12A, EREG, IER2, NFKBIE, FST, IFIT1 and AREG. AP-26113 and itraconazole can be used to counteract the inhibitory effect of monkeypox on IFIT1 and IFIT2 and serve as candidate drugs for the treatment of monkeypox virus infection. IRF1 may also be a transcription factor of IFIT. Our results provide a new entry point for understanding how monkeypox virus interacts with its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Stomatology, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yuting Meng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangjie Qiu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Ousman Bajinka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
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2
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Grewal T, Nguyen MKL, Buechler C. Cholesterol and COVID-19-therapeutic opportunities at the host/virus interface during cell entry. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302453. [PMID: 38388172 PMCID: PMC10883773 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of vaccines to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections has been critical to reduce the severity of COVID-19. However, the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 subtypes highlights the need to develop additional approaches that oppose viral infections. Targeting host factors that support virus entry, replication, and propagation provide opportunities to lower SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and improve COVID-19 outcome. This includes cellular cholesterol, which is critical for viral spike proteins to capture the host machinery for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Once endocytosed, exit of SARS-CoV-2 from the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment occurs in a cholesterol-sensitive manner. In addition, effective release of new viral particles also requires cholesterol. Hence, cholesterol-lowering statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies, and ezetimibe have revealed potential to protect against COVID-19. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of cholesterol exiting late endosomes/lysosomes identified drug candidates, including antifungals, to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review describes the multiple roles of cholesterol at the cell surface and endolysosomes for SARS-CoV-2 entry and the potential of drugs targeting cholesterol homeostasis to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and COVID-19 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mai Khanh Linh Nguyen
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christa Buechler
- https://ror.org/01226dv09 Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Meng X, Eslami Y, Derafsh E, Saihood A, Emtiazi N, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Pecho RDC. The roles of different microRNAs in the regulation of cholesterol in viral hepatitis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:231. [PMID: 37710249 PMCID: PMC10500852 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a significant role in stabilizing lipid or membrane rafts, which are specific cellular membrane structures. Cholesterol is involved in numerous cellular processes, including regulating virus entry into the host cell. Multiple viruses have been shown to rely on cholesterol for virus entry and/or morphogenesis. Research indicates that reprogramming of the host's lipid metabolism is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the progression to severe liver disease for viruses that cause chronic hepatitis. Moreover, knowing the precise mode of viral interaction with target cells sheds light on viral pathogenesis and aids in the development of vaccines and therapeutic targets. As a result, the area of cholesterol-lowering therapy is quickly evolving and has many novel antiviral targets and medications. It has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) either directly or indirectly target the viral genome, preventing viral replication. Moreover, miRNAs have recently been shown to be strong post-transcriptional regulators of the genes involved in lipid metabolism, particularly those involved in cholesterol homeostasis. As important regulators of lipid homeostasis in several viral infections, miRNAs have recently come to light. In addition, multiple studies demonstrated that during viral infection, miRNAs modulate several enzymes in the mevalonate/cholesterol pathway. As cholesterol metabolism is essential to the life cycle of viral hepatitis and other viruses, a sophisticated understanding of miRNA regulation may contribute to the development of a novel anti-HCV treatment. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of miRNAs as cholesterol regulators against viral hepatitis are explored in this review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Yeganeh Eslami
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University, School of Medicine, St. Kitts, Canada
| | - Anwar Saihood
- Department of Microbiology, college of medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Nikoo Emtiazi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Su J, Lai J, Li J, Liu X, Chen H, Li C, Zhu B, Jia X, Li Y. Carambolaside W Inhibited H1N1 Influenza Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress through STAT-3/BCL-XL Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:1858. [PMID: 37766266 PMCID: PMC10534857 DOI: 10.3390/v15091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus is highly infectious and pathogenic, and in recent years, it has often presented seasonal mass outbreaks of infection. People infected with H1N1 will develop a high fever and other respiratory infection symptoms. If not treated in time, complications such as pneumonia may occur. In this study, we focused on developing drugs that can effectively fight against with H1N1 virus. A flavonoid glycoside was extracted from the carambola, then characterized by HR-ESI-MS with the molecular formula C47H58O2, and named carambolaside W. The flavonoid glycosides were found to have good anti-H1N1 influenza virus effects. In this study, we verified that carambolaside W has low toxicity and can effectively inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro. H1N1 virus infection induces intracellular oxidative stress damage to accelerate disease progression. The results showed that carambolaside W effectively inhibited the oxidative stress caused by H1N1 infection. The Western blot assay also revealed that carambolaside W alters the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in vitro and exerts a good anti-H1N1 influenza virus effect. In summary, carambolaside W is a low-toxicity natural flavonoid that can effectively treat the H1N1 influenza virus as a potential anti-H1N1 virus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Su
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jia Lai
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiali Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Xia Liu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Haitian Chen
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Chuqing Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Xuchao Jia
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510120, China; (J.S.); (J.L.)
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5
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Ricci A, Roviello GN. Exploring the Protective Effect of Food Drugs against Viral Diseases: Interaction of Functional Food Ingredients and SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and HSV. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020402. [PMID: 36836758 PMCID: PMC9966545 DOI: 10.3390/life13020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex network of processes inside the human immune system provides resistance against a wide range of pathologies. These defenses form an innate and adaptive immunity, in which certain immune components work together to counteract infections. In addition to inherited variables, the susceptibility to diseases may be influenced by factors such as lifestyle choices and aging, as well as environmental determinants. It has been shown that certain dietary chemical components regulate signal transduction and cell morphologies which, in turn, have consequences on pathophysiology. The consumption of some functional foods may increase immune cell activity, defending us against a number of diseases, including those caused by viruses. Here, we investigate a range of functional foods, often marketed as immune system boosters, in an attempt to find indications of their potential protective role against diseases caused by viruses, such as the influenza viruses (A and B), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in some cases mediated by gut microbiota. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the protective effects of some functional foods and their molecular constituents. The main message of this review is that discovering foods that are able to strengthen the immune system can be a winning weapon against viral diseases. In addition, understanding how the dietary components function can aid in the development of novel strategies for maintaining human bodily health and keeping our immune systems strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ricci
- Studio Nutrizione e Benessere, Via Giuseppe Verdi 1, 84043 Agropoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area Di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812203415
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6
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Schreiber A, Ambrosy B, Planz O, Schloer S, Rescher U, Ludwig S. The MEK1/2 Inhibitor ATR-002 (Zapnometinib) Synergistically Potentiates the Antiviral Effect of Direct-Acting Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091776. [PMID: 36145524 PMCID: PMC9506552 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a global public health burden. In addition to vaccination, safe and efficient antiviral treatment strategies to restrict the viral spread within the patient are urgently needed. An alternative approach to a single-drug therapy is the combinatory use of virus- and host-targeted antivirals, leading to a synergistic boost of the drugs’ impact. In this study, we investigated the property of the MEK1/2 inhibitor ATR-002’s (zapnometinib) ability to potentiate the effect of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) against SARS-CoV-2 on viral replication. Treatment combinations of ATR-002 with nucleoside inhibitors Molnupiravir and Remdesivir or 3C-like protease inhibitors Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir, the ingredients of the drug Paxlovid, were examined in Calu-3 cells to evaluate the advantage of their combinatory use against a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Synergistic effects could be observed for all tested combinations of ATR-002 with DAAs, as calculated by four different reference models in a concentration range that was very well-tolerated by the cells. Our results show that ATR-002 has the potential to act synergistically in combination with direct-acting antivirals, allowing for a reduction in the effective concentrations of the individual drugs and reducing side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schreiber
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ambrosy
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Germany and Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, 72072 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schloer
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
- Correspondence:
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7
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Repurposing Antifungals for Host-Directed Antiviral Therapy? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020212. [PMID: 35215323 PMCID: PMC8878022 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of their epidemic and pandemic potential, emerging viruses are a major threat to global healthcare systems. While vaccination is in general a straightforward approach to prevent viral infections, immunization can also cause escape mutants that hide from immune cell and antibody detection. Thus, other approaches than immunization are critical for the management and control of viral infections. Viruses are prone to mutations leading to the rapid emergence of resistant strains upon treatment with direct antivirals. In contrast to the direct interference with pathogen components, host-directed therapies aim to target host factors that are essential for the pathogenic replication cycle or to improve the host defense mechanisms, thus circumventing resistance. These relatively new approaches are often based on the repurposing of drugs which are already licensed for the treatment of other unrelated diseases. Here, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms and modes of action for a potential use of antifungals as repurposed host-directed anti-infectives for the therapeutic intervention to control viral infections.
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8
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Kummer S, Lander A, Goretzko J, Kirchoff N, Rescher U, Schloer S. Pharmacologically induced endolysosomal cholesterol imbalance through clinically licensed drugs itraconazole and fluoxetine impairs Ebola virus infection in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:195-207. [PMID: 34919035 PMCID: PMC8745396 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2020598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). The latest occasional EVD outbreak (2013–2016) in Western African, which was accompanied by a high fatality rate, showed the great potential of epidemic and pandemic spread. Antiviral therapies against EBOV are very limited, strain-dependent (only antibody therapies are available) and mostly restricted to symptomatic treatment, illustrating the urgent need for novel antiviral strategies. Thus, we evaluated the effect of the clinically widely used antifungal itraconazole and the antidepressant fluoxetine for a repurposing against EBOV infection. While itraconazole, similar to U18666A, directly binds to and inhibits the endosomal membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), fluoxetine, which belongs to the structurally unrelated group of weakly basic, amphiphile so-called “functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase” (FIASMA) indirectly acts on the lysosome-residing acid sphingomyelinase via enzyme detachment leading to subsequent lysosomal degradation. Both, the drug-induced endolysosomal cholesterol accumulation and the altered endolysosomal pH, might interfere with the fusion of viral and endolysosomal membrane, preventing infection with EBOV. We further provide evidence that cholesterol imbalance is a conserved cross-species mechanism to hamper EBOV infection. Thus, exploring the endolysosomal host–pathogen interface as a suitable antiviral treatment may offer a general strategy to combat EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Kummer
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Lander
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion", University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Norman Kirchoff
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion", University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schloer
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion", University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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9
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Varghese FS, Meutiawati F, Teppor M, Jacobs S, de Keyzer C, Taşköprü E, van Woudenbergh E, Overheul GJ, Bouma E, Smit JM, Delang L, Merits A, van Rij RP. Posaconazole inhibits multiple steps of the alphavirus replication cycle. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105223. [PMID: 34856248 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing drugs is a promising strategy to identify therapeutic interventions against novel and re-emerging viruses. Posaconazole is an antifungal drug used to treat invasive aspergillosis and candidiasis. Recently, posaconazole and its structural analog, itraconazole were shown to inhibit replication of multiple viruses by modifying intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we show that posaconazole inhibits replication of the alphaviruses Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus and chikungunya virus with EC50 values ranging from 1.4 μM to 9.5 μM. Posaconazole treatment led to a significant reduction of virus entry in an assay using a temperature-sensitive SFV mutant, but time-of-addition and RNA transfection assays indicated that posaconazole also inhibits post-entry stages of the viral replication cycle. Virus replication in the presence of posaconazole was partially rescued by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. A transferrin uptake assay revealed that posaconazole considerably slowed down cellular endocytosis. A single point mutation in the SFV E2 glycoprotein, H255R, provided partial resistance to posaconazole as well as to methyl-β-cyclodextrin, corroborating the effect of posaconazole on cholesterol and viral entry. Our results indicate that posaconazole inhibits multiple steps of the alphavirus replication cycle and broaden the spectrum of viruses that can be targeted in vitro by posaconazole, which could be further explored as a therapeutic agent against emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Febrina Meutiawati
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carolien de Keyzer
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ezgi Taşköprü
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther van Woudenbergh
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs J Overheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Bouma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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10
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Brunotte L, Zheng S, Mecate-Zambrano A, Tang J, Ludwig S, Rescher U, Schloer S. Combination Therapy with Fluoxetine and the Nucleoside Analog GS-441524 Exerts Synergistic Antiviral Effects against Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091400. [PMID: 34575474 PMCID: PMC8466181 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires efficient and safe antiviral treatment strategies. Drug repurposing represents a fast and low-cost approach to the development of new medical treatment options. The direct antiviral agent remdesivir has been reported to exert antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Whereas remdesivir only has a very short half-life time and a bioactivation, which relies on pro-drug activating enzymes, its plasma metabolite GS-441524 can be activated through various kinases including the adenosine kinase (ADK) that is moderately expressed in all tissues. The pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 argue for a suitable antiviral drug that can be given to patients with COVID-19. Here, we analyzed the antiviral property of a combined treatment with the remdesivir metabolite GS-441524 and the antidepressant fluoxetine in a polarized Calu-3 cell culture model against SARS-CoV-2. The combined treatment with GS-441524 and fluoxetine were well-tolerated and displayed synergistic antiviral effects against three circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro in the commonly used reference models for drug interaction. Thus, combinatory treatment with the virus-targeting GS-441524 and the host-directed drug fluoxetine might offer a suitable therapeutic treatment option for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and “Cells in Motion” Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuyu Zheng
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (S.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and “Cells in Motion” Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00029 Helsinki, Finland; (S.Z.); (J.T.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and “Cells in Motion” Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.B.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institut-Associated Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and “Cells in Motion” Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Schloer
- Institut-Associated Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and “Cells in Motion” Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2518352113; Fax: +49-2518356748
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11
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Gao Y, Cao J, Xing P, Altmeyer R, Zhang Y. Evaluation of Small Molecule Combinations against Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092607. [PMID: 33946996 PMCID: PMC8125180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major pathogen that causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised worldwide. At present no approved specific drugs or vaccines are available to treat this pathogen. Recently, several promising candidates targeting RSV entry and multiplication steps are under investigation. However, it is possible to lead to drug resistance under the long-term treatment. Therapeutic combinations constitute an alternative to prevent resistance and reduce antiviral doses. Therefore, we tested in vitro two-drug combinations of fusion inhibitors (GS5806, Ziresovir and BMS433771) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex (RdRp) inhibitors (ALS8176, RSV604, and Cyclopamine). The statistical program MacSynergy II was employed to determine synergism, additivity or antagonism between drugs. From the result, we found that combinations of ALS8176 and Ziresovir or GS5806 exhibit additive effects against RSV in vitro, with interaction volume of 50 µM2% and 31 µM2% at 95% confidence interval, respectively. On the other hand, all combinations between fusion inhibitors showed antagonistic effects against RSV in vitro, with volume of antagonism ranging from −50 µM2 % to −176 µM2 % at 95% confidence interval. Over all, our results suggest the potentially therapeutic combinations in combating RSV in vitro could be considered for further animal and clinical evaluations.
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12
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Schloer S, Brunotte L, Mecate-Zambrano A, Zheng S, Tang J, Ludwig S, Rescher U. Drug synergy of combinatory treatment with remdesivir and the repurposed drugs fluoxetine and itraconazole effectively impairs SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2339-2350. [PMID: 33825201 PMCID: PMC8251190 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic and the global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) urgently call for efficient and safe antiviral treatment strategies. A straightforward approach to speed up drug development at lower costs is drug repurposing. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting the interface of SARS CoV‐2 with the host via repurposing of clinically licensed drugs and evaluated their use in combinatory treatments with virus‐ and host‐directed drugs in vitro. Experimental Approach We tested the antiviral potential of the antifungal itraconazole and the antidepressant fluoxetine on the production of infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 particles in the polarized Calu‐3 cell culture model and evaluated the added benefit of a combinatory use of these host‐directed drugs with the direct acting antiviral remdesivir, an inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Key Results Drug treatments were well‐tolerated and potently impaired viral replication. Importantly, both itraconazole–remdesivir and fluoxetine–remdesivir combinations inhibited the production of infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 particles > 90% and displayed synergistic effects, as determined in commonly used reference models for drug interaction. Conclusion and Implications Itraconazole–remdesivir and fluoxetine–remdesivir combinations are promising starting points for therapeutic options to control SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and severe progression of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Shuyu Zheng
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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13
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Ma Y, Frutos-Beltrán E, Kang D, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Medicinal chemistry strategies for discovering antivirals effective against drug-resistant viruses. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4514-4540. [PMID: 33595031 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last forty years we have witnessed impressive advances in the field of antiviral drug discovery culminating with the introduction of therapies able to stop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, or cure hepatitis C virus infections in people suffering from liver disease. However, there are important viral diseases without effective treatments, and the emergence of drug resistance threatens the efficacy of successful therapies used today. In this review, we discuss strategies to discover antiviral compounds specifically designed to combat drug resistance. Currently, efforts in this field are focused on targeted proteins (e.g. multi-target drug design strategies), but also on drug conformation (either improving drug positioning in the binding pocket or introducing conformational constraints), in the introduction or exploitation of new binding sites, or in strengthening interaction forces through the introduction of multiple hydrogen bonds, covalent binding, halogen bonds, additional van der Waals forces or multivalent binding. Among the new developments, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a valid approach taking advantage of intracellular mechanisms involving protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Finally, several molecules targeting host factors (e.g. human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and DEAD-box polypeptide 3) have been identified as broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. Implementation of herein described medicinal chemistry strategies are expected to contribute to the discovery of new drugs effective against current and future threats due to emerging and re-emerging viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
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14
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Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Goyal A, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent Advancement in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery System Against Viral Infections. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:47. [PMID: 33447909 PMCID: PMC7808403 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the exponential rise in the incidence of viral infections sets a global health emergency across the world. The biomimetic architecture, the ability to hijack host immune responses, continuous antigen shifting, and drafting are the major critical factors that are responsible for the unavailability of a concrete therapeutic regimen against viral infections. Further, inappropriate pharmacodynamic physicochemical and biological parameters such as low aqueous solubility, poor permeability, high affinity for plasm proteins, short biological half-lives, and fast elimination from the systemic circulation are the major critical factors that govern the suboptimal drug concentration at the target site that leads to the development of drug resistance. To address this issue, nanotechnology-based drug delivery approach is emerged as an altering method to attain the optimal drug concentration at the target site for a prolonged period by integrating the nanoengineering tools in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanodimensional configuration with enhanced permeability and retention effect, increased surface-area-to-volume ratio, provision for surface functionalization, etc., are the privileged aspects that make it an effective drug delivery system for dispensing the antiviral therapeutics. However, size, shape, charge, and surface topology of nanoparticles are the greater influential factors that determine target-specific drug delivery, optimum cellular uptake, degree of opsonization by the host immune cells, drug retention time, transcytosis, the extension of biological half-life, in vivo stability, and cytotoxicity. The review will enlighten the elaborative role of nanotechnology-based drug delivery and the major challenging aspect of clinical safety and efficacy.
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15
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Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Anisatin in Mouse Blood by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:8835447. [PMID: 33426076 PMCID: PMC7775138 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8835447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Anisatin is a neurotoxic sesquiterpene dilactone wildly found in plants of the family Illiciaceae. Due to morphological similarities among Illiciaceae fruits, fatal poisonings are frequent. Objective This study is aimed at developing a rapid, simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to determine anisatin's bioavailability in mouse blood and the method's application to pharmacokinetics. Methods Blood samples were preprocessed by protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Salicin (internal standard, IS) and anisatin were gradient-eluted by a mobile phase of methanol and water (0.1% formic acid) in a UPLC BEH C18 column. This step involved using an electrospray ionization source of anisatin at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 327.1 → 127.0 and IS at m/z 285.1 → 122.9 in the negative ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. Results The calibration curve ranged from 1 to 2000 ng/ml (r > 0.995), with the method's accuracy ranging from 86.3% to 106.9%. Intraday and interday precision were lower than 14%, and the matrix effect was between 93.9% and 103.3%. The recovery rate was higher than 67.2%. Conclusions The developed UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully used for a pharmacokinetic study of oral (1 mg/kg) and intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) administration of anisatin to mice—the absolute bioavailability of anisatin in the mouse blood was 22.6%.
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16
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Terrier O, Slama-Schwok A. Anti-Influenza Drug Discovery and Development: Targeting the Virus and Its Host by All Possible Means. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:195-218. [PMID: 34258742 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infections by influenza virus constitute a major and recurrent threat for human health. Together with vaccines, antiviral drugs play a key role in the prevention and treatment of influenza virus infection and disease. Today, the number of antiviral molecules approved for the treatment of influenza is relatively limited, and their use is threatened by the emergence of viral strains with resistance mutations. There is therefore a real need to expand the prophylactic and therapeutic arsenal. This chapter summarizes the state of the art in drug discovery and development for the treatment of influenza virus infections, with a focus on both virus-targeting and host cell-targeting strategies. Novel antiviral strategies targeting other viral proteins or targeting the host cell, some of which are based on drug repurposing, may be used in combination to strengthen our therapeutic arsenal against this major pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anny Slama-Schwok
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Biologie et Thérapeutique du Cancer, Paris, France.
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Schloer S, Brunotte L, Goretzko J, Mecate-Zambrano A, Korthals N, Gerke V, Ludwig S, Rescher U. Targeting the endolysosomal host-SARS-CoV-2 interface by clinically licensed functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA) including the antidepressant fluoxetine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2245-2255. [PMID: 32975484 PMCID: PMC7594754 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1829082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health emergency. As only very limited therapeutic options are clinically available, there is an urgent need for the rapid development of safe, effective, and globally available pharmaceuticals that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry and ameliorate COVID-19 severity. In this study, we explored the use of small compounds acting on the homeostasis of the endolysosomal host-pathogen interface, to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that fluoxetine, a widely used antidepressant and a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA), efficiently inhibited the entry and propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in the cell culture model without cytotoxic effects and also exerted potent antiviral activity against two currently circulating influenza A virus subtypes, an effect which was also observed upon treatment with the FIASMAs amiodarone and imipramine. Mechanistically, fluoxetine induced both impaired endolysosomal acidification and the accumulation of cholesterol within the endosomes. As the FIASMA group consists of a large number of small compounds that are well-tolerated and widely used for a broad range of clinical applications, exploring these licensed pharmaceuticals may offer a variety of promising antivirals for host-directed therapy to counteract enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadia Korthals
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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