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Shen L, Zhang Z, Wang R, Wu S, Wang Y, Fu S. Metatranscriptomic data mining together with microfluidic card uncovered the potential pathogens and seasonal RNA viral ecology in a drinking water source. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad310. [PMID: 38130237 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Despite metatranscriptomics becoming an emerging tool for pathogen surveillance, very little is known about the feasibility of this approach for understanding the fate of human-derived pathogens in drinking water sources. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted multiplexed microfluidic cards and metatranscriptomic sequencing of the drinking water source in a border city of North Korea in four seasons. Microfluidic card detected norovirus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), enterovirus, and Vibrio cholerae in the water. Phylogenetic analyses showed that environmental-derived sequences from norovirus GII.17, genotype C of HBV, and coxsackievirus A6 (CA6) were genetically related to the local clinical isolates. Meanwhile, metatranscriptomic assembly suggested that several bacterial pathogens, including Acinetobacter johnsonii and V. cholerae might be prevalent in the studied region. Metatranscriptomic analysis recovered 349 species-level groups with substantial viral diversity without detection of norovirus, HBV, and CA6. Seasonally distinct virus communities were also found. Specifically, 126, 73, 126, and 457 types of viruses were identified in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The viromes were dominated by the Pisuviricota phylum, including members from Marnaviridae, Dicistroviridae, Luteoviridae, Potyviridae, Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, and Picobirnaviridae families. Further phylogenetic analyses of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences showed a diverse set of picorna-like viruses associated with shellfish, of which several novel picorna-like viruses were also identified. Additionally, potential animal pathogens, including infectious bronchitis virus, Bat dicibavirus, Bat nodavirus, Bat picornavirus 2, infectious bursal disease virus, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus were also identified. CONCLUSIONS Our data illustrate the divergence between microfluidic cards and metatranscriptomics, highlighting that the combination of both methods facilitates the source tracking of human viruses in challenging settings without sufficient clinical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Food Technology and Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200093, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- College of Food Technology and Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 200093, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Songzhe Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Athanasopoulou K, Adamopoulos PG, Scorilas A. Unveiling the Human Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiome: The Past, Present, and Future of Metagenomics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030827. [PMID: 36979806 PMCID: PMC10045138 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 1014 symbiotic microorganisms are present in a healthy human body and are responsible for the synthesis of vital vitamins and amino acids, mediating cellular pathways and supporting immunity. However, the deregulation of microbial dynamics can provoke diverse human diseases such as diabetes, human cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. The human gastrointestinal tract constitutes a hospitable environment in which a plethora of microbes, including diverse species of archaea, bacteria, fungi, and microeukaryotes as well as viruses, inhabit. In particular, the gut microbiome is the largest microbiome community in the human body and has drawn for decades the attention of scientists for its significance in medical microbiology. Revolutions in sequencing techniques, including 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing and whole genome sequencing, facilitate the detection of microbiomes and have opened new vistas in the study of human microbiota. Especially, the flourishing fields of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics aim to detect all genomes and transcriptomes that are retrieved from environmental and human samples. The present review highlights the complexity of the gastrointestinal tract microbiome and deciphers its implication not only in cellular homeostasis but also in human diseases. Finally, a thorough description of the widely used microbiome detection methods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Athanasopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Adamopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701 Athens, Greece
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3
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Hamim I, Sekine KT, Komatsu K. How do emerging long-read sequencing technologies function in transforming the plant pathology research landscape? PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:469-484. [PMID: 35962900 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-read sequencing technologies are revolutionizing the sequencing and analysis of plant and pathogen genomes and transcriptomes, as well as contributing to emerging areas of interest in plant-pathogen interactions, disease management techniques, and the introduction of new plant varieties or cultivars. Long-read sequencing (LRS) technologies are progressively being implemented to study plants and pathogens of agricultural importance, which have substantial economic effects. The variability and complexity of the genome and transcriptome affect plant growth, development and pathogen responses. Overcoming the limitations of second-generation sequencing, LRS technology has significantly increased the length of a single contiguous read from a few hundred to millions of base pairs. Because of the longer read lengths, new analysis methods and tools have been developed for plant and pathogen genomics and transcriptomics. LRS technologies enable faster, more efficient, and high-throughput ultralong reads, allowing direct sequencing of genomes that would be impossible or difficult to investigate using short-read sequencing approaches. These benefits include genome assembly in repetitive areas, creating more comprehensive and exact genome determinations, assembling full-length transcripts, and detecting DNA and RNA alterations. Furthermore, these technologies allow for the identification of transcriptome diversity, significant structural variation analysis, and direct epigenetic mark detection in plant and pathogen genomic regions. LRS in plant pathology is found efficient for identifying and characterization of effectors in plants as well as known and unknown plant pathogens. In this review, we investigate how these technologies are transforming the landscape of determination and characterization of plant and pathogen genomes and transcriptomes efficiently and accurately. Moreover, we highlight potential areas of interest offered by LRS technologies for future study into plant-pathogen interactions, disease control strategies, and the development of new plant varieties or cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Hamim
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan.
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4
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Holicki CM, Bergmann F, Stoek F, Schulz A, Groschup MH, Ziegler U, Sadeghi B. Expedited retrieval of high-quality Usutu virus genomes via Nanopore sequencing with and without target enrichment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044316. [PMID: 36439823 PMCID: PMC9681921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic virus and one of the causes of flavivirus encephalitis in birds and occasionally in humans. USUV rapidly disperses in a susceptible host and vector environment, as is the case in South and Central Europe. However, compared to other flaviviruses, USUV has received less research attention and there is therefore limited access to whole-genome sequences and also to in-depth phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses. To ease future molecular studies, this study compares first- (partial sequencing via Sanger), second- (Illumina), and third-generation (MinION Nanopore) sequencing platforms for USUV. With emphasis on MinION Nanopore sequencing, cDNA-direct and target-enrichment (amplicon-based) sequencing approaches were validated in parallel. The study was based on four samples from succumbed birds commonly collected throughout Germany. The samples were isolated from various sample matrices, organs as well as blood cruor, and included three different USUV lineages. We concluded that depending on the focus of a research project, amplicon-based MinION Nanopore sequencing can be an ideal cost- and time-effective alternative to Illumina in producing optimal genome coverage. It can be implemented for an array of lab- or field-based objectives, including among others: phylodynamic studies and the analysis of viral quasispecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora M Holicki
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felicitas Bergmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franziska Stoek
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Balal Sadeghi
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Smith SE, Huang W, Tiamani K, Unterer M, Khan Mirzaei M, Deng L. Emerging technologies in the study of the virome. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 54:101231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Athanasopoulou K, Boti MA, Adamopoulos PG, Skourou PC, Scorilas A. Third-Generation Sequencing: The Spearhead towards the Radical Transformation of Modern Genomics. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010030. [PMID: 35054423 PMCID: PMC8780579 DOI: 10.3390/life12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology revolutionized sequencing, offering a tremendous sequencing capacity with groundbreaking depth and accuracy, it continues to demonstrate serious limitations. In the early 2010s, the introduction of a novel set of sequencing methodologies, presented by two platforms, Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Sequencing (ONT), gave birth to third-generation sequencing (TGS). The innovative long-read technologies turn genome sequencing into an ease-of-handle procedure by greatly reducing the average time of library construction workflows and simplifying the process of de novo genome assembly due to the generation of long reads. Long sequencing reads produced by both TGS methodologies have already facilitated the decipherment of transcriptional profiling since they enable the identification of full-length transcripts without the need for assembly or the use of sophisticated bioinformatics tools. Long-read technologies have also provided new insights into the field of epitranscriptomics, by allowing the direct detection of RNA modifications on native RNA molecules. This review highlights the advantageous features of the newly introduced TGS technologies, discusses their limitations and provides an in-depth comparison regarding their scientific background and available protocols as well as their potential utility in research and clinical applications.
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Leigh DM, Peranić K, Prospero S, Cornejo C, Ćurković-Perica M, Kupper Q, Nuskern L, Rigling D, Ježić M. Long-read sequencing reveals the evolutionary drivers of intra-host diversity across natural RNA mycovirus infections. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab101. [PMID: 35299787 PMCID: PMC8923234 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-host dynamics are a core component of virus evolution but most intra-host data come from a narrow range of hosts or experimental infections. Gaining broader information on the intra-host diversity and dynamics of naturally occurring virus infections is essential to our understanding of evolution across the virosphere. Here we used PacBio long-read HiFi sequencing to characterize the intra-host populations of natural infections of the RNA mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). CHV1 is a biocontrol agent for the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica), which co-invaded Europe alongside the fungus. We characterized the mutational and haplotypic intra-host virus diversity of thirty-eight natural CHV1 infections spread across four locations in Croatia and Switzerland. Intra-host CHV1 diversity values were shaped by purifying selection and accumulation of mutations over time as well as epistatic interactions within the host genome at defense loci. Geographical landscape features impacted CHV1 inter-host relationships through restricting dispersal and causing founder effects. Interestingly, a small number of intra-host viral haplotypes showed high sequence similarity across large geographical distances unlikely to be linked by dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Leigh
- Phytopathology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Karla Peranić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Grad Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Simone Prospero
- Phytopathology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Cornejo
- Phytopathology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Lucija Nuskern
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Grad Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Phytopathology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Marin Ježić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Grad Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Javaran VJ, Moffett P, Lemoyne P, Xu D, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Fall ML. Grapevine Virology in the Third-Generation Sequencing Era: From Virus Detection to Viral Epitranscriptomics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112355. [PMID: 34834718 PMCID: PMC8623739 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Among all economically important plant species in the world, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most cultivated fruit plant. It has a significant impact on the economies of many countries through wine and fresh and dried fruit production. In recent years, the grape and wine industry has been facing outbreaks of known and emerging viral diseases across the world. Although high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been used extensively in grapevine virology, the application and potential of third-generation sequencing have not been explored in understanding grapevine viruses and their impact on the grapevine. Nanopore sequencing, a third-generation technology, can be used for the direct sequencing of both RNA and DNA with minimal infrastructure. Compared to other HTS methods, the MinION nanopore platform is faster and more cost-effective and allows for long-read sequencing. Due to the size of the MinION device, it can be easily carried for field viral disease surveillance. This review article discusses grapevine viruses, the principle of third-generation sequencing platforms, and the application of nanopore sequencing technology in grapevine virus detection, virus-plant interactions, as well as the characterization of viral RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Javaran
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Peter Moffett
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Pierre Lemoyne
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
| | - Dong Xu
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, 3201 rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada;
| | - Mamadou Lamine Fall
- Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; (V.J.J.); (P.L.); (D.X.)
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Brown E, Freimanis G, Shaw AE, Horton DL, Gubbins S, King D. Characterising Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Clinical Samples Using Nanopore Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:656256. [PMID: 34079833 PMCID: PMC8165188 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.656256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequencing of viral genomes provides important data for the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks. Sequence data can be used for strain identification, outbreak tracing, and aiding the selection of the most appropriate vaccine for the circulating strains. At present, sequencing of FMD virus (FMDV) relies upon the time-consuming transport of samples to well-resourced laboratories. The Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION portable sequencer has the potential to allow sequencing in remote, decentralised laboratories closer to the outbreak location. In this study, we investigated the utility of the MinION to generate sequence data of sufficient quantity and quality for the characterisation of FMDV serotypes O, A, Asia 1. Prior to sequencing, a universal two-step RT-PCR was used to amplify parts of the 5'UTR, as well as the leader, capsid and parts of the 2A encoding regions of FMDV RNA extracted from three sample matrices: cell culture supernatant, tongue epithelial suspension and oral swabs. The resulting consensus sequences were compared with reference sequences generated on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Consensus sequences with an accuracy of 100% were achieved within 10 and 30 min from the start of the sequencing run when using RNA extracted from cell culture supernatants and tongue epithelial suspensions, respectively. In contrast, sequencing from swabs required up to 2.5 h. Together these results demonstrated that the MinION sequencer can be used to accurately and rapidly characterise serotypes A, O, and Asia 1 of FMDV using amplicons amplified from a variety of different sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Brown
- yaDepartment of Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Freimanis
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sequencing & Proteomics, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- yaDepartment of Transmission Biology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - David King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stag Hill campus, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Current Developments and Challenges in Plant Viral Diagnostics: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030412. [PMID: 33807625 PMCID: PMC7999175 DOI: 10.3390/v13030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viral diseases are the foremost threat to sustainable agriculture, leading to several billion dollars in losses every year. Many viruses infecting several crops have been described in the literature; however, new infectious viruses are emerging frequently through outbreaks. For the effective treatment and prevention of viral diseases, there is great demand for new techniques that can provide accurate identification on the causative agents. With the advancements in biochemical and molecular biology techniques, several diagnostic methods with improved sensitivity and specificity for the detection of prevalent and/or unknown plant viruses are being continuously developed. Currently, serological and nucleic acid methods are the most widely used for plant viral diagnosis. Nucleic acid-based techniques that amplify target DNA/RNA have been evolved with many variants. However, there is growing interest in developing techniques that can be based in real-time and thus facilitate in-field diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based innovative methods have shown great potential to detect multiple viruses simultaneously; however, such techniques are in the preliminary stages in plant viral disease diagnostics. This review discusses the recent progress in the use of NGS-based techniques for the detection, diagnosis, and identification of plant viral diseases. New portable devices and technologies that could provide real-time analyses in a relatively short period of time are prime important for in-field diagnostics. Current development and application of such tools and techniques along with their potential limitations in plant virology are likewise discussed in detail.
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