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Nguyen TN, Kumari S, Sillman S, Chaudhari J, Lai DC, Vu HLX. A Single-Dose Intramuscular Immunization of Pigs with Lipid Nanoparticle DNA Vaccines Based on the Hemagglutinin Antigen Confers Complete Protection against Challenge Infection with the Homologous Influenza Virus Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1596. [PMID: 37896997 PMCID: PMC10611089 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) is highly prevalent and causes significant economic losses to swine producers. Due to the highly variable and rapidly evolving nature of the virus, it is critical to develop a safe and versatile vaccine platform that allows for frequent updates of the vaccine immunogens to cope with the emergence of new viral strains. The main objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as nanocarriers for delivering DNA plasmid encoding the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene in pigs. The intramuscular administration of a single dose of the LNP-DNA vaccines resulted in robust systemic and mucosal responses in pigs. Importantly, the vaccinated pigs were fully protected against challenge infection with the homologous IAV-S strain, with only 1 out of 12 vaccinated pigs shedding a low amount of viral genomic RNA in its nasal cavity. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed in the lungs of the vaccinated pigs at necropsy. Thus, the LNP-DNA vaccines are highly effective in protecting pigs against the homologous IAV-S strain and can serve as a promising platform for the rapid development of IAV-S vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- The N. Nguyen
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sarah Sillman
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Danh C. Lai
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (T.N.N.); (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Carrasco L, Pallarés FJ, Larenas-Muñoz F, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J. PRRSV-1 induced lung lesion is associated with an imbalance between costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1007523. [PMID: 36713151 PMCID: PMC9878400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces a dysregulation on the innate and adaptive immune responses. T-cell activation requires a proper interaction and precise balance between costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules, commonly known as immune checkpoints. This study aims to evaluate the expression of immune checkpoints in lung and tracheobronchial lymph node from piglets infected with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence during the early stage of infection. Seventy 4-week-old piglets were grouped into three experimental groups: (i) control, (ii) 3249-infected group (low virulent strain), and (iii) Lena-infected group (virulent strain) and were euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 13 days post-infection (dpi). Lung and tracheobronchial lymph node were collected to evaluate histopathological findings, PRRSV viral load and mRNA expression of costimulatory (CD28, CD226, TNFRSF9, SELL, ICOS, and CD40) and coinhibitory (CTLA4, TIGIT, PD1/PDL1, TIM3, LAG3, and IDO1) molecules through RT-qPCR. Our findings highlight a mild increase of costimulatory molecules together with an earlier and stronger up-regulation of coinhibitory molecules in both organs from PRRSV-1-infected animals, especially in the lung from virulent Lena-infected animals. The simultaneous expression of coinhibitory immune checkpoints could work in synergy to control and limit the inflammation-induced tissue damage. Further studies should be addressed to determine the role of these molecules in later stages of PRRSV infection.
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection upregulates negative immune regulators and T-cell exhaustion markers. J Virol 2021; 95:e0105221. [PMID: 34379512 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01052-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) is one of the primary cellular targets for PRRSV, but less than 2% of PAMs are infected with the virus during the acute stage of infection. To comparatively analyze the host transcriptional response between PRRSV-infected PAMs and bystanders PAMs that remained uninfected but were exposed to the inflammatory milieu of an infected lung, pigs were infected with a PRRSV strain expressing green fluorescent protein (PRRSV-GFP) and GFP+ (PRRSV infected) and GFP- (bystander) cells were sorted for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Approximately 4.2% of RNA reads from GFP+ and 0.06% reads from GFP- PAMs mapped to the PRRSV genome, indicating that PRRSV-infected PAMs were effectively separated from bystander PAMs. Further analysis revealed that inflammatory cytokines, interferon-stimulated genes, and antiviral genes were highly upregulated in GFP+ as compared to GFP- PAMs. Importantly, negative immune regulators including NF-κB inhibitors (NFKBIA, NFKBID, NFKBIZ, and TNFAIP3), and T-cell exhaustion markers (PD-L1, PD-L2, IL10, IDO1, and TGFB2) were highly upregulated in GFP+ cells as compared to GFP- cells. By using in situ hybridization assay, RNA transcripts of TNF and NF-κB inhibitors were detected in PRRSV-infected PAMs cultured ex vivo and lung sections of PRRSV-infected pigs during the acute stage of infection. Collectively, the results suggest that PRRSV infection upregulates expression of negative immune regulators and T-cell exhaustion markers in PAMs to modulate the host immune response. Our findings provide further insight into PRRSV immunopathogenesis. Importance PRRSV is widespread in many swine producing countries, causing substantial economic loses to the swine industry. PAM is considered the primary target for PRRSV replication in pigs. However, less than 2% of PAM from an acutely infected pigs are infected with the virus. In the present study, we utilized a PRRSV-GFP strain to infect pigs and sorted infected- and bystander- PAMs from the pigs during the acute stage of infection for transcriptome analysis. PRRSV infected PAMs showed a distinctive gene expression profile and contained many uniquely activated pathways compared to bystander PAMs. Interestingly, upregulated expression of and NF-κB signaling inhibitors and T-cell exhaustion molecules were observed in PRRSV-infected PAMs. Our findings provide additional knowledge on the mechanisms that PRRSV employs to modulate the host immune system.
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Li S, Li X, Qiu M, Li J, Xiao Y, Lin H, Zheng W, Zhu J, Chen N. Transcriptomic profiling reveals different innate immune responses in primary alveolar macrophages infected by two highly homologous porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with distinct virulence. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105102. [PMID: 34298124 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates show high genetic and pathogenic diversity. The mechanisms underlying different virulence of PRRSV isolates are still not fully clarified. Two highly homologous PRRSV isolates (XJ17-5 and JSTZ1712-12) with distinct virulence were identified in our previous study. To evaluate the association between host responses and different virulence, here we investigated the transcriptomic profiles of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with these two isolates. RNA-Seq results showed that there are 1932 differential expression genes (DEGs) between two PRRSV infected groups containing 1067 upregulation and 865 downregulation genes. Compared with the avirulent JSTZ1712-12 infected group, GO analysis identified significant enrichment gene sets not only associated with virus infection but also innate immune response in the virulent XJ17-5 infected group. In addition, KEGG analysis indicated significantly enriched genes associated with NOD-like and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways in XJ17-5 vs JSTZ1712-12 group. Furthermore, XJ17-5 isolate induced significantly higher levels of innate immune response associated genes (IL-1β, CXCL2, S100A8, OAS2, MX1, IFITM3, ISG15 and IFI6) than JSTZ1712-12 isolate, which were further confirmed by real-time PCR. Given that these two isolates share similar replication efficiency in vivo and in vitro, our results indicated that distinct virulence of PRRSV isolates is associated with different host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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Ruedas-Torres I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Guil-Luna S, Larenas-Muñoz F, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Up-Regulation of Immune Checkpoints in the Thymus of PRRSV-1-Infected Piglets in a Virulence-Dependent Fashion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671743. [PMID: 34046040 PMCID: PMC8144631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains, such as the Lena strain, have demonstrated a higher thymus tropism than low virulent strains. Virulent PRRSV strains lead to severe thymus atrophy, which could be related to marked immune dysregulation. Impairment of T-cell functions through immune checkpoints has been postulated as a strategy executed by PRRSV to subvert the immune response, however, its role in the thymus, a primary lymphoid organ, has not been studied yet. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the expression of selected immune checkpoints (PD1/PDL1, CTLA4, TIM3, LAG3, CD200R1 and IDO1) in the thymus of piglets infected with two different PRRSV-1 strains. Thymus samples from piglets infected with the low virulent 3249 strain, the virulent Lena strain and mock-infected were collected at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 days post-infection (dpi) to analyze PRRSV viral load, relative quantification and immunohistochemical staining of immune checkpoints. PD1/PDL1, CTLA4, TIM3, LAG3 and IDO1 immune checkpoints were significantly up-regulated in the thymus of PRRSV infected piglets, especially in those infected with the virulent Lena strain from 6 dpi onwards. This up-regulation was associated with disease progression, high viral load and cell death. Co-expression of these molecules can affect T-cell development, maturation and selection, negatively regulating the host immune response against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Silvia Guil-Luna
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba, IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fernanda Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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