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Prell MM, McGrath SR, Kirkland PD, Allworth MB. An investigation into the transmission and control of pestivirus in sheep in Australia. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:60-66. [PMID: 37960889 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Border disease virus (BDV) is a member of the pestivirus genus that primarily affects sheep, causing reproductive losses through abortion, still births and the birth of weak lambs. The key characteristic of this disease is the birth of persistently infected (PI) lambs which, after surviving transplacental infection, are born antibody negative, yet virus positive, and thus shed the virus for their entire life and are the primary source of spread within a flock. The cornerstones of BDV control are detection and elimination of PI animals, biosecurity measures to prevent re-infection, and surveillance programs. Recommendations for the control of BDV in sheep are centred around the approach to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), the prominent cattle pestivirus species, due to a lack of specific research into BDV control and elimination. In this study, two aspects of a BDV control program were investigated: the effectiveness of the BVDV vaccine, Pestigard®, and the rate of seroconversion in a flock deliberately exposed to known PI lambs. The vaccine appeared to be safe, and the optimal dose was the full cattle dose (2 mL). While vaccination induced high virus neutralising titres to BVDV when administered as either a quarter, half or full dose registered for cattle, the BDV titres achieved were low and unlikely to prevent transplacental infection. In a second study, after exposure of between 2 and 15 days exposure to two PI lambs in confined conditions, only 3 of 66 previously naïve sheep demonstrated seroconversion. This demonstrated a very low rate of transmission and suggested that deliberate exposure to PI lambs at low-risk times for less than 15 days was not likely to be an effective means of achieving seroconversion throughout a flock and, therefore, not provide protection against BDV challenge during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Prell
- Fred Morley Centre and Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S R McGrath
- Fred Morley Centre and Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M B Allworth
- Fred Morley Centre and Gulbali Institute, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Yang N, Xu M, Ma Z, Li H, Song S, Gu X, Liu J, Yang Z, Zhu H, Ma H, Yi J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Sheng J, Chen C. Detection of emerging HoBi-like Pestivirus (BVD-3) during an epidemiological investigation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Xinjiang: a first-of-its-kind report. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1222292. [PMID: 37492265 PMCID: PMC10365292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1222292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xinjiang pastoral area is the second largest pastoral area in China, accounting for 26.8% of the available grassland area in the country, and the geographical advantage of cattle breeding industry is very obvious. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has always been one of the important viral diseases that have plagued the development of cattle farming industry in the world. As one of the main pastoral areas of China's cattle farming industry, the Xinjiang pastoral area has also been deeply affected. In this study, 6,153 bovine serum samples were collected from 18 large-scale cattle farms in 13 cities in Xinjiang. The antibodies and antigens of 6,153 and 588 serum samples were detected by serological detection methods, respectively. Ten serum samples, which were antigen-positive by ELISA, were randomly selected for RT-PCR detection, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of suspected HoBi-like Pestivirus (HoBiPeV) strains. The results showed that the positive rates of BVDV antibodies and antigens were 53.68% (3,303/6,153) and 6.12% (36/588), respectively. One of the 10 randomly selected seropositive samples was infected with the HoBiPeV strain. HoBiPeV, also referred to as BVDV-3, is an emerging atypical Pestivirus that occurs in cattle and small ruminants, and its clinical signs are similar to those of BVDV infection. Based on the whole genome of the BVDV-3 reference strain (JS12/01) on the GenBank, the homology of the detected strain was 96.02%. The whole genome nucleotide sequence was submitted to the GenBank database, and the gene accession number was obtained: OP210314. The whole genome of isolate OP210314 was 12.239 nucleotides and contained a 5'-UTR of 340 nucleotides, a 3'-UTR of 199 nucleotides, and a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein consisting of 3,899 amino acids. In conclusion, the prevalence rate of BVDV infection in Xinjiang dairy cows is high, and the genetic diversity is increasing. This study successfully identified and isolated HoBiPeV in Xinjiang for the first time, posing a potential threat to the cattle industry in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mingguo Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhenguo Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Honghuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shengnan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingnan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhonglian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongji Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in the Western Region, Shihezi, China
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