1
|
Deniz Derman I, Yeo M, Castaneda DC, Callender M, Horvath M, Mo Z, Xiong R, Fleming E, Chen P, Peeples ME, Palucka K, Oh J, Ozbolat IT. High-throughput bioprinting of the nasal epithelium using patient-derived nasal epithelial cells. Biofabrication 2023; 15:044103. [PMID: 37536321 PMCID: PMC10424246 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aced23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Progenitor human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) are an essential cell source for the reconstruction of the respiratory pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of multiple cell types in the context of infection studies and disease modeling. Hitherto, manual seeding has been the dominant method for creating nasal epithelial tissue models through biofabrication. However, this approach has limitations in terms of achieving the intricate three-dimensional (3D) structure of the natural nasal epithelium. 3D bioprinting has been utilized to reconstruct various epithelial tissue models, such as cutaneous, intestinal, alveolar, and bronchial epithelium, but there has been no attempt to use of 3D bioprinting technologies for reconstruction of the nasal epithelium. In this study, for the first time, we demonstrate the reconstruction of the nasal epithelium with the use of primary hNECs deposited on Transwell inserts via droplet-based bioprinting (DBB), which enabled high-throughput fabrication of the nasal epithelium in Transwell inserts of 24-well plates. DBB of progenitor hNECs ranging from one-tenth to one-half of the cell seeding density employed during the conventional cell seeding approach enabled a high degree of differentiation with the presence of cilia and tight-junctions over a 4 weeks air-liquid interface culture. Single cell RNA sequencing of these cultures identified five major epithelial cells populations, including basal, suprabasal, goblet, club, and ciliated cells. These cultures recapitulated the pseudostratified columnar epithelial architecture present in the native nasal epithelium and were permissive to respiratory virus infection. These results denote the potential of 3D bioprinting for high-throughput fabrication of nasal epithelial tissue models not only for infection studies but also for other purposes, such as disease modeling, immunological studies, and drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Deniz Derman
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Miji Yeo
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | | | - Megan Callender
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Mian Horvath
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Zengshuo Mo
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Ruoyun Xiong
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fleming
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Phylip Chen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Julia Oh
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Cancer Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Neurosurgery Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng J, Lin J, Ma Y, Yang C, Zhong Q, Li Y, Yang Q. Establishment of sheep nasal mucosa explant model and its application in antiviral research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1124936. [PMID: 37256060 PMCID: PMC10226428 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1124936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is the first barrier to pathogen invasion through the respiratory tract. Few studies have focused on nasal resistance to invasion by respiratory pathogens due to the lack of models related to the nasal mucosa. Hence, it is necessary to construct a nasal mucosal model to study host-pathogen interactions. We established a long-term in vitro sheep nasal mucosa explant model (NMEM), which exhibited typical epithelial cilia and epithelial proliferation ability within 11 days. Moreover, to evaluate whether the NMEM was suited for in vitro pathogenic study, we used pseudorabies virus (PRV) and showed that it successfully infected and produced severe lesions in the NMEM, particularly interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). IFN decreased significantly after the PRV infection. Similarly, we used this NMEM model to screen several antiviral substances, such as probiotics and drugs. A previous study showed that nasal commensal bacteria, particularly Bacillus subtilis, had high antiviral activity. Then, we used the NMEM to evaluate six sheep-derived B. subtilis strains and demonstrated that it significantly induced the production of IFN and expression of ISG15. The sheep-derived B. subtilis was pretreated with the sheep NMEM before the PRV infection to evaluate the antiviral effect. The results showed that NSV2 significantly inhibited infection by PRV and reduced the viral load (p < 0.05). Furthermore, NSV2 may inhibit PRV replication by enhancing ISGylation of cells. In conclusion, we established a reliable in vitro culture model of sheep NMEM, and applied it in antiviral research.
Collapse
|
3
|
Derman ID, Yeo M, Castaneda DC, Callender M, Horvath M, Mo Z, Xiong R, Fleming E, Chen P, Peeples ME, Palucka K, Oh J, Ozbolat IT. High-Throughput Bioprinting of the Nasal Epithelium using Patient-derived Nasal Epithelial Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.29.534723. [PMID: 37034627 PMCID: PMC10081172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) are an essential cell source for the reconstruction of the respiratory pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of multiple cell types in the context of infection studies and disease modeling. Hitherto, manual seeding has been the dominant method for creating nasal epithelial tissue models. However, the manual approach is slow, low-throughput and has limitations in terms of achieving the intricate 3D structure of the natural nasal epithelium in a uniform manner. 3D Bioprinting has been utilized to reconstruct various epithelial tissue models, such as cutaneous, intestinal, alveolar, and bronchial epithelium, but there has been no attempt to use of 3D bioprinting technologies for reconstruction of the nasal epithelium. In this study, for the first time, we demonstrate the reconstruction of the nasal epithelium with the use of primary hNECs deposited on Transwell inserts via droplet-based bioprinting (DBB), which enabled high-throughput fabrication of the nasal epithelium in Transwell inserts of 24-well plates. DBB of nasal progenitor cells ranging from one-tenth to one-half of the cell seeding density employed during the conventional cell seeding approach enabled a high degree of differentiation with the presence of cilia and tight-junctions over a 4-week air-liquid interface culture. Single cell RNA sequencing of these cultures identified five major epithelial cells populations, including basal, suprabasal, goblet, club, and ciliated cells. These cultures recapitulated the pseudostratified columnar epithelial architecture present in the native nasal epithelium and were permissive to respiratory virus infection. These results denote the potential of 3D bioprinting for high-throughput fabrication of nasal epithelial tissue models not only for infection studies but also for other purposes such as disease modeling, immunological studies, and drug screening.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kasper B, Yue X, Goldmann T, Gülsen A, Kugler C, Yu X, Petersen F. Air exposure and cell differentiation are essential for investigation of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in human primary airway epithelial cells in vitro. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:897695. [PMID: 36148455 PMCID: PMC9487839 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.897695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In-vitro models of differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells are a valuable tool to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Through the use of these models, it has been shown that the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in human airway epithelia is influenced by various factors such as age, sex, smoking status, and pathogenic conditions. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of cell culture conditions and donor demographic and clinical characteristics on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes including angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin L (CTSL), and tyrosine protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL) in primary airway epithelial cells. Methods Eleven lung cancer patients with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma were recruited. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) or small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) isolated from submerged or air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. We also tested for correlations with clinical data. Results In ALI cultures, the expression of AXL was significantly higher in HBEC than in SAEC. In addition, the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL was significantly increased in both HBEC and SAEC differentiated under ALI conditions compared with the submerged culture. Negligible association was found between the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in SAEC and the age, sex, smoking status, and complication of COPD, asthma or hypertension of the cell donors. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in differentiated primary airway epithelial cells in-vitro is much more influenced by individual culture conditions than by specific characteristics of individual donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Kasper
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Askin Gülsen
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Surgery, LungenClinicGrosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Christian Kugler
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Surgery, LungenClinicGrosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Yu
| | - Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Chronic Lung Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Frank Petersen
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aerosol-Cell Exposure System Applied to Semi-Adherent Cells for Aerosolization of Lung Surfactant and Nanoparticles Followed by High Quality RNA Extraction. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081362. [PMID: 35458071 PMCID: PMC9028274 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle toxicity assessments have moved closer to physiological conditions while trying to avoid the use of animal models. An example of new in vitro exposure techniques developed is the exposure of cultured cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI), particularly in the case of respiratory airways. While the commercially available VITROCELL® Cloud System has been applied for the delivery of aerosolized substances to adherent cells under ALI conditions, it has not yet been tested on lung surfactant and semi-adherent cells such as alveolar macrophages, which are playing a pivotal role in the nanoparticle-induced immune response. OBJECTIVES In this work, we developed a comprehensive methodology for coating semi-adherent lung cells cultured at the ALI with aerosolized surfactant and subsequent dose-controlled exposure to nanoparticles (NPs). This protocol is optimized for subsequent transcriptomic studies. METHODS Semi-adherent rat alveolar macrophages NR8383 were grown at the ALI and coated with lung surfactant through nebulization using the VITROCELL® Cloud 6 System before being exposed to TiO2 NM105 NPs. After NP exposures, RNA was extracted and its quantity and quality were measured. RESULTS The VITROCELL® Cloud system allowed for uniform and ultrathin coating of cells with aerosolized surfactant mimicking physiological conditions in the lung. While nebulization of 57 μL of 30 mg/mL TiO2 and 114 μL of 15 mg/mL TiO2 nanoparticles yielded identical cell delivered dose, the reproducibility of dose as well as the quality of RNA extracted were better for 114 μL.
Collapse
|
6
|
Unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying chronic respiratory diseases for the development of novel therapeutics via in vitro experimental models. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
7
|
The Communication between Ocular Surface and Nasal Epithelia in 3D Cell Culture Technology for Translational Research: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312994. [PMID: 34884799 PMCID: PMC8657734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between the ocular and nasal epithelia. This narrative review focuses on conjunctival, corneal, ultrastructural corneal stroma, and nasal epithelia as well as an introduction into their interconnections. We describe in detail the morphology and physiology of the ocular surface, the nasolacrimal ducts, and the nasal cavity. This knowledge provides a basis for functional studies and the development of relevant cell culture models that can be used to investigate the pathogenesis of diseases related to these complex structures. Moreover, we also provide a state-of-the-art overview regarding the development of 3D culture models, which allow for addressing research questions in models resembling the in vivo situation. In particular, we give an overview of the current developments of corneal 3D and organoid models, as well as 3D cell culture models of epithelia with goblet cells (conjunctiva and nasal cavity). The benefits and shortcomings of these cell culture models are discussed. As examples for pathogens related to ocular and nasal epithelia, we discuss infections caused by adenovirus and measles virus. In addition to pathogens, also external triggers such as allergens can cause rhinoconjunctivitis. These diseases exemplify the interconnections between the ocular surface and nasal epithelia in a molecular and clinical context. With a final translational section on optical coherence tomography (OCT), we provide an overview about the applicability of this technique in basic research and clinical ophthalmology. The techniques presented herein will be instrumental in further elucidating the functional interrelations and crosstalk between ocular and nasal epithelia.
Collapse
|
8
|
Aydin M, Schellhorn S, Wirth S, Zhang W, Ehrhardt A. Human Species D Adenoviruses Isolated from Diarrheal Feces Show Low Infection Rates in Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:563. [PMID: 34208817 PMCID: PMC8307086 DOI: 10.3390/children8070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The importance of adenovirus (Ad) research is significantly increasing with respect to virotherapy for vaccine development, tumor, and gene therapy. Due to the different species and subtypes of this virus, the characterization of the biological significance of especially rare Ad is necessary. Previously, rare Ad types 70, 73, and 74 were originally isolated from fecal samples of immunocompromised patients and they represent recombinants of other Ad types. Here we investigated transduction experiments of these reporter gene tagged Ad types in primary cells exemplified by subject-derived primary nasal epithelial cells (NAEPCs). To analyze the transduction rates, we performed flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cytokine analyses 25 h post-infection. We found that, in contrast to Ad type 5 (as a positive control), the transduction rates of NAEPCs with Ad types 70, 73, and 74 were interestingly low. The major Ad receptor (coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor and CD46) expression levels showed no significant change after infection with Ad types 70, 73 and 74. Moreover, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) was not released after in vitro Ad transduction. Due to the high risk of developing life-threatening complications in immunocompromised patients by these human species D Ads, even more attention needs to be investigated into the development of diagnostic and therapeutic concepts to prevent and treat those opportunistic infections in susceptible patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences (ZBAF), Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Schellhorn
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (S.S.); (W.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany;
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (S.S.); (W.Z.); (A.E.)
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany; (S.S.); (W.Z.); (A.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aydin M, Weisser C, Rué O, Mariadassou M, Maaß S, Behrendt AK, Jaszczyszyn Y, Heilker T, Spaeth M, Vogel S, Lutz S, Ahmad-Nejad P, Graf V, Bellm A, Weisser C, Naumova EA, Arnold WH, Ehrhardt A, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Becher D, Postberg J, Ghebremedhin B, Wirth S. The Rhinobiome of Exacerbated Wheezers and Asthmatics: Insights From a German Pediatric Exacerbation Network. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:667562. [PMID: 35386977 PMCID: PMC8974812 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.667562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the nose, as a gateway for organism–environment interactions, may have a key role in asthmatic exacerbation, the rhinobiome of exacerbated children with asthma was widely neglected to date. The aim of this study is to understand the microbiome, the microbial immunology, and the proteome of exacerbated children and adolescents with wheeze and asthma. Considering that a certain proportion of wheezers may show a progression to asthma, the comparison of both groups provides important information regarding clinical and phenotype stratification. Thus, deep nasopharyngeal swab specimens, nasal epithelial spheroid (NAEsp) cultures, and blood samples of acute exacerbated wheezers (WH), asthmatics (AB), and healthy controls (HC) were used for culture (n = 146), 16 S-rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (n = 64), and proteomic and cytokine analyses. Interestingly, Proteobacteria were over-represented in WH, whereas Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were associated with AB. In contrast, Actinobacteria commonly colonized HCs. Moreover, Staphylococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Xanthobacteraceae, and Sphingomonadaceae were significantly more abundant in AB compared to WH and HC. The α-diversity analyses demonstrated an increase of bacterial abundance levels in atopic AB and a decrease in WH samples. Microbiome profiles of atopic WH differed significantly from atopic AB, whereby atopic samples of WH were more homogeneous than those of non-atopic subjects. The NAEsp bacterial exposure experiments provided a disrupted epithelial cell integrity, a cytokine release, and cohort-specific proteomic differences especially for Moraxella catarrhalis cultures. This comprehensive dataset contributes to a deeper insight into the poorly understood plasticity of the nasal microbiota, and, in particular, may enforce our understanding in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbation in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Aydin
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Faculty of Health, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
- *Correspondence: Malik Aydin
| | - Cornelius Weisser
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Olivier Rué
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sandra Maaß
- Center of Functional Genomics of Microbes, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Behrendt
- Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yan Jaszczyszyn
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tatje Heilker
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maximilian Spaeth
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Silvia Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Pathology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sören Lutz
- Children's Hospital, Helios Hospital Niederberg, Teaching Hospital of University Hospital Essen, Velbert, Germany
| | - Parviz Ahmad-Nejad
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Viktoria Graf
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Aliyah Bellm
- Helios Hospital Krefeld, Children's Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RTWH) University Aachen, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Christoph Weisser
- Department of Economics and Center for Statistics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ella A. Naumova
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Arnold
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Center of Functional Genomics of Microbes, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Postberg
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Faculty of Health, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Beniam Ghebremedhin
- Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Laboratory of Experimental Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, Faculty of Health, Center for Biomedical Education and Research, School of Life Sciences, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| |
Collapse
|