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Al-Mubarak AIA, Al-Kubati AAG, Skeikh A, Hussen J, Kandeel M, Flemban B, Hemida MG. A longitudinal study of bovine viral diarrhea virus in a semi-closed management dairy cattle herd, 2020-2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1221883. [PMID: 37781291 PMCID: PMC10538974 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1221883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) brings great economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. Developing a control/prevention strategy requires the prior assessment of certain epidemiological parameters. To determine the BVD incidence rate and associated risk factors, a dairy cattle herd in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia was monitored between 2020 and 2022. Methods Nasal swabs (n = 190), rectal swabs (n = 190), and sera (n = 190) were collected from 79 cows in this herd. Collected sera and swabs were tested using the commercially available ELISAs for the BVDV antibodies and antigens, respectively. Collected sera were also tested for the presence of BVDV nucleic acids using commercial real-time RT-PCR kits. Results and discussion Our data show BVDV seroprevalence (18.8%, 15%, and 8.2%) in the tested animals in 2020-2022, respectively. None of the collected nasal swabs, rectal swabs, or sera tested positive for the BVDV antigen, whereas 10.1%, 10%, and 18.1% of the tested sera were positive for BVDV nucleic acid in 2020-2022, respectively. The incidence rate was estimated at 0.02446 new cases/year despite the detection of BVDV in seronegative animals on single or two occasions at ≥6-month intervals. Young calves and bulls remained apparently unexposed to BVDV despite their presence with BVDV-infected females, with no significant physical separation. Both seropositivity and nucleic acid detectability showed significant positive and negative correlations, respectively, with reproductive performance. Collectively, the present study provides useful clues about the transmissibility of BVDV in the presence of possibly persistently infected animals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study of BVDV in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. Further detailed characterization of the circulating BVDVs is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Abdullah Skeikh
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Baraa Flemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, United States
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Nodar L, Arnaiz I, Pedreira JJ, Díez J, Calvo C, Diéguez JF. Long-term acute infections during a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) outbreak in dairy farm from Galicia (NW Spain). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 262:110634. [PMID: 37517102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
An observational study describes an outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a dairy herd in Spain. The herd was subjected to a voluntary control program. In a sampling carried out in June 2020, bulk tank milk antibody levels increased compared to the previous sampling. Additionally, serum samples from 4 young heifers also tested positive for antibodies. Since the results were consistent with a recent infection, we proceeded to detect possible persistently infected (PI) animals using antigen ELISA (on serum/ear-notch samples), following the program guidelines. From this moment on, 42 animals tested positive for BVDV antigen, of which 17 were under typical acute infection (AI), 13 were deemed as PI, and eight died early on the farm before having information to determine their status. The remaining 4 showed intriguing test results consistent with a long-term AI since they tested BVDV positive in at least two antigen tests more than 3 weeks apart. Thus, one animal was positive until 80 days of age in serum, and others even for longer periods in ear-notch samples, until they finally tested negative for BVDV. Based on these results, longer follow-up may be necessary in BVDV positive animals to accurately confirm persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nodar
- Laboratorios HIPRA S.A., Amer, Girona, Spain
| | - I Arnaiz
- Laboratorio de Sanidad y Producción Animal de Galicia, Mabegondo, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J J Pedreira
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo-AGACAL, Mabegondo, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Díez
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo-AGACAL, Mabegondo, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - C Calvo
- ADSG de Curtis, Curtis, A Coruña, Spain
| | - J F Diéguez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Veterinaria, Lugo, Spain.
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Casey-Bryars M, Tratalos JA, Graham DA, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo MP, Barrett D, O’Grady L, Madden JM, McGrath G, More SJ. Risk factors for detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in low-risk herds during the latter stages of Ireland’s eradication programme. Prev Vet Med 2022; 201:105607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nugroho W, Silitonga RJP, Reichel MP, Irianingsih SH, Wicaksono MS. The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020215. [PMID: 35215158 PMCID: PMC8878523 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and provide a perspective on the control options for BVDV in the Indonesian cattle population in the future. Studies on BVDV in Indonesia, since its first report in that country, and the updated beef and dairy cattle industries are reviewed. In ten of 34 provinces, BVDV is endemic. The subgenotypes of BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c are predominant in Indonesian cattle. However, BVDV is currently not a priority disease to control in Indonesia. Cattle imports from Australia appear to be potentially the most significant source of transmission of BVDV into native cattle, but the control of BVDV conducted in the local quarantine facilities is currently not achieving the aim of controlling BVDV; thus, complementary measures are needed. With the small-scale nature of the vast majority of cattle breeding in the country, the control of BVDV in provinces in which cattle breeding is economically essential may need to be organised by regional and provincial governments. Gaps in our knowledge of BVDV are identified in this review, and strategies for the control of BVDV in Indonesia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widi Nugroho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Risma Juniarti Paulina Silitonga
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostic Services, Center for Diagnostic Standards of Agriculture Quarantine, East Jakarta 13220, Indonesia;
| | - Michael Philipp Reichel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | | | - Muhammad Satryo Wicaksono
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65151, Indonesia;
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Maya-Rodríguez LM, Carrillo-Casas EM, Rojas-Trejo V, Trigo-Tavera F, Miranda-Morales RE. Prevalence of three Mycoplasma sp. by multiplex PCR in cattle with and without respiratory disease in central Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:394. [PMID: 36417039 PMCID: PMC9685072 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify Mycoplasma bovis, Myc. dispar, and Myc. bovirhinis, which are involved in bovine respiratory disease through a multiplex PCR as an alternative to culture's features that hamper Mycoplasma isolation. Nasal swabs were taken from 335 cattle with and without respiratory disease background (RDB) from dairy herds in the central region of Mexico. Each sample was divided in two; the first part was processed for the direct DNA extraction of the nasal swab and the second for Mycoplasma isolation, culture, and then the multiplex PCR was performed. In the nasal swabs, Myc. bovis was identified in 21.1%; Myc. dispar, in 11.8%; and Myc. bovirhinis, in 10.8% in cattle with RDB. Isolates were identified as Myc. bovis, 20.1%; Myc. dispar, 11.8%; and Myc. bovirhinis, 6.1%. There is a strong correlation between the presence of Mycoplasma identified by PCR and the clinical history of the disease (ρ < 0.0000). In animals without RDB, Myc. bovirhinis was the only species detected in 6.1% of the samples processed directly for multiplex PCR, and in 2% of the isolates. There is an excellent correlation (kappa 0.803) between the isolation and the 16S PCR and a high correlation (kappa 0.75) between the isolation and the multiplex PCR. Therefore, we conclude that the PCR multiplex test is highly sensitive and may be used for the diagnosis and surveillance of the three species in biological samples and mycoplasma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Maya-Rodríguez
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Mycoplasmas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - E. M. Carrillo-Casas
- grid.414754.70000 0004 6020 7521Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Depto. de Biología Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Dirección de Investigación, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Secc XVI, 14080 Tlalpan CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - V. Rojas-Trejo
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Mycoplasmas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - F. Trigo-Tavera
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Patología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
| | - R. E. Miranda-Morales
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Mycoplasmas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia UNAM, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Ciudad Universitaria, 04519 CDMX, CP Mexico
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An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122431. [PMID: 34960700 PMCID: PMC8705094 DOI: 10.3390/v13122431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14-21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.
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Schweizer M, Stalder H, Haslebacher A, Grisiger M, Schwermer H, Di Labio E. Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle in Switzerland: Lessons Taught by the Complex Biology of the Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:702730. [PMID: 34557540 PMCID: PMC8452978 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.702730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and related ruminant pestiviruses occur worldwide and cause considerable economic losses in livestock and severely impair animal welfare. Switzerland started a national mandatory control programme in 2008 aiming to eradicate BVD from the Swiss cattle population. The peculiar biology of pestiviruses with the birth of persistently infected (PI) animals upon in utero infection in addition to transient infection of naïve animals requires vertical and horizontal transmission to be taken into account. Initially, every animal was tested for PI within the first year, followed by testing for the presence of virus in all newborn calves for the next four years. Prevalence of calves being born PI thus diminished substantially from around 1.4% to <0.02%, which enabled broad testing for the virus to be abandoned and switching to economically more favourable serological surveillance with vaccination being prohibited. By the end of 2020, more than 99.5% of all cattle farms in Switzerland were free of BVDV but eliminating the last remaining PI animals turned out to be a tougher nut to crack. In this review, we describe the Swiss BVD eradication scheme and the hurdles that were encountered and still remain during the implementation of the programme. The main challenge is to rapidly identify the source of infection in case of a positive result during antibody surveillance, and to efficiently protect the cattle population from re-infection, particularly in light of the endemic presence of the related pestivirus border disease virus (BDV) in sheep. As a consequence of these measures, complete eradication will (hopefully) soon be achieved, and the final step will then be the continuous documentation of freedom of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Elena Di Labio
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Bern, Switzerland
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