1
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Bissett C, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Ulaszewska M, Smith H, Kailath R, Morris S, Powers C, Sebastian S, Sharpe HR, Allen ER, Wang Z, Cunliffe RF, Sallah HJ, Spencer AJ, Gilbert S, Tregoning JS, Lambe T. Systemic prime mucosal boost significantly increases protective efficacy of bivalent RSV influenza viral vectored vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:118. [PMID: 38926455 PMCID: PMC11208422 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although licensed vaccines against influenza virus have been successful in reducing pathogen-mediated disease, they have been less effective at preventing viral infection of the airways and current seasonal updates to influenza vaccines do not always successfully accommodate viral drift. Most licensed influenza and recently licensed RSV vaccines are administered via the intramuscular route. Alternative immunisation strategies, such as intranasal vaccinations, and "prime-pull" regimens, may deliver a more sterilising form of protection against respiratory viruses. A bivalent ChAdOx1-based vaccine (ChAdOx1-NP + M1-RSVF) encoding conserved nucleoprotein and matrix 1 proteins from influenza A virus and a modified pre-fusion stabilised RSV A F protein, was designed, developed and tested in preclinical animal models. The aim was to induce broad, cross-protective tissue-resident T cells against heterotypic influenza viruses and neutralising antibodies against RSV in the respiratory mucosa and systemically. When administered via an intramuscular prime-intranasal boost (IM-IN) regimen in mice, superior protection was generated against challenge with either RSV A, Influenza A H3N2 or H1N1. These results support further clinical development of a pan influenza & RSV vaccine administered in a prime-pull regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Bissett
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Holly Smith
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Reshma Kailath
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Morris
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Powers
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah R Sharpe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Allen
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ziyin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert F Cunliffe
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alexandra J Spencer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Ye XL, Tian SS, Tang CC, Jiang XR, Liu D, Yang GZ, Zhang H, Hu Y, Li TT, Jiang X, Li HK, Peng YC, Zheng NN, Ge GB, Liu W, Lv AP, Wang HK, Chen HZ, Ho LP, Zhang WD, Zheng YJ. Cytokine Storm in Acute Viral Respiratory Injury: Role of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in Inhibiting the Infiltration of Neutrophils and Macrophages through TAK1/IKK/NF-[Formula: see text]B Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 51:1153-1188. [PMID: 37403214 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has posed unprecedented challenges to global public health since its outbreak. The Qing-Fei-Pai-Du decoction (QFPDD), a Chinese herbal formula, is widely used in China to treat COVID-19. It exerts an impressive therapeutic effect by inhibiting the progression from mild to critical disease in the clinic. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses elicit similar pathological processes. Their severe manifestations, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure (MOF), and viral sepsis, are correlated with the cytokine storm. During flu infection, QFPDD reduced the lung indexes and downregulated the expressions of MCP-1, TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-6, and IL-1[Formula: see text] in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lungs, or serum samples. The infiltration of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in lungs was decreased dramatically, and lung injury was ameliorated in QFPDD-treated flu mice. In addition, QFPDD also inhibited the polarization of M1 macrophages and downregulated the expressions of IL-6, TNF-[Formula: see text], MIP-2, MCP-1, and IP-10, while also upregulating the IL-10 expression. The phosphorylated TAK1, IKK[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], and I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] and the subsequent translocation of phosphorylated p65 into the nuclei were decreased by QFPDD. These findings indicated that QFPDD reduces the intensity of the cytokine storm by inhibiting the NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathway during severe viral infections, thereby providing theoretical and experimental support for its clinical application in respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Ye
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Sai-Sai Tian
- School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Chen Tang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ru Jiang
- School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Zhen Yang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - You Hu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Tian Li
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hou-Kai Li
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ning-Ning Zheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ping Lv
- Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Kun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Juan Zheng
- The Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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3
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Panasiuk M, Chraniuk M, Zimmer K, Hovhannisyan L, Krapchev V, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Narajczyk M, Węsławski J, Konopacka A, Gromadzka B. Characterization of surface-exposed structural loops as insertion sites for foreign antigen delivery in calicivirus-derived VLP platform. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111947. [PMID: 36922971 PMCID: PMC10010390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles (cVLPs) show great potential in improving public health as they are safe and effective vaccine candidates. The capsid protein of caliciviruses has been described previously as a self-assembling, highly immunogenic delivery platform. The ability to significantly induce cellular and humoral immunity can be used to boost the immune response to low immunogenic foreign antigens displayed on the surface of VLPs. Capsid proteins of caliciviruses despite sequence differences share similar architecture with structural loops that can be genetically modified to present foreign epitopes on the surface of cVLPs. Here, based on the VP1 protein of norovirus (NoV), we investigated the impact of the localization of the epitope in different structural loops of the P domain on the immunogenicity of the presented epitope. In this study, three distinct loops of NoV VP1 protein were genetically modified to present a multivalent influenza virus epitope consisting of a tandem repeat of M2/NP epitopes. cVLPs presenting influenza virus-conserved epitopes in different localizations were produced in the insect cells and used to immunize BALB/c mice. Specific reaction to influenza epitopes was compared in sera from vaccinated mice to determine whether the localization of the foreign epitope has an impact on the immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiuk
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Chraniuk
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vasil Krapchev
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Central Animal Laboratory Research and Service Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Węsławski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gromadzka
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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4
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Janssens Y, Joye J, Waerlop G, Clement F, Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I. The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959379. [PMID: 36052083 PMCID: PMC9424642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the most effective tools to prevent flu and its complications. Trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines primarily elicit antibodies towards haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These vaccines fail to induce high protective efficacy, in particular in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and require annual updates to keep up with evolving influenza strains (antigenic drift). Vaccine efficacy declines when there is a mismatch between its content and circulating strains. Current correlates of protection are merely based on serological parameters determined by haemagglutination inhibition or single radial haemolysis assays. However, there is ample evidence showing that these serological correlates of protection can both over- or underestimate the protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. Next-generation universal influenza vaccines that induce cross-reactive cellular immune responses (CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses) against conserved epitopes may overcome some of the shortcomings of the current inactivated vaccines by eliciting broader protection that lasts for several influenza seasons and potentially enhances pandemic preparedness. Assessment of cellular immune responses in clinical trials that evaluate the immunogenicity of these new generation vaccines is thus of utmost importance. Moreover, studies are needed to examine whether these cross-reactive cellular immune responses can be considered as new or complementary correlates of protection in the evaluation of traditional and next-generation influenza vaccines. An overview of the assays that can be applied to measure cell-mediated immune responses to influenza with their strengths and weaknesses is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Isabel Leroux-Roels,
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5
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Song Y, Zhu W, Wang Y, Deng L, Ma Y, Dong C, Gonzalez GX, Kim J, Wei L, Kang SM, Wang BZ. Layered protein nanoparticles containing influenza B HA stalk induced sustained cross-protection against viruses spanning both viral lineages. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121664. [PMID: 35810540 PMCID: PMC9822777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The influenza epidemics pose a significant threat to public health. Of them, type B influenza coincided with several severe flu outbreaks. The efficacy of the current seasonal flu vaccine is limited due to the antigenicity changes of circulating strains. In this study, we generated structure-stabilized HA stalk antigens from influenza B and fabricated double-layered protein nanoparticles as universal influenza B vaccine candidates. In vitro studies found that the resulting protein nanoparticles were effectively taken up to activate dendritic cells. Nanoparticle immunization induced broadly reactive immune responses conferring robust and sustained cross-immune protection against influenza B virus strains of both lineages. The results reveal the potential of layered protein nanoparticles incorporated with structure-stabilized constant antigens as a universal influenza vaccine with improved immune protective potency and breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Lei Deng
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Hunan Provincial Kay Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Chunhong Dong
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Gilbert X Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Joo Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Lai Wei
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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6
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Carascal MB, Pavon RDN, Rivera WL. Recent Progress in Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development Toward Heterosubtypic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878943. [PMID: 35663997 PMCID: PMC9162156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flu, a viral infection caused by the influenza virus, is still a global public health concern with potential to cause seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Vaccination is considered the most effective protective strategy against the infection. However, given the high plasticity of the virus and the suboptimal immunogenicity of existing influenza vaccines, scientists are moving toward the development of universal vaccines. An important property of universal vaccines is their ability to induce heterosubtypic immunity, i.e., a wide immune response coverage toward different influenza subtypes. With the increasing number of studies and mounting evidence on the safety and efficacy of recombinant influenza vaccines (RIVs), they have been proposed as promising platforms for the development of universal vaccines. This review highlights the current progress and advances in the development of RIVs in the context of heterosubtypic immunity induction toward universal vaccine production. In particular, this review discussed existing knowledge on influenza and vaccine development, current hemagglutinin-based RIVs in the market and in the pipeline, other potential vaccine targets for RIVs (neuraminidase, matrix 1 and 2, nucleoprotein, polymerase acidic, and basic 1 and 2 antigens), and deantigenization process. This review also provided discussion points and future perspectives in looking at RIVs as potential universal vaccine candidates for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Carascal
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Rance Derrick N Pavon
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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7
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Huang X, Huang J, Yin G, Cai Y, Chen M, Hu J, Feng X. Identification of NP Protein-Specific B-Cell Epitopes for H9N2 Subtype of Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061172. [PMID: 35746647 PMCID: PMC9228734 DOI: 10.3390/v14061172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian Influenza (AI) caused by the H9N2 subtype of the avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a serious threat to both the poultry industry and to public health safety. NP is one of the major structural proteins in influenza viruses. B-cell determinants located on NP proteins have attracted increasing attention. In this study, based on the NP sequence of the H9N2 (A/chicken/Shandong/LY1/2017) strain, the truncated NP gene (71 AA–243 AA) was cloned and prokaryotically expressed in a pET-28a (+) vector. BALB/c mice were immunized with a purified recombinant of an NP protein to prepare a monoclonal antibody against NP proteins. The prokaryotic expression of four overlapping fragments, NP-N-96, NP-C-103, NP-C-54 and NP-C-49, were used to recognize an antigenic epitope of the NP protein. The results show that, after cell fusion, one hybridoma cell clone secreted the antibody specific to the NP protein, following screening with ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence, which is named the 4F5 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Western blotting on the overlapping fragments showed that the 230FQTAAQRA237 motif was identified as the minimal motif recognized by 4F5mAb, which was represented as the linear B-cell epitope of the NP protein. Homology analysis of this epitope shows that it was highly conserved in 18 AIVs analyzed in this study, and the epitope prediction results indicate that the epitope may be located on the surface of the NP protein. These results provide a strong experimental basis for studying the function of the NP protein of the H9N2 AIV and also strong technical support for the development of a universal assay based on an anti-NP monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guihu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China’s Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.H.); (J.H.); (G.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.C.); (J.H.)
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8439-6028
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8
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Influenza vaccines are the most useful strategy for preventing influenza illness, especially in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. For the coming year (2021/2022) all vaccines will be quadrivalent and contain two influenza A strains [(H1N1)pdm09-like and (H3N2)-like viruses] and two influenza B strains (Victoria lineage-like and Yamagata lineage-like viruses). However, the currently licensed have suboptimal efficacy due to the emergence of new strains and vaccine production limitations. In this review, we summarize the current recommendations as well as new advancements in influenza vaccinations. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances have been aimed at moving away from egg-based vaccines and toward cell culture and recombinant vaccines. This removes egg adaptations that decrease vaccine efficacy, removes the reliance on egg availability and decreases the time necessary to manufacture vaccines. However, even more radical changes are needed if we are to reach the ultimate goal of a universal vaccine capable of providing long-lasting protection against all or at least most influenza strains. We discuss various strategies, including using more stable influenza antigens such as the hemagglutinin stalk and internal proteins as well as new adjuvants, new vaccine formulations, and DNA/RNA-based vaccines that are currently being developed. SUMMARY The currently available vaccines have suboptimal efficacy and do not provide adequate protection against drifted and shifted strains. Thus, the development of a universal influenza vaccine that induces long-lasing immunity and protects against a broad range of strains is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Khalil
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department Pediatrics, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David I Bernstein
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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9
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Special Issue—Immunity to Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020319. [PMID: 35215910 PMCID: PMC8880793 DOI: 10.3390/v14020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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