Zika Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 Antigen-Capture Immunoassay

Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis

Flaviviruses such as dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are highly concerning pathogens that pose significant risks to public health. The NS1 protein is conserved among flaviviruses and is synthesized as a part of the flavivirus polyprotein. It plays a critical role in viral replication, disease progression, and immune evasion. Post-translational modifications influence NS1's stability, secretion, antigenicity, and interactions with host factors. NS1 protein forms extensive interactions with host cellular proteins allowing it to affect vital processes such as RNA processing, gene expression regulation, and cellular homeostasis, which in turn influence viral replication, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. NS1 acts as an immune evasion factor by delaying complement-dependent lysis of infected cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis by inducing endothelial cell damage and vascular leakage and triggering autoimmune responses. Anti-NS1 antibodies have been shown to cross-react with host endothelial cells and platelets, causing autoimmune destruction that is hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, in contrast, immunization of animal models with the NS1 protein confers protection against lethal challenges from flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Understanding the multifaceted roles of NS1 in flavivirus pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease management and control. Therefore, further research into NS1 biology, including its host protein interactions and additional roles in disease pathology, is imperative for the development of strategies and therapeutics to combat flavivirus infections successfully. This Review provides an in-depth exploration of the current available knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the NS1 protein in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses.

Production and characterization of egg yolk antibodies against the ZIKV NS2B expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana

The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its associated neonatal and congenital complications pose a threat to global health, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions with co-circulation of related flaviviruses and intense vector proliferation. Diagnosis of ZIKV by RT-PCR is limited to the viraemic phase and is not always accessible in low-income tropical settings, while serological tests often show cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses. Given the similarity of ZIKV symptoms to those of other arboviruses, but the different prognosis and risks, it is important to develop specific and accessible diagnostic tools. Egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were obtained from Leghorn laying hens immunized with recombinant ZIKV NS2B protein produced in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana. After three immunizations, total IgY was recovered from the eggs by the 20% ammonium sulfate precipitation method. After characterisation by SDS-PAGE, dot blotting and ELISA, the IgY was adsorbed to dengue virus (DENV) from cell culture supernatants and tested for its ability to specifically detect ZIKV-positive sera samples. High yield and purity were observed on SDS-PAGE for polyclonal IgY, which reacted with NS2B at high titres in ELISA and detected both NS2B and ZIKV in dot blotting. However, a cross-reaction with DENV was observed and the anti-NS2B IgY was unable to discriminate ZIKV from DENV positive sera samples, even after adsorption with DENV. This is probably due to the phylogenetic relationship of the viruses and the shared identity of their proteins.

Development of disposable electrode for the detection of mosquito-borne viruses

Development of disposable, rapid, and convenient biosensor with high sensitivity and reliability is the most desired method of viral disease prevention. To achieve this goal, in this work, a practical impedimetric biosensor has been implemented into a disposable electrode on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) for the detection of two mosquito-borne viruses. The biosensor fabrication has step-wisely carried out on the disposable electrode surface at room temperature: starting from conductive film formation, physical binding of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-polyaniline (PAni) into the conductive film, and biofunctionalization. To get the maximum efficiency of the antibody, biotinylated antibody has been conjugated on the surface of AuNP-PAni/PAni-SPCE via the streptavidin-biotin conjugation method which is a critical factor for the high sensitivity. Using the antibody-antigen interaction, this disposable electrode has designed to detect mosquito-borne infectious viruses, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) separately in a wide linear range of 100 fg mL-1 to 1 ng mL-1 with a low detection limit of 1.33 and 12.31 fg mL-1 , respectively.

Multiplexed rapid antigen tests developed using multicolored nanoparticles and cross-reactive antibody pairs: Implications for pandemic preparedness

Global public health infrastructure is unprepared for emerging pathogen epidemics, in part because diagnostic tests are not developed in advance. The recent Zika, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemics are cases in point. We demonstrate here that multicolored gold nanoparticles, when coupled to cross-reactive monoclonal antibody pairs generated from a single immunization regimen, can be used to create multiple diagnostics that specifically detect and distinguish related viruses. The multiplex approach for specific detection centers on immunochromatography with pairs of antibody-conjugated red and blue gold nanoparticles, coupled with clustering algorithms to detect and distinguish related pathogens. Cross-reactive antibodies were used to develop rapid tests for i) Dengue virus serotypes 1-4, ii) Zika virus, iii) Ebola and Marburg viruses, and iv) SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Multiplexed rapid antigen tests based on multicolored nanoparticles and cross-reactive antibodies and can be developed prospectively at low cost to improve preparedness for epidemic outbreaks.