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Lyu D, Duan Q, Duan R, Qin S, Zheng X, Lu X, Bukai A, Zhang P, Han H, He Z, Sha H, Wu D, Xiao M, Jing H, Wang X. Symbiosis of a lytic bacteriophage and Yersinia pestis and characteristics of plague in Marmota himalayana. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0099524. [PMID: 39023266 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00995-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for animal plague was conducted in the Marmota himalayana plague focus of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 2020 to 2023. A 22.89% positive rate of serum F1 antibody was detected in live-caught marmots, alongside a 43.40% incidence of Yersinia pestis isolation from marmot carcasses. Marmot carcasses infected with plague exhibited a significantly higher spleen-somatic index (P < 0.05). Twenty-one Y. pestis-specific phages were isolated, among which one Y. pestis lytic phage (AKS2022HT87GU_phi) was isolated from the bone marrow of a marmot carcass (no. AKS2022HT87) and was found to be symbiotic with Y. pestis. Microscopy revealed the coexistence of lysed and non-lysed colonies of Y. pestis AKS2022HT87. Genome-wide analysis showed that certain strains of the Y. pestis AKS2022HT87 carried phage DNA fragments consistent with phage AKS2022HT87GU_phi. The rare symbiotic relationship between a lytic phage and Y. pestis observed in vitro was highlighted in this study, laying the basis for further exploring the relationship between Y. pestis and its bacteriophages.IMPORTANCEBacteriophages and host bacteria commonly coexist in vivo or in soil environments through complex and interdependent microbial interactions. However, recapitulating this symbiotic state remains challenging in vitro due to limited medium nutrients. In this work, the natural symbiosis between Yersinia pestis and specific phages has been discovered in a Marmota himalayana specimen. Epidemiological analysis presented the characteristics of the Y. pestis and specific phages in the area with a strong plague epidemic. Crucially, comparative genomics has been conducted to analyze the genetic changes in both the Y. pestis and phages over different periods, revealing the dynamic and evolving nature of their symbiosis. These are the critical steps to study the mechanism of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Lyu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Duan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Duan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojin Zheng
- Akesai Kazakh Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, Gansu, China
| | - Xinmin Lu
- Akesai Kazakh Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, Gansu, China
| | - Asaiti Bukai
- Akesai Kazakh Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiuquan, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haonan Han
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaokai He
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyu Sha
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Xiao L, Qi Z, Song K, Lv R, Chen R, Zhao H, Wu H, Li C, Xin Y, Jin Y, Li X, Xu X, Tan Y, Du Z, Cui Y, Zhang X, Yang R, Zhao X, Song Y. Interplays of mutations in waaA, cmk, and ail contribute to phage resistance in Yersinia pestis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1174510. [PMID: 37305418 PMCID: PMC10254400 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1174510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague caused by Yersinia pestis remains a public health threat worldwide. Because multidrug-resistant Y. pestis strains have been found in both humans and animals, phage therapy has attracted increasing attention as an alternative strategy against plague. However, phage resistance is a potential drawback of phage therapies, and the mechanism of phage resistance in Y. pestis is yet to be investigated. In this study, we obtained a bacteriophage-resistant strain of Y. pestis (S56) by continuously challenging Y. pestis 614F with the bacteriophage Yep-phi. Genome analysis identified three mutations in strain S56: waaA* (9-bp in-frame deletion 249GTCATCGTG257), cmk* (10-bp frameshift deletion 15CCGGTGATAA24), and ail* (1-bp frameshift deletion A538). WaaA (3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase) is a key enzyme in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The waaA* mutation leads to decreased phage adsorption because of the failure to synthesize the lipopolysaccharide core. The mutation in cmk (encoding cytidine monophosphate kinase) increased phage resistance, independent of phage adsorption, and caused in vitro growth defects in Y. pestis. The mutation in ail inhibited phage adsorption while restoring the growth of the waaA null mutant and accelerating the growth of the cmk null mutant. Our results confirmed that mutations in the WaaA-Cmk-Ail cascade in Y. pestis contribute to resistance against bacteriophage. Our findings help in understanding the interactions between Y. pestis and its phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhen Qi
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Lv
- Hua Dong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechniques, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Zhao
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Hailian Wu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Cunxiang Li
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Youquan Xin
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
| | - Xilin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yajun Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- National Health Commission - Qinghai Co-construction Key Laboratory for Plague Control, Xining, China
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Rimon A, Gelman D, Yerushalmy O, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Katvan E, Nir-Paz R, Hazan R. Phage Therapy in Israel, Past, Present, and Future. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:85-94. [PMID: 36157284 PMCID: PMC9436258 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2022.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating scientific history of phage therapy has been documented in numerous publications. In this study, however, we focus on an angle of the story that hitherto has remained relatively neglected, namely, phage therapy treatments, and the protagonists that conducted these in Mandatory-Palestine and subsequently the state of Israel, as part of a global trend. We complete the story by describing efforts in the new era of phage therapy in present-day Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rimon
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Gelman
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ortal Yerushalmy
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Katvan
- Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Peres Academic Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ran Nir-Paz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Jerusalem, and the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronen Hazan
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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