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Rafique S, Jabeen Z, Pervaiz T, Rashid F, Luo S, Xie L, Xie Z. Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AIBV) review by continent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1325346. [PMID: 38375362 PMCID: PMC10875066 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1325346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus responsible for substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide by causing a highly contagious respiratory disease. The virus can spread quickly through contact, contaminated equipment, aerosols, and personal-to-person contact. We highlight the prevalence and geographic distribution of all nine genotypes, as well as the relevant symptoms and economic impact, by extensively analyzing the current literature. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis was performed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA-6), which provided insights into the global molecular diversity and evolution of IBV strains. This review highlights that IBV genotype I (GI) is prevalent worldwide because sporadic cases have been found on many continents. Conversely, GII was identified as a European strain that subsequently dispersed throughout Europe and South America. GIII and GV are predominant in Australia, with very few reports from Asia. GIV, GVIII, and GIX originate from North America. GIV was found to circulate in Asia, and GVII was identified in Europe and China. Geographically, the GVI-1 lineage is thought to be restricted to Asia. This review highlights that IBV still often arises in commercial chicken flocks despite immunization and biosecurity measures because of the ongoing introduction of novel IBV variants and inadequate cross-protection provided by the presently available vaccines. Consequently, IB consistently jeopardizes the ability of the poultry industry to grow and prosper. Identifying these domains will aid in discerning the pathogenicity and prevalence of IBV genotypes, potentially enhancing disease prevention and management tactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Zohra Jabeen
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Treeza Pervaiz
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, China
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Chacón JL, Chacón RD, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Morín JG, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Antigenic and molecular characterization of isolates of the Brazilian genotype BR-I (GI-11) of infectious bronchitis virus supports its recognition as BR-I serotype. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:323-338. [PMID: 37477586 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2228725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic and molecular characteristics of BR-I infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) isolated from Brazil are reported. IBVs isolated from commercial flocks with different clinical manifestations between 2003 and 2019 were submitted to antigenic and molecular characterization. The complete S1 glycoprotein gene of 11 field isolates was amplified and sequenced. The virus neutralization (VN) test showed 94.75% neutralization with a BR-I isolate and 30% or less against other worldwide reference strains. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses revealed 84.3-100% and 83.5-100% identity among them, respectively. The identity values ranged from 57.1 to 82.6% for nucleotides and from 46.6-84.4% for amino acids compared with those of other genotypes. By phylogenetic tree analysis, the Brazilian isolates were branched into the BR-I genotype (lineage GI-11), which was differentiated from foreign reference strains. Selective pressure analyses of BR-I IBVs revealed evolution under purifying selection (negative pressure) for the complete S1 gene but four specific sites (87, 121, 279, and 542) under diversifying selection (positive pressure). Profiles of cleavage sites and potential N-glycosylation sites differed from those of other genotypes. The low molecular relationship among the Brazilian viruses and foreign serotypes was concordant with the VN test results. The low antigenic relatedness (ranging from 5.3-30% between Brazilian genotype BR-I and reference IBV serotypes of North America, Europe, and Asia) indicates that the BR-I genotype is a different serotype, referred to for the first time and hereafter as serotype BR-I. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSStrains of the BR-I genotype presented robust antigenic and molecular similarity.BR-I strains evolved under purifying selection mode (negative pressure).The BR-I genotype originated in Brazil and dispersed to other countries.BR-I genotype viruses can be referred to as the BR-I serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Chacón
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian J Sánchez-Llatas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime G Morín
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wajid A, Raheem A, Sherzada S, Batool A, Khosa AN. Phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial and backyard chickens in Pakistan, 2015-2018. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37470343 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a rapidly evolving virus affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated poultry flocks and is responsible for significant economic losses globally; hence, it is imperative to obtain a deeper understanding of this pathogen. In this study, seven IBV strains were isolated from commercial and backyard poultry flocks during 2015-2018. We obtained full-length IBV genomes of two viruses using the Illumina sequencing method, while five additional viruses were genetically characterized through full-length spike (S1) gene sequencing. Phylogenetic and distance analysis based on complete S1 gene and full-length genome sequences revealed that one IBV isolate belonged to genotype GI-1 and six viruses were clustered within genotype GI-13. Deduced amino acid sequences of GI-13 strains exhibited 31.8-37.2 % divergence with the commonly used classic vaccine strains (M41) and 2.7-12.6 % with variant vaccine strains (4/91) in Pakistan. High evolutionary distances suggest that the IBV viruses circulating in Pakistan are under continuous evolutionary pressure. Moreover, ch/IBV/Pak/AW-2/2017 was found to have originated from an intra-genotypic recombination event between the variant group (GI-23 lineage as a major parent) and variant vaccine strain (4/91-like as a minor parent) and is the first example of recombination within genotype GI-13 in Pakistan. Together, these findings provide genetic and evolutionary insights into the currently circulating IBV genotypes in Pakistan, which could help to better understand the origin, spread and evolution of IBVs, and to ascertain the importance of disease monitoring as well as re-evaluation forof currently used vaccines and vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Asif Raheem
- Department of Microbiology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Sherzada
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Nawaz Khosa
- Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan
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You R, Liu K, Huang M, Tang L, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Ye L, Zhang G. Identification and Comparison of the Sialic Acid-Binding Domain Characteristics of Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Spike Protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0048923. [PMID: 37097156 PMCID: PMC10231253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00489-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections are initiated by the transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein, which binds to host factors and fuses the viral and cell membranes. The N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of IBV S protein binds to sialic acids, but the precise location of the sialic acid binding domain (SABD) and the role of the SABD in IBV-infected chickens remain unclear. Here, we identify the S1 N-terminal amino acid (aa) residues 19 to 227 (209 aa total) of IBV strains SD (GI-19) and GD (GI-7), and the corresponding region of M41 (GI-1), as the minimal SABD using truncated protein histochemistry and neuraminidase assays. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids on the surfaces of CEK cells can be used as attachment receptors by IBV, leading to increased infection efficiency. However, 9-O acetylation of the sialic acid glycerol side chain inhibits IBV S1 and SABD protein binding. We further constructed recombinant strains in which the S1 gene or the SABD in the GD and SD genomes were replaced with the corresponding region from M41 by reverse genetics. Infecting chickens with these viruses revealed that the virulence and nephrotropism of rSDM41-S1, rSDM41-206, rGDM41-S1, and rGDM41-206 strains were decreased to various degrees compared to their parental strains. A positive sera cross-neutralization test showed that the serotypes were changed for the recombinant viruses. Our results provide insight into IBV infection of host cells that may aid vaccine design. IMPORTANCE To date, only α-2,3-linked sialic acid has been identified as a potential host binding receptor for IBV. Here, we show the minimum region constituting the sialic acid binding domain (SABD) and the binding characteristics of the S1 subunit of spike (S) protein of IBV strains SD (GI-19), GD (GI-7), and M41 (GI-1) to various sialic acids. The 9-O acetylation modification partially inhibits IBV from binding to sialic acid, while the virus can also bind to sialic acid molecules linked to host cells through an α-2,6 linkage, serving as another receptor determinant. Substitution of the putative SABD from strain M41 into strains SD and GD resulted in reduced virulence, nephrotropism, and a serotype switch. These findings suggest that sialic acid binding has diversified during the evolution of γ-coronaviruses, impacting the biological properties of IBV strains. Our results offer insight into the mechanisms by which IBV invades host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renrong You
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kangchengyin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahui Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Key Aspects of Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050698. [PMID: 37242368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide. This review summarizes several important aspects of IBV, including epidemiology, genetic diversity, antigenic diversity, and multiple system disease caused by IBV as well as vaccination and antiviral strategies. Understanding these areas will provide insight into the mechanism of pathogenicity and immunoprotection of IBV and may improve prevention and control strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Nakanishi M, Soma J. Efficacy of commercial live vaccines against QX-like infectious bronchitis virus in Japan. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102612. [PMID: 36966642 PMCID: PMC10064428 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis, an acute and highly contagious disease that affects chickens, is caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The antigenic variant QX-like IBV was first reported in China in 1996 and is now endemic in many countries. Our previous study reported the first detection and isolation of QX-like IBVs in Japan and that they were genetically related to the recently detected strains in China and South Korea. The pathogenicity of 2 Japanese QX-like IBV strains (JP/ZK-B7/2020 and JP/ZK-B22/2020) was evaluated by inoculating specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with 102 to 106 median embryo infectious dose. Both strains caused clinical signs of respiratory symptoms, gross tracheal lesions, and moderate-to-severe suppression of tracheal ciliostasis. To evaluate the efficacy of commercial IBV live vaccines against the JP/ZK-B7/2020 strain, vaccinated SPF chickens were challenged with the JP/ZK-B7/2020 strain at 104 EID50 (median embryo infectious dose). Only the JP-Ⅲ vaccine provided high levels of protection (reduced suppression of tracheal ciliostasis and reduced viral loads in organs), whereas the Mass vaccine showed little protective effect. Virus neutralization test results and comparisons between IBV genotypes based on the S1 gene suggested that QX-like and JP-III genotypes were closely related. These results suggest that the JP-III IBV vaccine, which has relatively high S1 gene homology with QX-like IBVs, is effective against Japanese QX-like IBV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakanishi
- JA Zen-noh (National Federation of Agricultural Co-operative Associations) Institute of Animal Health, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan.
| | - Junichi Soma
- JA Zen-noh (National Federation of Agricultural Co-operative Associations) Institute of Animal Health, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan
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Complete Genome Sequences of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Genotype JP-II (GI-7) and JP-III (GI-19) Strains Isolated in Japan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0067022. [PMID: 36598259 PMCID: PMC9872593 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00670-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the complete genome sequences of strains JP/Yamanashi/93 and JP/Shimane/98, which are classified in JP-II (GI-7) and JP-III (GI-19), respectively, the major genotypes of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in Japan. This information will be useful for the in-depth understanding of the evolution of IBV in Japan.
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Ramirez-Nieto G, Mir D, Almansa-Villa D, Cordoba-Argotti G, Beltran-Leon M, Rodriguez-Osorio N, Garai J, Zabaleta J, Gomez AP. New Insights into Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Colombia from Whole-Genome Analysis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112562. [PMID: 36423171 PMCID: PMC9694374 DOI: 10.3390/v14112562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis (IB) is a respiratory disease caused by a highly variable Gammacoronavirus, which generates a negative impact on poultry health worldwide. GI-11 and GI-16 lineages have been identified in South America based on Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) partial S1 sequences. However, full genome sequence information is limited. In this study we report, for the first time, the whole-genome sequence of IBV from Colombia. Seven IBV isolates obtained during 2012 and 2013 from farms with respiratory disease compatible with IB were selected and the complete genome sequence was obtained by NGS. According to S1 sequence phylogenetic analysis, six isolates belong to lineage GI-1 and one to lineage GVI-1. When whole genome was analyzed, five isolates were related to the vaccine strain Ma5 2016 and two showed mosaic genomes. Results from complete S1 sequence analysis provides further support for the hypothesis that GVI-1, considered a geographically confined lineage in Asia, could have originated in Colombia. Complete genome information reported in this research allow a deeper understanding of the phylogenetic evolution of variants and the recombination events between strains that are circulating worldwide, contributing to the knowledge of coronavirus in Latin America and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-(6011)-3165693
| | - Daiana Mir
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Diego Almansa-Villa
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Geovanna Cordoba-Argotti
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Magda Beltran-Leon
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio
- Unidad de Genómica y Bioinformática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Salto 50000, Uruguay
| | - Jone Garai
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jovanny Zabaleta
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Arlen P. Gomez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
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Correction: Mase et al. Genetic Analysis of the Complete S1 Gene in Japanese Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains. Viruses 2022, 14, 716. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102098. [PMID: 36298870 PMCID: PMC9610808 DOI: 10.3390/v14102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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