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Muzammil K, Hooshiar MH, Varmazyar S, Omar TM, Karim MM, Aadi S, Kalavi S, Yasamineh S. Potential use of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition and prevention method in viral infection. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:90. [PMID: 38528584 PMCID: PMC10962113 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular lipid membranes serve as the primary barrier preventing viral infection of the host cell and provide viruses with a critical initial point of contact. Occasionally, viruses can utilize lipids as viral receptors. Viruses depend significantly on lipid rafts for infection at virtually every stage of their life cycle. The pivotal role that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) plays in cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis, primarily by post-transcriptionally regulating hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and promoting its lysosomal degradation, has garnered increasing interest. Conversely, using therapeutic, fully humanized antibodies to block PCSK9 leads to a significant reduction in high LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved PCSK9 inhibitors, including inclisiran (Leqvio®), alirocumab (Praluent), and evolocumab (Repatha). At present, active immunization strategies targeting PCSK9 present a compelling substitute for passive immunization through the administration of antibodies. In addition to the current inquiry into the potential therapeutic application of PCSK9 inhibition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients for hyperlipidemia associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART), preclinical research suggests that PCSK9 may also play a role in inhibiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Furthermore, PCSK9 inhibition has been suggested to protect against dengue virus (DENV) potentially and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses. Recent evidence regarding the impact of PCSK9 on a variety of viral infections, including HCV, HIV, DENV, and SARS-CoV-2, is examined in this article. As a result, PCSK9 inhibitors and vaccines may serve as viable host therapies for viral infections, as our research indicates that PCSK9 is significantly involved in the pathogenesis of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushait Campus, Abha, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shirin Varmazyar
- Department of Medicine, Shahroud Islamic azad university of medical sciences, Sharoud, Iran
| | - Thabit Moath Omar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technics, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Manal Morad Karim
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq
| | - Sadeq Aadi
- College of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Shaylan Kalavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, faculty of pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ma YX, Chai YJ, Han YQ, Zhao SB, Yang GY, Wang J, Ming SL, Chu BB. Pseudorabies virus upregulates low-density lipoprotein receptors to facilitate viral entry. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166423. [PMID: 38054618 PMCID: PMC10804996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01664-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is a transcriptional target of the sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and participates in the uptake of LDL-derived cholesterol. However, the involvement of LDLR in PRV infection has not been well characterized. We observed an increased expression level of LDLR mRNA in PRV-infected 3D4/21, PK-15, HeLa, RAW264.7, and L929 cells. The LDLR protein level was also upregulated by PRV infection in PK-15 cells and in murine lung and brain. The treatment of cells with the SREBP inhibitor, fatostatin, or with SREBP2-specific small interfering RNA prevented the PRV-induced upregulation of LDLR expression as well as viral protein expression and progeny virus production. This suggested that PRV activated SREBPs to induce LDLR expression. Furthermore, interference in LDLR expression affected PRV proliferation, while LDLR overexpression promoted it. This indicated that LDLR was involved in PRV infection. The study also demonstrated that LDLR participated in PRV invasions. The overexpression of LDLR or inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which binds to LDLR and targets it for lysosomal degradation, significantly enhanced PRV attachment and entry. Mechanistically, LDLR interacted with PRV on the plasma membrane, and pretreatment of cells with LDLR antibodies was able to neutralize viral entry. An in vivo study indicated that the treatment of mice with the PCSK9 inhibitor SBC-115076 promoted PRV proliferation. The data from the study indicate that PRV hijacks LDLR for viral entry through the activation of SREBPs.IMPORTANCEPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus that primarily manifests as fever, pruritus, and encephalomyelitis in various domestic and wild animals. Owing to its lifelong latent infection characteristics, PRV outbreaks have led to significant financial setbacks in the global pig industry. There is evidence that PRV variant strains can infect humans, thereby crossing the species barrier. Therefore, gaining deeper insights into PRV pathogenesis and developing updated strategies to contain its spread are critical. This study posits that the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) could be a co-receptor for PRV infection. Hence, strategies targeting LDLR may provide a promising avenue for the development of effective PRV vaccines and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Jing Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Qi Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shi-Bo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Ahmad I, Fatemi SN, Ghaheri M, Rezvani A, Khezri DA, Natami M, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Bahmanyar Z. An overview of the role of Niemann-pick C1 (NPC1) in viral infections and inhibition of viral infections through NPC1 inhibitor. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:352. [PMID: 38098077 PMCID: PMC10722723 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses communicate with their hosts through interactions with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate moieties on the plasma membrane (PM), often resulting in viral absorption via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Many viruses cannot multiply unless the host's cholesterol level remains steady. The large endo/lysosomal membrane protein (MP) Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), which is involved in cellular cholesterol transport, is a crucial intracellular receptor for viral infection. NPC1 is a ubiquitous housekeeping protein essential for the controlled cholesterol efflux from lysosomes. Its human absence results in Niemann-Pick type C disease, a deadly lysosomal storage disorder. NPC1 is a crucial viral receptor and an essential host component for filovirus entrance, infection, and pathogenesis. For filovirus entrance, NPC1's cellular function is unnecessary. Furthermore, blocking NPC1 limits the entry and replication of the African swine fever virus by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis. Cell entrance of quasi-enveloped variants of hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus has also been linked to NPC1. By controlling cholesterol levels, NPC1 is also necessary for the effective release of reovirus cores into the cytoplasm. Drugs that limit NPC1's activity are effective against several viruses, including SARS-CoV and Type I Feline Coronavirus (F-CoV). These findings reveal NPC1 as a potential therapeutic target for treating viral illnesses and demonstrate its significance for several viral infections. This article provides a synopsis of NPC1's function in viral infections and a review of NPC1 inhibitors that may be used to counteract viral infections. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammad Ghaheri
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Rezvani
- Anesthesiology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Dorsa Azizi Khezri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | | | - Zahra Bahmanyar
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Meng X, Eslami Y, Derafsh E, Saihood A, Emtiazi N, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Pecho RDC. The roles of different microRNAs in the regulation of cholesterol in viral hepatitis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:231. [PMID: 37710249 PMCID: PMC10500852 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a significant role in stabilizing lipid or membrane rafts, which are specific cellular membrane structures. Cholesterol is involved in numerous cellular processes, including regulating virus entry into the host cell. Multiple viruses have been shown to rely on cholesterol for virus entry and/or morphogenesis. Research indicates that reprogramming of the host's lipid metabolism is associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the progression to severe liver disease for viruses that cause chronic hepatitis. Moreover, knowing the precise mode of viral interaction with target cells sheds light on viral pathogenesis and aids in the development of vaccines and therapeutic targets. As a result, the area of cholesterol-lowering therapy is quickly evolving and has many novel antiviral targets and medications. It has been shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) either directly or indirectly target the viral genome, preventing viral replication. Moreover, miRNAs have recently been shown to be strong post-transcriptional regulators of the genes involved in lipid metabolism, particularly those involved in cholesterol homeostasis. As important regulators of lipid homeostasis in several viral infections, miRNAs have recently come to light. In addition, multiple studies demonstrated that during viral infection, miRNAs modulate several enzymes in the mevalonate/cholesterol pathway. As cholesterol metabolism is essential to the life cycle of viral hepatitis and other viruses, a sophisticated understanding of miRNA regulation may contribute to the development of a novel anti-HCV treatment. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of miRNAs as cholesterol regulators against viral hepatitis are explored in this review. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 China
| | - Yeganeh Eslami
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University, School of Medicine, St. Kitts, Canada
| | - Anwar Saihood
- Department of Microbiology, college of medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Nikoo Emtiazi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Assefi M, Bijan Rostami R, Ebrahimi M, Altafi M, Tehrany PM, Zaidan HK, Talib Al-Naqeeb BZ, Hadi M, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Potential use of the cholesterol transfer inhibitor U18666A as an antiviral drug for research on various viral infections. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106096. [PMID: 37011734 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays critical functions in arranging the biophysical attributes of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. For various viruses, an association with cholesterol for virus entrance and/or morphogenesis has been demonstrated. Therefore, the lipid metabolic pathways and the combination of membranes could be targeted to selectively suppress the virus replication steps as a basis for antiviral treatment. U18666A is a cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) that affects intracellular transport and cholesterol production. A robust tool for investigating lysosomal cholesterol transfer and Ebola virus infection is an androstenolone derived termed U18666A that suppresses three enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis mechanism. In addition, U18666A inhibited low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced downregulation of LDL receptor and triggered lysosomal aggregation of cholesterol. According to reports, U18666A inhibits the reproduction of baculoviruses, filoviruses, hepatitis, coronaviruses, pseudorabies, HIV, influenza, and flaviviruses, as well as chikungunya and flaviviruses. U18666A-treated viral infections may act as a novel in vitro model system to elucidate the cholesterol mechanism of several viral infections. In this article, we discuss the mechanism and function of U18666A as a potent tool for studying cholesterol mechanisms in various viral infections.
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