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Zafar HS, Akbar H, Xu H, Ponnuraj N, Van Etten K, Jarosinski KW. Oncogenic Animal Herpesviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 67:101424. [PMID: 38981163 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses play a pivotal role in oncology due to their unique role in unraveling the complexities of cancer development. Understanding the role viruses play in specific cancers is important to provide basic insights into the transformation process, which will help identify potential cellular targets for treatment. This review discusses the diverse role of animal herpesviruses in initiating and promoting various forms of cancer. We will summarize the mechanisms that underlie the development of animal herpesvirus-induced cancer that may provide a basis for developing potential therapeutic interventions or preventative strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz S Zafar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Haji Akbar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Huai Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nagendraprabhu Ponnuraj
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathrine Van Etten
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Keith W Jarosinski
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Cabello J, Lopez R, Vergara-Wilson V, Vera F, Valencia C, Sanchez C, Celis S, Silva A, Cariñanos A, Barria I, Vicencio R, Muñoz-Leal S, Aravena P, Lagos R, Toro-Letelier J, Verasay-Caviedes S, Garnham A, Peña I, Sánchez F, Moreira-Arce D, Vergara PM, Alegria-Moran R, Cortés-Hinojosa G. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of herpesviruses in endangered free-ranging cervids of Chile: ovine gammaherpesvirus-2-A novel threat to wild and domestic animal health in Chilean Patagonia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1321172. [PMID: 38362467 PMCID: PMC10867328 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1321172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Herpesvirus infections have been highlighted as emerging diseases affecting wildlife health and the conservation of several taxa. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) and infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) are two viruses that infect wild ruminants. Nevertheless, epidemiological data on herpesviruses in South American wild ruminants are limited. An outbreak of caprine gammaherpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) that recently was suspected as the cause of MCF in southern pudus (Pudu puda) prompted the need to conduct molecular screenings in Chilean cervids to understand the epidemiology of herpesviruses. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of herpesviruses in free-ranging cervids from Chile. Methods Herpesvirus infection was assessed in antemortem blood samples (n = 86) from pudus (n = 81) and huemuls (Hippocamelus bisulcus) (n = 5), as well as postmortem samples of spleen (n = 24) and lung (n = 3) from pudus, using a nested pan-herpesvirus PCR assay. Results Combining all suitable sample types, DNA of pudu gammaherpesvirus-1 was detected in five pudues and five huemuls, with an overall prevalence of 9.90% (n = 10/101; 95% CI = 5.11-17.87%). One pudu tested positive for ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (n = 1/96; 1.04%; 95% CI = 0.05-6.49%), and one pudu tested positive for a Macavirus sequence with 98.63 similarity to ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (n = 96; 1.04%; 95% CI = 0.05-6.49%). Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus in huemul and of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 in Chile. Our results also confirm the active circulation of herpesvirus in free-ranging cervids in Chilean Patagonia, and as such, MCF should be considered as a possible cause of disease in free-ranging Chilean pudus and livestock species. Further research is necessary to develop a plan of systematic monitoring (serological and pathological screening) of herpesviruses in Chilean wild and domestic ruminants to understand their diversity and impact on animal health and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Cabello
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Ancud, Chile
| | | | | | - Frank Vera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carola Valencia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebastian, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carlos Sanchez
- Veterinary Medical Center, Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sebastian Celis
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Parque Zoológico Buin Zoo, Buin, Chile
| | - Alejandra Silva
- Departamento de Areas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporacion Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Aintzane Cariñanos
- Departamento de Areas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporacion Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Ismael Barria
- Departamento de Areas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporacion Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Rocio Vicencio
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Chiloé-Silvestre, Ancud, Chile
| | - Sebastián Muñoz-Leal
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paula Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Rocio Lagos
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Veterinario SOS Buin Zoo, Buin, Chile
| | - Juan Toro-Letelier
- Facultad de Cs Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Univeridad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Antonio Garnham
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irene Peña
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Sánchez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dario Moreira-Arce
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo M. Vergara
- Departamento de Gestión Agraria, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Alegria-Moran
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede Santiago, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galaxia Cortés-Hinojosa
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Patho B, Grant DM, Percival A, Russell GC. Ivermectin inhibits replication of the malignant catarrhal fever virus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1. Virology 2024; 590:109958. [PMID: 38071929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever is a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates that is caused by genetically and antigenically related gamma herpesviruses of the genus Macavirus. Infection of the natural host species is efficient and asymptomatic but spread to susceptible hosts is often fatal with clinical signs including fever, depression, nasal and ocular discharge. There is no recognised treatment for MCF but a vaccine for one MCF virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), has been described. In this paper we describe the inhibition of AlHV-1 replication and propagation by the anthelminthic drug ivermectin. Concentrations of 10 μM or greater led to significant reductions in both copy number and viable titre of virus tested in culture medium, with little replication detected at over 20 μM ivermectin. In the absence of alternative treatments, further testing of ivermectin as a candidate antiviral treatment for MCF may therefore be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Patho
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Dawn M Grant
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ann Percival
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - George C Russell
- Moredun research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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