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Coombs KM, Glover KKM, Russell R, Kaspler P, Roufaiel M, Graves D, Pelka P, Kobasa D, DuMoulin-White R, Mandel A. Nanomolar concentrations of the photodynamic compound TLD-1433 effectively inactivate numerous human pathogenic viruses. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32140. [PMID: 38882312 PMCID: PMC11176859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The anti-viral properties of a small (≈1 kDa), novel Ru(II) photo dynamic compound (PDC), referred to as TLD-1433 (Ruvidar™), are presented. TLD-1433 had previously been demonstrated to exert strong anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. We evaluated the capacity of TLD-1433 to inactivate several human pathogenic viruses. TLD-1433 that was not photo-activated was capable of effectively inactivating 50 % of influenza H1N1 virus (ID50) at a concentration of 117 nM. After photo-activation, the ID50 was reduced to <10 nM. The dose of photo-activated TLD-1433 needed to reduce H1N1 infectivity >99 % (ID99) was approximately 170 nM. Similarly, the ID99 of photo-activated TLD-1433 was determined to range from about 20 to 120 nM for other tested enveloped viruses; specifically, a human coronavirus, herpes simplex virus, the poxvirus Vaccinia virus, and Zika virus. TLD-1433 also inactivated two tested non-enveloped viruses; specifically, adenovirus type 5 and mammalian orthoreovirus, but at considerably higher concentrations. Analyses of TLD-1433-treated membranes suggested that lipid peroxidation was a major contributor to enveloped virus inactivation. TLD-1433-mediated virus inactivation was temperature-dependent, with approximately 10-fold more efficient virucidal activity when viruses were treated at 37 °C than when treated at room temperature (∼22 °C). The presence of fetal bovine serum and virus solution turbidity reduced TLD-1433-mediated virucidal efficiency. Immunoblots of TLD-1433-treated human coronavirus indicated the treated spike protein remained particle-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Kathleen K M Glover
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Raquel Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Pavel Kaspler
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
| | - Mark Roufaiel
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
| | - Drayson Graves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Pelka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Roger DuMoulin-White
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
| | - Arkady Mandel
- Theralase® Technologies Inc., 41 Hollinger Road, Toronto, Ontario, M4B 3G4, Canada
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Ng YS, Cheng CS, Ando M, Tseng YT, He ST, Li CY, Cheng SW, Chen YM, Kumar R, Liu CH, Takeyama H, Hirono I, Wang HC. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) modulates lipid metabolism in white shrimp. Commun Biol 2023; 6:546. [PMID: 37210461 PMCID: PMC10199447 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04924-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the Warburg effect, which increases the availability of energy and biosynthetic building blocks in WSSV-infected shrimp, WSSV also induces both lipolysis at the viral genome replication stage (12 hpi) to provide material and energy for the virus replication, and lipogenesis at the viral late stage (24 hpi) to complete virus morphogenesis by supplying particular species of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). Here, we further show that WSSV causes a reduction in lipid droplets (LDs) in hemocytes at the viral genome replication stage, and an increase in LDs in the nuclei of WSSV-infected hemocytes at the viral late stage. In the hepatopancreas, lipolysis is triggered by WSSV infection, and this leads to fatty acids being released into the hemolymph. β-oxidation inhibition experiment reveals that the fatty acids generated by WSSV-induced lipolysis can be diverted into β-oxidation for energy production. At the viral late stage, WSSV infection leads to lipogenesis in both the stomach and hepatopancreas, suggesting that fatty acids are in high demand at this stage for virion morphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that WSSV modulates lipid metabolism specifically at different stages to facilitate its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Siong Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shun Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi-Ting Tseng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting He
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Li
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovations, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- International Center for the Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Efstratiou MA, Tzoraki O. Coronavirus survival on beach sand: Sun vs COVID-19. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112270. [PMID: 33773419 PMCID: PMC7969872 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The disinfecting properties of sun (heat and UV radiation) are adequate in warm sunny regions to rid beach sand of coronavirus particles, if present. Here we detail the mechanism of natural disinfection offered by the sun on coronaviral particles that may find their way onto beach sand. We conclude that heat and UV radiation generated by the sun destroy the virus infection ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Adamantia Efstratiou
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
| | - Ourania Tzoraki
- Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
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A persistent giant algal virus, with a unique morphology, encodes an unprecedented number of genes involved in energy metabolism. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02446-20. [PMID: 33536167 PMCID: PMC8103676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02446-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have long been viewed as entities possessing extremely limited metabolic capacities. Over the last decade, however, this view has been challenged, as metabolic genes have been identified in viruses possessing large genomes and virions-the synthesis of which is energetically demanding. Here, we unveil peculiar phenotypic and genomic features of Prymnesium kappa virus RF01 (PkV RF01), a giant virus of the Mimiviridae family. We found that this virus encodes an unprecedented number of proteins involved in energy metabolism, such as all four succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits (A-D) as well as key enzymes in the β-oxidation pathway. The SDHA gene was transcribed upon infection, indicating that the viral SDH is actively used by the virus- potentially to modulate its host's energy metabolism. We detected orthologous SDHA and SDHB genes in numerous genome fragments from uncultivated marine Mimiviridae viruses, which suggests that the viral SDH is widespread in oceans. PkV RF01 was less virulent compared with other cultured prymnesioviruses, a phenomenon possibly linked to the metabolic capacity of this virus and suggestive of relatively long co-evolution with its hosts. It also has a unique morphology, compared to other characterized viruses in the Mimiviridae family. Finally, we found that PkV RF01 is the only alga-infecting Mimiviridae virus encoding two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and enzymes corresponding to an entire base-excision repair pathway, as seen in heterotroph-infecting Mimiviridae These Mimiviridae encoded-enzymes were found to be monophyletic and branching at the root of the eukaryotic tree of life. This placement suggests that the last common ancestor of Mimiviridae was endowed with a large, complex genome prior to the divergence of known extant eukaryotes.IMPORTANCE Viruses on Earth are tremendously diverse in terms of morphology, functionality, and genomic composition. Over the last decade, the conceptual gap separating viruses and cellular life has tightened because of the detection of metabolic genes in viral genomes that express complex virus phenotypes upon infection. Here, we describe Prymnesium kappa virus RF01, a large alga-infecting virus with a unique morphology, an atypical infection profile, and an unprecedented number of genes involved in energy metabolism (such as the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle and the β-oxidation pathway). Moreover, we show that the gene corresponding to one of these enzymes (the succinate dehydrogenase subunit A) is transcribed during infection and is widespread among marine viruses. This discovery provides evidence that a virus has the potential to actively regulate energy metabolism with its own gene.
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Kumar Y, Yadav R, Bhatia A. Can natural detergent properties of bile acids be used beneficially in tackling coronavirus disease-19? Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7737566 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yashwant Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reena Yadav
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Mukherjee S, Bhattacharyya D, Bhunia A. Host-membrane interacting interface of the SARS coronavirus envelope protein: Immense functional potential of C-terminal domain. Biophys Chem 2020; 266:106452. [PMID: 32818817 PMCID: PMC7418743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Envelope (E) protein in SARS Coronavirus (CoV) is a small structural protein, incorporated as part of the envelope. A major fraction of the protein has been known to be associated with the host membranes, particularly organelles related to intracellular trafficking, prompting CoV packaging and propagation. Studies have elucidated the central hydrophobic transmembrane domain of the E protein being responsible for much of the viroporin activity in favor of the virus. However, newer insights into the organizational principles at the membranous compartments within the host cells suggest further complexity of the system. The lesser hydrophobic Carboxylic-terminal of the protein harbors interesting amino acid sequences- suggesting at the prevalence of membrane-directed amyloidogenic properties that remains mostly elusive. These highly conserved segments indicate at several potential membrane-associated functional roles that can redefine our comprehensive understanding of the protein. This should prompt further studies in designing and characterizing of effective targeted therapeutic measures. The SARS CoV Envelope protein is a small structural protein of the virus, responsible for viroporin like activity. Membrane- E protein interaction provides an useful insight into gaining mechanistic insight into its viroporin functions. The central hydrophobic transmembrane domain of E protein, known to affect ion-channel formation. The C-terminal region of the protein show further potential host-membrane directed functional roles. The highly conserved amyloidogenic amino acid stretches of the C-terminal suggest for its contribution to CoV propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mukherjee
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Dipita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII(M), Kolkata 700054, India.
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Kabbani AM, Kelly CV. The Detection of Nanoscale Membrane Bending with Polarized Localization Microscopy. Biophys J 2017; 113:1782-1794. [PMID: 29045872 PMCID: PMC5647545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The curvature of biological membranes at the nanometer scale is critically important for vesicle trafficking, organelle morphology, and disease propagation. The initiation of membrane bending occurs at a length scale that is irresolvable by most superresolution optical microscopy methods. Here, we report the development of polarized localization microscopy (PLM), a pointillist optical imaging technique for the detection of nanoscale membrane curvature in correlation with single-molecule dynamics and molecular sorting. PLM combines polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and single-molecule localization microscopy to reveal membrane orientation with subdiffraction-limited resolution without reducing localization precision by point spread function manipulation. Membrane curvature detection with PLM requires fewer localization events to detect curvature than three-dimensional single-molecule localization microscopy (e.g., photoactivated localization microscopy or stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy), which enables curvature detection 10× faster via PLM. With rotationally confined lipophilic fluorophores and the polarized incident fluorescence excitation, membrane-bending events are revealed with superresolution. Engineered hemispherical membrane curvature with a radius ≥24 nm was detected with PLM, and individual fluorophore localization precision was 13 ± 5 nm. Further, deciphering molecular mobility as a function of membrane topology was enabled. The diffusion coefficient of individual DiI molecules was 25 ± 5× higher in planar supported lipid bilayers than within nanoscale membrane curvature. Through the theoretical foundation and experimental demonstration provided here, PLM is poised to become a powerful technique for revealing the underlying biophysical mechanisms of membrane bending at physiological length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir M Kabbani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Christopher V Kelly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
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Unraveling the role of membrane microdomains during microbial infections. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:429-455. [PMID: 28275881 PMCID: PMC7088210 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose major socioeconomic and health-related threats to millions of people across the globe. Strategies to combat infectious diseases derive from our understanding of the complex interactions between the host and specific bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that play important role in life cycle of microbes. Interaction of microbial pathogens with host membrane rafts influences not only their initial colonization but also their spread and the induction of inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategies aimed at modulating the assembly of membrane rafts and/or regulating raft-directed signaling pathways are attractive approaches for the. management of infectious diseases. The current review discusses the latest advances in terms of techniques used to study the role of membrane microdomains in various pathological conditions and provides updated information regarding the role of membrane rafts during bacterial, viral and fungal infections.
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Martínez Martínez J, Swan BK, Wilson WH. Marine viruses, a genetic reservoir revealed by targeted viromics. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 8:1079-88. [PMID: 24304671 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomics has opened new windows on investigating viral diversity and functions. Viromic studies typically require large sample volumes and filtration through 0.2 μm pore-size filters, consequently excluding or under-sampling tailed and very large viruses. We have optimized a targeted viromic approach that employs fluorescence-activated sorting and whole genome amplification to produce dsDNA-enriched libraries from discrete viral populations from a 1-ml water sample. Using this approach on an environmental sample from the Patagonian Shelf, we produced three distinct libraries. One of the virus libraries was dominated (79.65% of sequences with known viral homology) by giant viruses from the Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae families, while the two other viromes were dominated by smaller phycodnaviruses, cyanophages and other bacteriophages. The estimated genotypic richness and diversity in our sorted viromes, with 52-163 estimated genotypes, was much lower than in previous virome reports. Fragment recruitment of metagenome reads to selected reference viral genomes yields high genome coverage, suggesting little amplification and sequencing bias against some genomic regions. These results underscore the value of our approach as an effective way to target and investigate specific virus groups. In particular, it will help reveal the diversity and abundance of giant viruses in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon K Swan
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
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