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Kuypers J, Perchetti GA, Chu HY, Newman KL, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Jerome KR, Tielsch JM, Englund JA. Phylogenetic characterization of rhinoviruses from infants in Sarlahi, Nepal. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2108-2116. [PMID: 31389049 PMCID: PMC6800797 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem Rhinoviruses (RVs), the most common causes of acute respiratory infections in young children and infants, are highly diverse genetically. Objective To characterize the RV types detected with respiratory illness episodes in infants in Nepal. Study methods Infants born to women enrolled in a randomized trial of maternal influenza immunization in rural, southern Nepal were followed with household‐based weekly surveillance until 180 days of age. Infants with respiratory symptoms had nasal swabs tested for twelve respiratory viruses. A subset with RV alone was selected for sequencing of the VP4/2 gene to identify RV types. Results Among 547 RV‐only positive illnesses detected from December 2012 to April 2014, 285 samples (52%) were sequenced. RV‐A, B, and C species were detected in 193 (68%), 18 (6%), and 74 (26%) specimens, respectively. A total of 94 unique types were identified from the sequenced samples, including 52 RV‐A, 11 RV‐B, and 31 RV‐C. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No seasonality was observed. The median ages at illness onset were 88, 104, and 88 days for RV‐A, B, and C, respectively. The median polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold values did not differ between RV species. No differences between RV species were observed for reported respiratory symptoms, including pneumonia, or for medical care‐seeking. Conclusions Among very young, symptomatic infants in rural Nepal, all three species and many types of RV were identified; RV‐A was detected most frequently. There was no association between RV species and disease severity. RV infections were common among infants less than six months old in southern Nepal. All three species and 94 types of RV were identified by sequencing the VP4/2 gene. Multiple species and types circulated simultaneously throughout the study period. No symptomatic differences between RV species or types were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Garrett A Perchetti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kira L Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Colombia
| | - Janet A Englund
- Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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2
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Ma X, Conrad T, Alchikh M, Reiche J, Schweiger B, Rath B. Can we distinguish respiratory viral infections based on clinical features? A prospective pediatric cohort compared to systematic literature review. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1997. [PMID: 30043515 PMCID: PMC7169127 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the predictive value of “clinical diagnoses” of influenza and other respiratory viral infections is low, especially in children. In routine care, pediatricians often resort to clinical diagnoses, even in the absence of robust evidence‐based criteria. We used a dual approach to identify clinical characteristics that may help to differentiate infections with common pathogens including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, bocavirus‐1, coronaviruses, or parainfluenza virus: (a) systematic review and meta‐analysis of 47 clinical studies published in Medline (June 1996 to March 2017, PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017059557) comprising 49 858 individuals and (b) data‐driven analysis of an inception cohort of 6073 children with ILI (aged 0‐18 years, 56% male, December 2009 to March 2015) examined at the point of care in addition to blinded PCR testing. We determined pooled odds ratios for the literature analysis and compared these to odds ratios based on the clinical cohort dataset. This combined analysis suggested significant associations between influenza and fever or headache, as well as between respiratory syncytial virus infection and cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. Similarly, literature and cohort data agreed on significant associations between HMPV infection and cough, as well as adenovirus infection and fever. Importantly, none of the abovementioned features were unique to any particular pathogen but were also observed in association with other respiratory viruses. In summary, our “real‐world” dataset confirmed published literature trends, but no individual feature allows any particular type of viral infection to be ruled in or ruled out. For the time being, laboratory confirmation remains essential. More research is needed to develop scientifically validated decision models to inform best practice guidelines and targeted diagnostic algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Tim Conrad
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Alchikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Charité University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Rath
- Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative, Berlin, Germany.,University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK.,Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
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3
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Moreno-Valencia Y, Hernandez-Hernandez VA, Romero-Espinoza JAI, Coronel-Tellez RH, Castillejos-Lopez M, Hernandez A, Perez-Padilla R, Alejandre-Garcia A, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ormsby CE, Vazquez-Perez JA. Detection and characterization of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory illness and asthma exacerbation in children during three different seasons (2011-2014) in Mexico City. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9:287-292. [PMID: 26289993 PMCID: PMC4605408 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral infections play a significant role in causing acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and exacerbations of chronic diseases. Acute respiratory infections are now the leading cause of mortality in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. Recently, human rhinovirus (HRV) infection has been emerged as an important cause of pneumonia and asthma exacerbation. Objectives To determine the role of several viral agents principally, respiratory syncytial virus, and HRV in children with ARIs and their relationship with asthma exacerbation and pneumonia. Methods Between October 2011 and March 2014, 432 nasopharyngeal samples of children <15 years of age with ARI hospitalized at a referral hospital for respiratory diseases were tested for the presence of respiratory viruses using a multiplex RT-qPCR. Clinical, epidemiological, and demographic data were collected and associated with symptomatology and viral infections. Results Viral infections were detected in at least 59·7% of the enrolled patients, with HRV (26·6%) being the most frequently detected. HRV infections were associated with clinical features of asthma and difficulty in breathing such as wheezing (P = 0·0003), supraesternal (P = 0·046), and xiphoid retraction (P = 0·030). HRV subtype C (HRV-C) infections were associated with asthma (P = 0·02). Conclusions Human rhinovirus was the virus most commonly detected in pediatric patients with ARI. There is also an association of HRV-C infection with asthma exacerbation, emphasizing the relevance of this virus in severe pediatric respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin Moreno-Valencia
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Andres Hernandez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Perez-Padilla
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Christopher E Ormsby
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joel A Vazquez-Perez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Diaz J, Morales-Romero J, Pérez-Gil G, Bedolla-Barajas M, Delgado-Figueroa N, García-Román R, López-López O, Bañuelos E, Rizada-Antel C, Zenteno-Cuevas R, Ramos-Ligonio Á, Sampieri CL, Orozco-Alatorre LG, Mora SI, Montero H. Viral coinfection in acute respiratory infection in Mexican children treated by the emergency service: A cross-sectional study. Ital J Pediatr 2015; 41:33. [PMID: 25903455 PMCID: PMC4405868 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-015-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) cause illness. Children under five years of age are highly vulnerable to these infections. Viral coinfection or multiple viral infection is a variable that can have a significant impact on the evolution of these diseases. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in Mexican children (under five years of age) who had an ARI and who were treated by an emergency service in a hospital in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. The viral etiology, as well as the presence of multiple viral infections, was determined. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic and clinical information. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated, and univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression were performed. Results In the study population, metapneumovirus (hMPV) was the most frequent virus (22%), followed by adenovirus (hAD) (16%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (14%), rhinovirus (hRV) (12%), bocavirus (hBoV) (9%), influenza virus (IF) (7%), and parainfluenza (PIF) (4%). The frequency of viral coinfections was 31.62%, and multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that hMPV, RSV, PIF, and hBoV were independently associated with multiple viral infection. No difference was found in the clinical manifestation of children with simple and multiple infections. Simple hMPV infection was associated with patients who presented with severe ARI. Using a multivariate analysis, we found that overcrowding is associated with coinfection when the viral etiology was hRV (OR = 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 6.13), IF (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.07 to 6.13), PIF (OR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.15 to 7.65), hAD (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.07 to 6.13), and hBoV (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.14 to 7.34). Conclusions Viral coinfections are frequent in children requiring treatment by an emergency service. However, the severity of ARI is similar to that of children with a simple infection. The hMPV is common and may confer a significant disease burden in the Mexican population. Finally, overcrowding is a housing characteristic that favors the development of coinfections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13052-015-0133-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahaziel Diaz
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Jaime Morales-Romero
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Gustavo Pérez-Gil
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. .,Centro de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Martín Bedolla-Barajas
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Col. La Perla, 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Netzahualpilli Delgado-Figueroa
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Col. La Perla, 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Rebeca García-Román
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Omar López-López
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. .,Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Lomas del Estadio s/n, Col. Zona Universitaria, 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Evelyn Bañuelos
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. .,Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Lomas del Estadio s/n, Col. Zona Universitaria, 91000, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Cristal Rizada-Antel
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Ángel Ramos-Ligonio
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación de Oriente 6, 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, México.
| | - Clara Luz Sampieri
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Luis Gustavo Orozco-Alatorre
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Salvador Quevedo y Zubieta 750, Col. La Perla, 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Silvia I Mora
- Unidad de Procedimientos Preparativos y de acceso a servicios de Proteómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Distrito Federal, México.
| | - Hilda Montero
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n., Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
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Lu QB, Wo Y, Wang LY, Wang HY, Huang DD, Zhang XA, Liu W, Cao WC. Molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus in children with acute respiratory diseases in Chongqing, China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6686. [PMID: 25328042 PMCID: PMC4202208 DOI: 10.1038/srep06686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus-C (HRV-C) has been increasingly detected in patients with acute respiratory diseases (ARDs). Prolonged surveillance was performed on children with ARD to investigate the molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HRV in Chongqing, China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from hospitalized children with ARD during 2009–2012. HRV-C was genotyped by sequencing the VP4/VP2 coding region. Among the 1,567 NPAs obtained, 223 (14.2%) were HRV positive, and 75.3% of these 223 NPAs were co-infected with other viruses. HRV-A (54.7%) and HRV-C (39.9%) accounted for the majority of HRV infections. Logistic regression models demonstrated significant associations between HRV-A, HRV-C, and asthma attacks, as well as between HRV-C and wheezing. A phylogenetic tree showed that HRV-C2 was the predominant type of HRV-C, followed by HRV-C43, HRV-C1, and HRV-C17. Three novel genotypes were proposed on the basis of a low identity with the known HRVs. Our results showed that HRV-A and HRV-C were the predominant types of HRV infection, and HRV-C showed a high genetic variation in Chongqing, China. HRV infection was associated with asthma attacks and wheezing; furthermore, HRV infections played a minor role in causing severe pneumonia. This knowledge provides information for the prevention and control of HRV associated with ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing100191, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei. 230032, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei. 230032, P. R. China
| | - Dou-Dou Huang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China [2] Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei. 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing. 100071, P. R. China
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Dupouey J, Ninove L, Ferrier V, Py O, Gazin C, Thirion-Perrier L, de Lamballerie X. Molecular detection of human rhinoviruses in respiratory samples: a comparison of Taqman probe-, SYBR green I- and BOXTO-based real-time PCR assays. Virol J 2014; 11:31. [PMID: 24548758 PMCID: PMC3936951 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Rhinoviruses (HRV) are major causative agents of acute respiratory tract infections in all age group and important contributing factors of childhood morbidity and mortality. Clinical presentation is poorly specific and the great antigenic and genetic variability of HRVs renders the biological diagnosis complex. Here, we have evaluated several molecular diagnostic protocols, including Taqman probe-based and intercalating agent-based RT-PCR assays. METHODS 5,627 respiratory samples sent to the laboratory of Virology of the University Hospitals of Marseille, France, from March 2011 to February 2012, were tested using a real-time RT-PCR assay in the 5'NCR of the rhinoviral genome that associated a Taqman probe and the detection of DNA-BOXTO-dye complexes. A sample of 500 BOXTO-positive samples were further tested using the same probe assay (without BOXTO), and a SYBR Green assay (using the same amplification primers). The specific amplification of HRV sequences was assessed by NGS amplicon sequencing. RESULTS The Taqman probe RT-PCR assay identified 696/5,627 samples (12,4%) as HRV-positive. BOXTO-positive samples included all probe-positive samples and 1,913 additional samples, of which only 24.3% were confirmed by sequencing. The SYBR Green assay was more specific (16/550 samples were probe-negative/SYBR Green-positive, all confirmed by 5'NCR sequencing), but 3/500 samples were probe-positive/SYBR Green-negative. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the difficulty in detecting HRVs in clinical samples using a single molecular detection system. Amongst the 3 systems tested, the best compromise was obtained with the SYBR Green assay, which, by comparison with our probe-based assay provided an improved sensitivity without altering the detection specificity. Interestingly, a majority of probe-negative/BOXTO- or SYBR Green-positive samples were not associated with mutations in the sequence targeted by the probe. Sequence-based modifications of the secondary structure of the HRV 5'NCR may be associated with a limited access to the probe hybridisation region. Further investigations may identify a test combining a probe based- and an intercalating agent-based detection, which will significantly improve the diagnosis of HRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dupouey
- IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Marseille 13005, France.
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7
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Rhinoviruses. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Lauinger IL, Bible JM, Halligan EP, Bangalore H, Tosas O, Aarons EJ, MacMahon E, Tong CYW. Patient characteristics and severity of human rhinovirus infections in children. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:216-20. [PMID: 23886500 PMCID: PMC7108361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is increasingly recognized that human rhinoviruses (HRV) can be associated with severe infections. However, conflicting results have been reported on the relative prevalence and severity of the three HRV species. OBJECTIVES The relative prevalence and clinical characteristics of HRV-A, B and C, in children attending a South London teaching hospital were investigated retrospectively. STUDY DESIGN Children aged<16 years with episodes of respiratory tract infections and detectable entero/rhinovirus RNA in respiratory samples between November 2009 and December 2010 were investigated. Retrospective case review was performed and patients' characteristics recorded. RESULTS Entero/rhinoviruses were the commonest viral pathogens (498/2316; 21.5%). Amongst 204 infection episodes associated with entero/rhinovirus, 167 were typed HRV, HRV-C was the most prevalent (99/167, 59.3%) followed by HRV-A (60/167; 35.9%) and HRV-B (8/167, 4.8%). The severity spectrum of HRV-A and HRV-C infections were similar and affected all parts of the respiratory tract. Co-pathogens were observed in 54 (26.5%) episodes. Severity was increased in patients with non-viral co-pathogens and those with an underlying respiratory condition. Univariate and multiple regression analyses of potential prognostic variables including age, co-pathogens and underlying respiratory illnesses showed that mono-infection with HRV-C, as compared with other HRV species, was associated with more severe disease in young children<3 years. CONCLUSIONS HRV-C was the most prevalent species and on its own was associated with severe disease in children<3 years. The association between infection with HRV species and clinical presentation is complex and affected by many confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina L Lauinger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
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9
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Identification of Recombinant Human Rhinovirus A and C in Circulating Strains from Upper and Lower Respiratory Infections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68081. [PMID: 23826363 PMCID: PMC3695095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), in the Enterovirus genus within the family Picornaviridae, are a highly prevalent cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI). Enteroviruses are genetically highly variable, and recombination between serotypes is known to be a major contribution to their diversity. Recently it was reported that recombination events in HRVs cause the diversity of HRV-C. This study analyzed parts of the viral genes spanning the 5′ non- coding region (NCR) through to the viral protein (VP) encoding sequences of 105 HRV field isolates from 51 outpatient cases of Acute Respiratory Infectious Network (ARINET) and 54 inpatient cases of severe lower respiratory infection (SLRI) surveillance, in order to identify recombination in field samples. When analyzing parts of the 5′NCR and VP4/VP2 encoding sequences, we found intra- and interspecies recombinants in field strains of HRV-A and -C. Nineteen cases of recombination events (18.1%) were found among 105 field strains. For HRV-A, there were five cases (4.8%) of intraspecies recombination events and three cases (2.8%) of interspecies recombination events. For HRV-C, there were four cases (3.8%) of intraspecies recombination events and seven cases (6.7%) of interspecies recombination events. Recombination events were significantly more frequently observed in the ARINET samples (18 cases) than in the SLRI samples (1 case; P< 0.0001). The recombination breakpoints were located in nucleotides (nt) 472–554, which comprise stem-loop 5 in the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), based on the HRV-B 35 sequence (accession no. FJ445187). Our findings regarding genomic recombination in circulating HRV-A and -C strains suggest that recombination might play a role in HRV fitness and could be a possible determinant of disease severity caused by various HRV infections in patients with ARI.
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10
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Miller EK, Mackay IM. From sneeze to wheeze: what we know about rhinovirus Cs. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:291-9. [PMID: 23714395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the discovery of HRV-Cs is recent, there are no indications that they are new viruses, or that they are emerging in real-time. Genetically, HRV-Cs are most closely related to the members of HRV-A and HRV-B but even a small genetic difference can impart encompass significant changes to their clinical impact, complicated by a diverse human background of prior virus exposure and underlying host immune and disease variability. It is well known that HRVs are a major trigger of asthma exacerbations and HRV-Cs are now under investigation for their potential involvement in asthma inception. The newly described HRV-Cs account for a large proportion of HRV-related illness, including common colds and wheezing exacerbations. HRV-Cs are genetically diverse and appear to circulate with seasonal variation, exchanging dominance with HRV-A. Whether HRV-Cs are consistently more pathogenic or "asthmagenic" is unproven. Antigenic diversity complicates passive and active prophylactic interventions (i.e. antibodies or vaccines), so further identification and characterisation of individual types (and their neutralising antigens) is likely to inform future preventive strategies. In the meantime, new antivirals should benefit groups at risk of the most severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kathryn Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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