1
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Metz C, Haug V, Müller M, Amann R. Pharmacokinetic and Environmental Risk Assessment of Prime-2-CoV, a Non-Replicating Orf Virus-Based Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:492. [PMID: 38793743 PMCID: PMC11126055 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral vector vaccines represent a substantial advancement in immunization technology, offering numerous benefits over traditional vaccine modalities. The Orf virus (ORFV) strain D1701-VrV is a particularly promising candidate for vaccine development due to its distinctive attributes, such as a good safety profile, the ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immunity, and its favorable genetic and thermal stability. Despite ORFV's theoretical safety advantages, such as its narrow host range and limited systemic spread post-inoculation, a critical gap persists between these theoretical benefits and the empirical evidence regarding its in vivo safety profile. This discrepancy underscores the need for comprehensive preclinical validations to bridge this knowledge gap, especially considering ORFV's use in humans. Our research introduces Prime-2-CoV, an innovative ORFV-based vaccine candidate against COVID-19, designed to elicit a robust immune response by expressing SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins. Currently under clinical trials, Prime-2-CoV marks the inaugural application of ORFV in human subjects. Addressing the aforementioned safety concerns, our extensive preclinical evaluation, including an environmental risk assessment (ERA) and detailed pharmacokinetic studies in rats and immunocompromised NOG mice, demonstrates Prime-2-CoV's favorable pharmacokinetic profile, negligible environmental impact, and minimal ERA risks. These findings not only affirm the vaccine's safety and efficacy but also pioneer the use of ORFV-based therapeutics, highlighting its potential for wider therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Metz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Travel Medicine, and Human Parasitology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Verena Haug
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Travel Medicine, and Human Parasitology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Ralf Amann
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.M.); (V.H.); (M.M.)
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2
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McGillivary RM, Luxton GWG. Poxvirus A51R: A microtubule maestro and virulence virtuoso. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114050. [PMID: 38564336 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Seo et al.1 shed light on virus-host interactions as they reveal how poxvirus A51R stabilizes microtubules in infected cells, which impacts vaccinia virus virulence in mice by potentially inhibiting reactive-oxygen-species-dependent antiviral responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M McGillivary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - G W Gant Luxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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3
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Monzón S, Varona S, Negredo A, Vidal-Freire S, Patiño-Galindo JA, Ferressini-Gerpe N, Zaballos A, Orviz E, Ayerdi O, Muñoz-Gómez A, Delgado-Iribarren A, Estrada V, García C, Molero F, Sánchez-Mora P, Torres M, Vázquez A, Galán JC, Torres I, Causse Del Río M, Merino-Diaz L, López M, Galar A, Cardeñoso L, Gutiérrez A, Loras C, Escribano I, Alvarez-Argüelles ME, Del Río L, Simón M, Meléndez MA, Camacho J, Herrero L, Jiménez P, Navarro-Rico ML, Jado I, Giannetti E, Kuhn JH, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Di Paola N, Kugelman JR, Guerra S, García-Sastre A, Cuesta I, Sánchez-Seco MP, Palacios G. Monkeypox virus genomic accordion strategies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3059. [PMID: 38637500 PMCID: PMC11026394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2023 monkeypox (mpox) epidemic was caused by a subclade IIb descendant of a monkeypox virus (MPXV) lineage traced back to Nigeria in 1971. Person-to-person transmission appears higher than for clade I or subclade IIa MPXV, possibly caused by genomic changes in subclade IIb MPXV. Key genomic changes could occur in the genome's low-complexity regions (LCRs), which are challenging to sequence and are often dismissed as uninformative. Here, using a combination of highly sensitive techniques, we determine a high-quality MPXV genome sequence of a representative of the current epidemic with LCRs resolved at unprecedented accuracy. This reveals significant variation in short tandem repeats within LCRs. We demonstrate that LCR entropy in the MPXV genome is significantly higher than that of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and that LCRs are not randomly distributed. In silico analyses indicate that expression, translation, stability, or function of MPXV orthologous poxvirus genes (OPGs), including OPG153, OPG204, and OPG208, could be affected in a manner consistent with the established "genomic accordion" evolutionary strategies of orthopoxviruses. We posit that genomic studies focusing on phenotypic MPXV differences should consider LCR variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monzón
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai Varona
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 2832, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Negredo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Vidal-Freire
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Angel Zaballos
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Orviz
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oskar Ayerdi
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz-Gómez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Estrada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Molero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Mora
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Galán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Torres
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Causse Del Río
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Merino-Diaz
- Unidad Clínico de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcos López
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Galar
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Cardeñoso
- Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Loras
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General y Universitario, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Isabel Escribano
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | | | | | - María Simón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Central de la Defensa "Gómez Ulla", 28947, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Angeles Meléndez
- Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Camacho
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Navarro-Rico
- Unidad de Genómica, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elaina Giannetti
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kugelman
- United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Departmento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Publica y Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Unidades Centrales Científico Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maripaz P Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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4
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Seo D, Brito Oliveira S, Rex EA, Ye X, Rice LM, da Fonseca FG, Gammon DB. Poxvirus A51R proteins regulate microtubule stability and antagonize a cell-intrinsic antiviral response. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113882. [PMID: 38457341 PMCID: PMC11023057 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses alter host microtubule (MT) networks during infection, but how and why they induce these changes is unclear in many cases. We show that the vaccinia virus (VV)-encoded A51R protein is a MT-associated protein (MAP) that directly binds MTs and stabilizes them by both promoting their growth and preventing their depolymerization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that A51R-MT interactions are conserved across A51R proteins from multiple poxvirus genera, and highly conserved, positively charged residues in A51R proteins mediate these interactions. Strikingly, we find that viruses encoding MT interaction-deficient A51R proteins fail to suppress a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent antiviral response in macrophages that leads to a block in virion morphogenesis. Moreover, A51R-MT interactions are required for VV virulence in mice. Collectively, our data show that poxviral MAP-MT interactions overcome a cell-intrinsic antiviral ROS response in macrophages that would otherwise block virus morphogenesis and replication in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Seo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabrynna Brito Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Emily A Rex
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuecheng Ye
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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5
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Datler J, Hansen JM, Thader A, Schlögl A, Bauer LW, Hodirnau VV, Schur FKM. Multi-modal cryo-EM reveals trimers of protein A10 to form the palisade layer in poxvirus cores. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-023-01201-6. [PMID: 38316877 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses are among the largest double-stranded DNA viruses, with members such as variola virus, monkeypox virus and the vaccination strain vaccinia virus (VACV). Knowledge about the structural proteins that form the viral core has remained sparse. While major core proteins have been annotated via indirect experimental evidence, their structures have remained elusive and they could not be assigned to individual core features. Hence, which proteins constitute which layers of the core, such as the palisade layer and the inner core wall, has remained enigmatic. Here we show, using a multi-modal cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) approach in combination with AlphaFold molecular modeling, that trimers formed by the cleavage product of VACV protein A10 are the key component of the palisade layer. This allows us to place previously obtained descriptions of protein interactions within the core wall into perspective and to provide a detailed model of poxvirus core architecture. Importantly, we show that interactions within A10 trimers are likely generalizable over members of orthopox- and parapoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Datler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jesse M Hansen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Thader
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alois Schlögl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lukas W Bauer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Florian K M Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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6
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Aggarwal T, Kondabagil K. Assembly and Evolution of Poxviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:35-54. [PMID: 38801570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxvirus assembly has been an intriguing area of research for several decades. While advancements in experimental techniques continue to yield fresh insights, many questions are still unresolved. Large genome sizes of up to 380 kbp, asymmetrical structure, an exterior lipid bilayer, and a cytoplasmic life cycle are some notable characteristics of these viruses. Inside the particle are two lateral bodies and a protein wall-bound-biconcave core containing the viral nucleocapsid. The assembly progresses through five major stages-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane alteration and rupture, crescent formation, immature virion formation, genome encapsidation, virion maturation and in a subset of viruses, additional envelopment of the virion prior to its dissemination. Several large dsDNA viruses have been shown to follow a comparable sequence of events. In this chapter, we recapitulate our understanding of the poxvirus morphogenesis process while reviewing the most recent advances in the field. We also briefly discuss how virion assembly aids in our knowledge of the evolutionary links between poxviruses and other Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
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7
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Lu J, Xing H, Wang C, Tang M, Wu C, Ye F, Yin L, Yang Y, Tan W, Shen L. Mpox (formerly monkeypox): pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:458. [PMID: 38148355 PMCID: PMC10751291 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2022, a global outbreak of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) occurred in various countries across Europe and America and rapidly spread to more than 100 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern due to the rapid spread of the Mpox virus. Consequently, nations intensified their efforts to explore treatment strategies aimed at combating the infection and its dissemination. Nevertheless, the available therapeutic options for Mpox virus infection remain limited. So far, only a few numbers of antiviral compounds have been approved by regulatory authorities. Given the high mutability of the Mpox virus, certain mutant strains have shown resistance to existing pharmaceutical interventions. This highlights the urgent need to develop novel antiviral drugs that can combat both drug resistance and the potential threat of bioterrorism. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive literature on the pathophysiology and treatment of Mpox. To address this issue, we conducted a review covering the physiological and pathological processes of Mpox infection, summarizing the latest progress of anti-Mpox drugs. Our analysis encompasses approved drugs currently employed in clinical settings, as well as newly identified small-molecule compounds and antibody drugs displaying potential antiviral efficacy against Mpox. Furthermore, we have gained valuable insights from the process of Mpox drug development, including strategies for repurposing drugs, the discovery of drug targets driven by artificial intelligence, and preclinical drug development. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Lu
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Mengjun Tang
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei Province, Xiangyang, 441021, China.
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8
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Sahoo AK, Augusthian PD, Muralitharan I, Vivek-Ananth RP, Kumar K, Kumar G, Ranganathan G, Samal A. In silico identification of potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins from FDA approved drugs. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2169-2184. [PMID: 36331784 PMCID: PMC9638297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox outbreak 'A public health emergency of international concern'. The monkeypox virus belongs to the same Orthopoxvirus genus as smallpox. Although smallpox drugs are recommended for use against monkeypox, monkeypox-specific drugs are not yet available. Drug repurposing is a viable and efficient approach in the face of such an outbreak. Therefore, we present a computational drug repurposing study to identify the existing approved drugs which can be potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins, thymidylate kinase and D9 decapping enzyme. The target protein structures of the monkeypox virus were modelled using the corresponding protein structures in the vaccinia virus. We identified four potential inhibitors namely, Tipranavir, Cefiderocol, Doxorubicin, and Dolutegravir as candidates for repurposing against monkeypox virus from a library of US FDA approved antiviral and antibiotic drugs using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The main goal of this in silico study is to identify potential inhibitors against monkeypox virus proteins that can be further experimentally validated for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against monkeypox disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | | | | | - R P Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishan Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | | | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
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9
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Wang Y. Rendezvous with Vaccinia Virus in the Post-smallpox Era: R&D Advances. Viruses 2023; 15:1742. [PMID: 37632084 PMCID: PMC10457812 DOI: 10.3390/v15081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated in less than 200 years after Edward Jenner's practice of cowpox variolation in 1796. The forty-three years of us living free of smallpox, beginning in 1979, never truly separated us from poxviruses. The recent outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 might well warn us of the necessity of keeping up both the scientific research and public awareness of poxviruses. One of them in particular, the vaccinia virus (VACV), has been extensively studied as a vector given its broad host range, extraordinary thermal stability, and exceptional immunogenicity. Unceasing fundamental biological research on VACV provides us with a better understanding of its genetic elements, involvement in cellular signaling pathways, and modulation of host immune responses. This enables the rational design of safer and more efficacious next-generation vectors. To address the new technological advancement within the past decade in VACV research, this review covers the studies of viral immunomodulatory genes, modifications in commonly used vectors, novel mechanisms for rapid generation and purification of recombinant virus, and several other innovative approaches to studying its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Khan A, Shahab M, Nasir F, Waheed Y, Alshammari A, Mohammad A, Zichen G, Li R, Wei DQ. Exploring the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) database chemical space to target I7L protease from monkeypox virus using molecular screening and simulation approaches. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:689-708. [PMID: 37675795 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2250723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we used molecular screening and simulation approaches to target I7L protease from monkeypox virus (mpox) from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) database. Using molecular screening, only four hits TCM27763, TCM33057, TCM34450 and TCM31564 demonstrated better pharmacological potential than TTP6171 (control). Binding of these molecules targeted Trp168, Asn171, Arg196, Cys237, Ser240, Trp242, Glu325, Ser326, and Cys328 residues and may affect the function of I7L protease in in vitro assay. Moreover, molecular simulation revealed stable dynamics, tighter structural packing and less flexible behaviour for all the complexes. We further reported that the average hydrogen bonds in TCM27763, TCM33057, TCM34450 and TCM31564I7L complexes remained higher than the control drug. Finally, the BF energy results revealed -62.60 ± 0.65 for the controlI7L complex, for the TCM27763I7L complex -71.92 ± 0.70 kcal/mol, for the TCM33057I7L complex the BF energy was -70.94 ± 0.70 kcal/mol, for the TCM34450I7L the BF energy was -69.94 ± 0.85 kcal/mol while for the TCM31564I7L complex the BF energy was calculated to be -69.16 ± 0.80 kcal/mol. Although, we used stateoftheart computational methods, these are theoretical insights that need further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Nayang, P.R. China
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - M Shahab
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resources Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - F Nasir
- Amna Inayat Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Y Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - A Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - G Zichen
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - R Li
- Department of Flowers, college of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - D Q Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Nayang, P.R. China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City, Shenzhen, P.R China
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11
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Dodaro A, Pavan M, Moro S. Targeting the I7L Protease: A Rational Design for Anti-Monkeypox Drugs? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087119. [PMID: 37108279 PMCID: PMC10138331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest monkeypox virus outbreak in 2022 showcased the potential threat of this viral zoonosis to public health. The lack of specific treatments against this infection and the success of viral protease inhibitors-based treatments against HIV, Hepatitis C, and SARS-CoV-2, brought the monkeypox virus I7L protease under the spotlight as a potential target for the development of specific and compelling drugs against this emerging disease. In the present work, the structure of the monkeypox virus I7L protease was modeled and thoroughly characterized through a dedicated computational study. Furthermore, structural information gathered in the first part of the study was exploited to virtually screen the DrugBank database, consisting of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and clinical-stage drug candidates, in search for readily repurposable compounds with similar binding features as TTP-6171, the only non-covalent I7L protease inhibitor reported in the literature. The virtual screening resulted in the identification of 14 potential inhibitors of the monkeypox I7L protease. Finally, based on data collected within the present work, some considerations on developing allosteric modulators of the I7L protease are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dodaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pavan
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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12
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Mpox and pregnancy: A neglected disease and its impact on perinatal health. Rev Clin Esp 2023; 223:32-39. [PMID: 36341988 PMCID: PMC9620439 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy have been one of the leading causes associated with significant perinatal problems, such as congenital defects, fetal neurological syndromes, stillbirths, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The mpox virus infection, caused by an Orthopoxvirus related to the human smallpox virus, was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in July 2022 due to the large number of cases emerging outside the usual endemic area in Africa. There is little information on the impact of mpox virus infection during pregnancy, although the limited evidence available shows a high rate of fetal harm. This review addresses the problem of mpox virus infection in pregnant women and provides indications for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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13
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Velázquez-Cervantes MA, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, León-Juárez M. [Mpox and pregnancy: A neglected disease and its impact on perinatal health]. Rev Clin Esp 2023; 223:32-39. [PMID: 36277866 PMCID: PMC9576805 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy have been one of the leading causes associated with significant perinatal problems, such as congenital defects, fetal neurological syndromes, stillbirths, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The mpox virus infection, caused by an Orthopoxvirus related to the human smallpox virus, was declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in July 2022 due to the large number of cases emerging outside the usual endemic area in Africa. There is little information on the impact of mpox virus infection during pregnancy, although the limited evidence available shows a high rate of fetal harm. This review addresses the problem of mpox virus infection in pregnant women and provides indications for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Velázquez-Cervantes
- Departamento de Inmuno-bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J M Ulloa-Aguilar
- Departamento de Inmuno-bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmuno-bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México, México
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14
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Eldi P, Cooper TH, Prow NA, Liu L, Heinemann GK, Zhang VJ, Trinidad AD, Guzman‐Genuino RM, Wulff P, Hobbs LM, Diener KR, Hayball JD. The vaccinia‐based Sementis Copenhagen Vector coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine induces broad and durable cellular and humoral immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:250-266. [PMID: 35188985 PMCID: PMC9111635 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic perpetuated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants has highlighted the continued need for broadly protective vaccines that elicit robust and durable protection. Here, the vaccinia virus‐based, replication‐defective Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV) was used to develop a first‐generation COVID‐19 vaccine encoding the spike glycoprotein (SCV‐S). Vaccination of mice rapidly induced polyfunctional CD8 T cells with cytotoxic activity and robust type 1 T helper‐biased, spike‐specific antibodies, which are significantly increased following a second vaccination, and contained neutralizing activity against the alpha and beta variants of concern. Longitudinal studies indicated that neutralizing antibody activity was maintained up to 9 months after vaccination in both young and middle‐aged mice, with durable immune memory evident even in the presence of pre‐existing vector immunity. Therefore, SCV‐S vaccination has a positive immunogenicity profile, with potential to expand protection generated by current vaccines in a heterologous boost format and presents a solid basis for second‐generation SCV‐based COVID‐19 vaccine candidates incorporating additional SARS‐CoV‐2 immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Gary K Heinemann
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Voueleng J Zhang
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Abigail D Trinidad
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
| | | | | | - Leanne M Hobbs
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
- Sementis Limited Hackney SA Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Clinical and Health Science Unit University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia
- Sementis Limited Hackney SA Australia
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15
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Hyun J, Matsunami H, Kim TG, Wolf M. Assembly mechanism of the pleomorphic immature poxvirus scaffold. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1704. [PMID: 35361762 PMCID: PMC8971458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, scaffold protein D13 forms a honeycomb-like lattice on the viral membrane that results in formation of the pleomorphic immature virion (IV). The structure of D13 is similar to those of major capsid proteins that readily form icosahedral capsids in nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). However, the detailed assembly mechanism of the nonicosahedral poxvirus scaffold has never been understood. Here we show the cryo-EM structures of the D13 trimer and scaffold intermediates produced in vitro. The structures reveal that the displacement of the short N-terminal α-helix is critical for initiation of D13 self-assembly. The continuous curvature of the IV is mediated by electrostatic interactions that induce torsion between trimers. The assembly mechanism explains the semiordered capsid-like arrangement of D13 that is distinct from icosahedral NCLDVs. Our structures explain how a single protein can self-assemble into different capsid morphologies and represent a local exception to the universal Caspar-Klug theory of quasi-equivalence. Immature poxviruses are characterized by nonicosahedral semiordered protein scaffolds critical for morphogenesis. Here, the authors use cryo-EM structures of Vaccinia virus D13 scaffold intermediates to explain their assembly mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekyung Hyun
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, 904-0495, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan. .,Department of Convergence Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 50612, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnamdo, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hideyuki Matsunami
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, 904-0495, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tae Gyun Kim
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, 904-0495, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan.,Center for Vaccine Commercialization, R&D Planning Team, Gyeongbuk Institute for Bio Industry, 36618, Andong-si, Gyeongsanbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Matthias Wolf
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, 904-0495, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan. .,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Sec. 2, 115, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Rodrigues RA, de Souza FG, de Azevedo BL, da Silva LC, Abrahão JS. The morphogenesis of different giant viruses as additional evidence for a common origin of Nucleocytoviricota. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:102-110. [PMID: 34116391 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large and giant DNA viruses are a monophyletic group constituting the recently established phylum Nucleocytoviricota. The virus particle morphogenesis of these viruses exhibit striking similarities. Viral factories are established in the host cells where new virions are assembled by recruiting host membranes, forming an inner lipid layer. An outer protein layer starts as a lamellar structure, commonly referred to as viral crescents, coded by the major capsid protein gene. Also, these viruses have a conserved ATPase-coding gene related to genome encapsidation. Similar properties are described for tectiviruses, putative small ancestors of giant viruses. Here we review the morphogenesis of giant viruses and discuss how the process similarities constitute additional evidence to the common origin of Nucleocytoviricota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Al Rodrigues
- Departament of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G de Souza
- Departament of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruna L de Azevedo
- Departament of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lorena Cf da Silva
- Departament of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jônatas S Abrahão
- Departament of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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17
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses exit producer cells and acquire their external lipid envelopes by budding through limiting cellular membranes. Most viruses encode multifunctional structural proteins that coordinate the processes of virion assembly, membrane envelopment, budding, and maturation. In many cases, the cellular ESCRT pathway is recruited to facilitate the membrane fission step of budding, but alternative strategies are also employed. Recently, many viruses previously considered to be non-enveloped have been shown to exit cells non-lytically within vesicles, adding further complexity to the intricacies of virus budding and egress.
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18
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Struzik J, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. NF-κB as an Important Factor in Optimizing Poxvirus-Based Vaccines against Viral Infections. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121001. [PMID: 33260450 PMCID: PMC7760304 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large dsDNA viruses that are regarded as good candidates for vaccine vectors. Because the members of the Poxviridae family encode numerous immunomodulatory proteins in their genomes, it is necessary to carry out certain modifications in poxviral candidates for vaccine vectors to improve the vaccine. Currently, several poxvirus-based vaccines targeted at viral infections are under development. One of the important aspects of the influence of poxviruses on the immune system is that they encode a large array of inhibitors of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is the key element of both innate and adaptive immunity. Importantly, the NF-κB transcription factor induces the mechanisms associated with adaptive immunological memory involving the activation of effector and memory T cells upon vaccination. Since poxviruses encode various NF-κB inhibitor proteins, before the use of poxviral vaccine vectors, modifications that influence NF-κB activation and consequently affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine should be carried out. This review focuses on NF-κB as an essential factor in the optimization of poxviral vaccines against viral infections.
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19
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Wang Y, Li Z, Shmidov Y, Carrazzone RJ, Bitton R, Matson JB. Crescent-Shaped Supramolecular Tetrapeptide Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20058-20065. [PMID: 33186019 PMCID: PMC7702297 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic peptide-based building blocks gives rise to a plethora of interesting nanostructures such as ribbons, fibers, and tubes. However, it remains a great challenge to employ peptide self-assembly to directly produce nanostructures with lower symmetry than these highly symmetric motifs. We report here our discovery that persistent and regular crescent nanostructures with a diameter of 28 ± 3 nm formed from a series of tetrapeptides with the general structure AdKSKSEX (Ad = adamantyl group, KS = lysine residue functionalized with an S-aroylthiooxime (SATO) group, E = glutamic acid residue, and X = variable amino acid residue). In the presence of cysteine, the biological signaling gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was released from the SATO units of the crescent nanostructures, termed peptide-H2S donor conjugates (PHDCs), reducing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophage cells. Additional in vitro studies showed that the crescent nanostructures alleviated cytotoxicity induced by phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate more effectively than common H2S donors and a PHDC of a similar chemical structure, AdKSKSE, that formed short nanoworms instead of nanocrescents. Cell internalization studies indicated that nanocrescent-forming PHDCs were more effective in reducing ROS levels in macrophages because they entered into and remained in cells better than nanoworms, highlighting how nanostructure morphology can affect bioactivity in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Yulia Shmidov
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ryan J. Carrazzone
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Ronit Bitton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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20
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Xian Y, Avila R, Pant A, Yang Z, Xiao C. The Role of Tape Measure Protein in Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Virus Capsid Assembly. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:41-48. [PMID: 33074779 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) are a group of large viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from animals to protists. These viruses are grouped together in NCLDV based on genomic sequence analyses. They share a set of essential genes for virion morphogenesis and replication. Most NCLDVs generally have large physical sizes while their morphologies vary in different families, such as icosahedral, brick, or oval shape, raising the question of the possible regulatory factor on their morphogenesis. The capsids of icosahedral NCLDVs are assembled from small building blocks, named capsomers, which are the trimeric form of the major capsid proteins. Note that the capsids of immature poxvirus are spherical even though they are assembled from capsomers that share high structural conservation with those icosahedral NCLDVs. The recently published high resolution structure of NCLDVs, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 and African swine fever virus, described the intensive network of minor capsid proteins that are located underneath the capsomers. Among these minor proteins is the elongated tape measure protein (TmP) that spans from one icosahedral fivefold vertex to another. In this study, we focused on the critical roles that TmP plays in the assembly of icosahedral NCLDV capsids, answering a question raised in a previously proposed spiral mechanism. Interestingly, basic local alignment search on the TmPs showed no significant hits in poxviruses, which might be the factor that differentiates poxviruses and icosahedral NCLDVs in their morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Xian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Ricardo Avila
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Anil Pant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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21
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Xian Y, Xiao C. Current capsid assembly models of icosahedral nucleocytoviricota viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:275-313. [PMID: 33837719 PMCID: PMC8328511 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocytoviricota viruses (NCVs) belong to a newly established phylum originally grouped as Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. NCVs are unique because of their large and complicated genomes that contain cellular genes with homologs from all kingdoms of life, raising intensive debates on their evolutional origins. Many NCVs pack their genomes inside massive icosahedral capsids assembled from thousands of proteins. Studying the assembly mechanism of such capsids has been challenging until breakthroughs from structural studies. Subsequently, several models of the capsid assembly were proposed, which provided some interesting insights on this elaborate process. In this review, we discuss three of the most recent assembly models as well as supporting experimental observations. Furthermore, we propose a new model that combines research developments from multiple sources. Investigation of the assembly process of these vast NCV capsids will facilitate future deciphering of the molecular mechanisms driving the formation of similar supramolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Xian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States.
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22
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Wolff G, Melia CE, Snijder EJ, Bárcena M. Double-Membrane Vesicles as Platforms for Viral Replication. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:1022-1033. [PMID: 32536523 PMCID: PMC7289118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, exploit cellular pathways and resources in a variety of fascinating ways. A striking example of this is the remodelling of intracellular membranes into specialized structures that support the replication of positive-sense ssRNA (+RNA) viruses infecting eukaryotes. These distinct forms of virus-induced structures include double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), found during viral infections as diverse and notorious as those of coronaviruses, enteroviruses, noroviruses, or hepatitis C virus. Our understanding of these DMVs has evolved over the past 15 years thanks to advances in imaging techniques and modern molecular biology tools. In this article, we review contemporary understanding of the biogenesis, structure, and function of virus-induced DMVs as well as the open questions posed by these intriguing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wolff
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Melia
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Section Electron Microscopy, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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23
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Gowripalan A, Abbott CR, McKenzie C, Chan WS, Karupiah G, Levy L, Newsome TP. Cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus is promoted by TGF-β-independent Smad4 signalling. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13206. [PMID: 32237038 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of Smad signalling by the extracellular ligand TGF-β promotes tissue plasticity and cell migration in developmental and pathological contexts. Here, we show that vaccinia virus (VACV) stimulates the activity of Smad transcription factors and expression of TGF-β/Smad-responsive genes at the transcript and protein levels. Accordingly, infected cells share characteristics to those undergoing TGF-β/Smad-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Depletion of the Smad4 protein, a common mediator of TGF-β signalling, results in an attenuation of viral cell-to-cell spread and reduced motility of infected cells. VACV induction of TGF-β/Smad-responsive gene expression does not require the TGF-β ligand or type I and type II TGF-β receptors, suggesting a novel, non-canonical Smad signalling pathway. Additionally, the spread of ectromelia virus, a related orthopoxvirus that does not activate a TGF-β/Smad response, is enhanced by the addition of exogenous TGF-β. Together, our results indicate that VACV orchestrates a TGF-β-like response via a unique activation mechanism to enhance cell migration and promote virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gowripalan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin R Abbott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weng S Chan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunasegaran Karupiah
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laurence Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tao S, Tao R, Busch DH, Widera M, Schaal H, Drexler I. Sequestration of Late Antigens Within Viral Factories Impairs MVA Vector-Induced Protective Memory CTL Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2850. [PMID: 31867011 PMCID: PMC6904312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell (CTL) responses play an essential role in antiviral immunity. Here, we focused on the activation of CTL which recognize epitopes derived from viral or recombinant antigens with either early or late expression kinetics after infection with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA). Late antigens but not early antigens failed to efficiently stimulate murine CTL lines in vitro and were unable to activate and expand protective memory T cell responses in mice in vivo. The reduced or absent presentation of late antigens was not due to impaired antigen presentation or delayed protein synthesis, but was caused by sequestration of late antigens within viral factories (VFs). Additionally, the trapping of late antigens in VFs conflicts with antigen processing and presentation as proteasomal activity was strongly reduced or absent in VFs, suggesting inefficient antigen degradation. This study gives for the first time a mechanistic explanation for the weak immunogenicity of late viral antigens for memory CTL activation. Since MVA is preferentially used as a boost vector in heterologous prime/boost vaccinations, this is an important information for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tao
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Complex Membrane Remodeling during Virion Assembly of the 30,000-Year-Old Mollivirus Sibericum. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00388-19. [PMID: 30996095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00388-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes ensure functional compartmentalization by dynamic fusion-fission remodeling and are often targeted by viruses during entry, replication, assembly, and egress. Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) can recruit host-derived open membrane precursors to form their inner viral membrane. Using complementary three-dimensional (3D)-electron microscopy techniques, including focused-ion beam scanning electron microscopy and electron tomography, we show that the giant Mollivirus sibericum utilizes the same strategy but also displays unique features. Indeed, assembly is specifically triggered by an open cisterna with a flat pole in its center and open curling ends that grow by recruitment of vesicles never reported for NCLDVs. These vesicles, abundant in the viral factory (VF), are initially closed but open once in close proximity to the open curling ends of the growing viral membrane. The flat pole appears to play a central role during the entire virus assembly process. While additional capsid layers are assembled from it, it also shapes the growing cisterna into immature crescent-like virions and is located opposite to the membrane elongation and closure sites, thereby providing virions with a polarity. In the VF, DNA-associated filaments are abundant, and DNA is packed within virions prior to particle closure. Altogether, our results highlight the complexity of the interaction between giant viruses and their host. Mollivirus assembly relies on the general strategy of vesicle recruitment, opening, and shaping by capsid layers similar to all NCLDVs studied until now. However, the specific features of its assembly suggest that the molecular mechanisms for cellular membrane remodeling and persistence are unique.IMPORTANCE Since the first giant virus Mimivirus was identified, other giant representatives are isolated regularly around the world and appear to be unique in several aspects. They belong to at least four viral families, and the ways they interact with their hosts remain poorly understood. We focused on Mollivirus sibericum, the sole representative of "Molliviridae," which was isolated from a 30,000-year-old permafrost sample and exhibits spherical virions of complex composition. In particular, we show that (i) assembly is initiated by a unique structure containing a flat pole positioned at the center of an open cisterna, (ii) core packing involves another cisterna-like element seemingly pushing core proteins into particles being assembled, and (iii) specific filamentous structures contain the viral genome before packaging. Altogether, our findings increase our understanding of how complex giant viruses interact with their host and provide the foundation for future studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of Mollivirus assembly.
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San Martín C. Virus Maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:129-158. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Prow NA, Jimenez Martinez R, Hayball JD, Howley PM, Suhrbier A. Poxvirus-based vector systems and the potential for multi-valent and multi-pathogen vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:925-934. [PMID: 30300041 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1522255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increasing number of vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases, the pressure to generate multi-valent and multi-pathogen vaccines grows. Combining individual established vaccines to generate single-shot formulations represents an established path, with significant ensuing public health and cost benefits. Poxvirus-based vector systems have the capacity for large recombinant payloads and have been widely used as platforms for the development of recombinant vaccines encoding multiple antigens, with considerable clinical trials activity and a number of registered and licensed products. AREAS COVERED Herein we discuss design strategies, production processes, safety issues, regulatory hurdles and clinical trial activities, as well as pertinent new technologies such as systems vaccinology and needle-free delivery. Literature searches used PubMed, Google Scholar and clinical trials registries, with a focus on the recombinant vaccinia-based systems, Modified Vaccinia Ankara and the recently developed Sementis Copenhagen Vector. EXPERT COMMENTARY Vaccinia-based platforms show considerable promise for the development of multi-valent and multi-pathogen vaccines, especially with recent developments in vector technologies and manufacturing processes. New methodologies for defining immune correlates and human challenge models may also facilitate bringing such vaccines to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Prow
- a Inflammation Biology , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia.,b Inflammation Biology , Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Rocio Jimenez Martinez
- a Inflammation Biology , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- c Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences , University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Paul M Howley
- d Inflammation Biology , Sementis Ltd , Berwick , Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- a Inflammation Biology , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia.,b Inflammation Biology , Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , Brisbane , Australia
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Carpentier DCJ, Hollinshead MS, Ewles HA, Lee SA, Smith GL. Tagging of the vaccinia virus protein F13 with mCherry causes aberrant virion morphogenesis. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2543-2555. [PMID: 28933687 PMCID: PMC5725974 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus produces two distinct infectious virions; the single-enveloped intracellular mature virus (IMV), which remains in the cell until cell lysis, and the double-enveloped extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), which mediates virus spread. The latter is derived from a triple-enveloped intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) precursor, which is transported to the cell periphery by the kinesin-1 motor complex. This transport involves the viral protein A36 as well as F12 and E2. A36 is an integral membrane protein associated with the outer virus envelope and is the only known direct link between virion and kinesin-1 complex. Yet in the absence of A36 virion egress still occurs on microtubules, albeit at reduced efficiency. In this paper double-fluorescent labelling of the capsid protein A5 and outer-envelope protein F13 was exploited to visualize IEV transport by live-cell imaging in the absence of either A36 or F12. During the generation of recombinant viruses expressing both A5-GFP and F13-mCherry a plaque size defect was identified that was particularly severe in viruses lacking A36. Electron microscopy showed that this phenotype was caused by abnormal wrapping of IMV to form IEV, and this resulted in reduced virus egress to the cell surface. The aberrant wrapping phenotype suggests that the fluorescent fusion protein interferes with an interaction of F13 with the IMV surface that is required for tight association between IMVs and wrapping membranes. The severity of this defect suggests that these viruses are imperfect tools for characterizing virus egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C J Carpentier
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Michael S Hollinshead
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Helen A Ewles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stacey-Ann Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.,Present address: The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Eldi P, Cooper TH, Liu L, Prow NA, Diener KR, Howley PM, Suhrbier A, Hayball JD. Production of a Chikungunya Vaccine Using a CHO Cell and Attenuated Viral-Based Platform Technology. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2332-2344. [PMID: 28720468 PMCID: PMC5628773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia-based systems have been extensively explored for the development of recombinant vaccines. Herein we describe an innovative vaccinia virus (VACV)-derived vaccine platform technology termed Sementis Copenhagen Vector (SCV), which was rendered multiplication-defective by targeted deletion of the essential viral assembly gene D13L. A SCV cell substrate line was developed for SCV vaccine production by engineering CHO cells to express D13 and the VACV host-range factor CP77, because CHO cells are routinely used for manufacture of biologics. To illustrate the utility of the platform technology, a SCV vaccine against chikungunya virus (SCV-CHIK) was developed and shown to be multiplication-defective in a range of human cell lines and in immunocompromised mice. A single vaccination of mice with SCV-CHIK induced antibody responses specific for chikungunya virus (CHIKV) that were similar to those raised following vaccination with a replication-competent VACV-CHIK and able to neutralize CHIKV. Vaccination also provided protection against CHIKV challenge, preventing both viremia and arthritis. Moreover, SCV retained capacity as an effective mouse smallpox vaccine. In summary, SCV represents a new and safe vaccine platform technology that can be manufactured in modified CHO cells, with pre-clinical evaluation illustrating utility for CHIKV vaccine design and construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Eldi
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tamara H Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul M Howley
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Sementis Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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30
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Carpentier DCJ, Van Loggerenberg A, Dieckmann NMG, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus egress mediated by virus protein A36 is reliant on the F12 protein. J Gen Virol 2017. [PMID: 28631604 PMCID: PMC5656793 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Egress of vaccinia virus from its host cell is mediated by the microtubule-associated motor kinesin-1, and three viral proteins, A36 and the F12/E2 complex, have been implicated in this process. Deletion of F12 expression causes a more severe reduction in egress than deletion of A36 but whether these proteins are involved in the same or different mechanisms of kinesin-1 recruitment is unknown. Here it is shown that a virus lacking both proteins forms a smaller plaque than mutants lacking either gene alone, indicating non-redundant functions. A36 not only links virions directly to kinesin-1 but also nucleates actin polymerization to propel surface virions away from the host cell. To address the relative importance of these functions for virus spread, a panel of recombinant viruses was constructed in which the ability of A36 to bind kinesin-1 or to nucleate actin polymerization was abrogated individually or together, in the presence or absence of F12 expression. Analysis of these viruses revealed that in the presence of the F12 protein, loss of kinesin-1 interaction made a greater contribution to plaque size than did the formation of actin tails. However in the absence of F12, the ability of A36 to promote egress was abrogated. Therefore, the ability of A36 to promote egress by kinesin-1 is reliant on the F12 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C J Carpentier
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Nele M G Dieckmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.,Present address: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Gao WND, Carpentier DCJ, Ewles HA, Lee SA, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus proteins A36 and F12/E2 show strong preferences for different kinesin light chain isoforms. Traffic 2017; 18:505-518. [PMID: 28485852 PMCID: PMC5519951 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) utilizes microtubule‐mediated trafficking at several stages of its life cycle, of which virus egress is the most intensely studied. During egress VACV proteins A36, F12 and E2 are involved in kinesin‐1 interactions; however, the roles of these proteins remain poorly understood. A36 forms a direct link between virions and kinesin‐1, yet in its absence VACV egress still occurs on microtubules. During a co‐immunoprecipitation screen to seek an alternative link between virions and kinesin, A36 was found to bind isoform KLC1 rather than KLC2. The F12/E2 complex associates preferentially with the C‐terminal tail of KLC2, to a region that overlaps the binding site of cellular 14‐3‐3 proteins. F12/E2 displaces 14‐3‐3 from KLC and, unlike 14‐3‐3, does not require phosphorylation of KLC for its binding. The region determining the KLC1 specificity of A36 was mapped to the KLC N‐terminal heptad repeat region that is responsible for its association with kinesin heavy chain. Despite these differing binding properties F12/E2 can co‐operatively enhance A36 association with KLC, particularly when using a KLC1‐KLC2 chimaera that resembles several KLC1 spliceforms and can bind A36 and F12/E2 efficiently. This is the first example of a pathogen encoding multiple proteins that co‐operatively associate with kinesin‐1.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N D Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Helen A Ewles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stacey-Ann Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Bidgood SR, Mercer J. Cloak and Dagger: Alternative Immune Evasion and Modulation Strategies of Poxviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4800-25. [PMID: 26308043 PMCID: PMC4576205 DOI: 10.3390/v7082844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As all viruses rely on cellular factors throughout their replication cycle, to be successful they must evolve strategies to evade and/or manipulate the defence mechanisms employed by the host cell. In addition to their expression of a wide array of host modulatory factors, several recent studies have suggested that poxviruses may have evolved unique mechanisms to shunt or evade host detection. These potential mechanisms include mimicry of apoptotic bodies by mature virions (MVs), the use of viral sub-structures termed lateral bodies for the packaging and delivery of host modulators, and the formation of a second, “cloaked” form of infectious extracellular virus (EVs). Here we discuss these various strategies and how they may facilitate poxvirus immune evasion. Finally we propose a model for the exploitation of the cellular exosome pathway for the formation of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R Bidgood
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jason Mercer
- Medical Research Council-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Curthoys NM, Parent M, Mlodzianoski M, Nelson AJ, Lilieholm J, Butler MB, Valles M, Hess ST. Dances with Membranes: Breakthroughs from Super-resolution Imaging. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:59-123. [PMID: 26015281 PMCID: PMC5584789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological membrane organization mediates numerous cellular functions and has also been connected with an immense number of human diseases. However, until recently, experimental methodologies have been unable to directly visualize the nanoscale details of biological membranes, particularly in intact living cells. Numerous models explaining membrane organization have been proposed, but testing those models has required indirect methods; the desire to directly image proteins and lipids in living cell membranes is a strong motivation for the advancement of technology. The development of super-resolution microscopy has provided powerful tools for quantification of membrane organization at the level of individual proteins and lipids, and many of these tools are compatible with living cells. Previously inaccessible questions are now being addressed, and the field of membrane biology is developing rapidly. This chapter discusses how the development of super-resolution microscopy has led to fundamental advances in the field of biological membrane organization. We summarize the history and some models explaining how proteins are organized in cell membranes, and give an overview of various super-resolution techniques and methods of quantifying super-resolution data. We discuss the application of super-resolution techniques to membrane biology in general, and also with specific reference to the fields of actin and actin-binding proteins, virus infection, mitochondria, immune cell biology, and phosphoinositide signaling. Finally, we present our hopes and expectations for the future of super-resolution microscopy in the field of membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki M. Curthoys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Matthew Parent
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Nelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Jennifer Lilieholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Michael B. Butler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Matthew Valles
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Samuel T. Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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Carpentier DCJ, Gao WND, Ewles H, Morgan GW, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus protein complex F12/E2 interacts with kinesin light chain isoform 2 to engage the kinesin-1 motor complex. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004723. [PMID: 25760349 PMCID: PMC4356562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During vaccinia virus morphogenesis, intracellular mature virus (IMV) particles are wrapped by a double lipid bilayer to form triple enveloped virions called intracellular enveloped virus (IEV). IEV are then transported to the cell surface where the outer IEV membrane fuses with the cell membrane to expose a double enveloped virion outside the cell. The F12, E2 and A36 proteins are involved in transport of IEVs to the cell surface. Deletion of the F12L or E2L genes causes a severe inhibition of IEV transport and a tiny plaque size. Deletion of the A36R gene leads to a smaller reduction in plaque size and less severe inhibition of IEV egress. The A36 protein is present in the outer membrane of IEVs, and over-expressed fragments of this protein interact with kinesin light chain (KLC). However, no interaction of F12 or E2 with the kinesin complex has been reported hitherto. Here the F12/E2 complex is shown to associate with kinesin-1 through an interaction of E2 with the C-terminal tail of KLC isoform 2, which varies considerably between different KLC isoforms. siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLC isoform 1 increased IEV transport to the cell surface and virus plaque size, suggesting interaction with KLC isoform 1 is somehow inhibitory of IEV transport. In contrast, knockdown of KLC isoform 2 did not affect IEV egress or plaque formation, indicating redundancy in virion egress pathways. Lastly, the enhancement of plaque size resulting from loss of KLC isoform 1 was abrogated by removal of KLC isoforms 1 and 2 simultaneously. These observations suggest redundancy in the mechanisms used for IEV egress, with involvement of KLC isoforms 1 and 2, and provide evidence of interaction of F12/E2 complex with the kinesin-1 complex. Viruses often hijack the cellular transport systems to facilitate their movement within and between cells. Vaccinia virus (VACV), the smallpox vaccine, is very adept at this and exploits cellular transport machinery at several stages during its life cycle. For instance, during transport of new virus particles to the cell surface VACV interacts with a protein motor complex called kinesin-1 that moves cargo on microtubules. However, details of the cellular and viral components needed and the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Hitherto, only the VACV protein A36 has been shown to interact with kinesin-1, however viruses lacking A36 still reach the cell surface, albeit at reduced efficiency, indicating other factors are involved. Here we describe an interaction between kinesin-1 and a complex of VACV proteins F12 and E2, which are both needed for virus transport. The F12/E2 complex associates with a subset of kinesin-1 molecules (kinesin light chain isoform 2) with a region thought to be involved in modulation of cargo binding and kinesin-1 motor activity. Further study of this interaction will enhance understanding of the VACV life cycle and of the roles of different kinesin-1 subtypes in cellular processes and the mechanisms that regulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William N. D. Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Ewles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W. Morgan
- Department of Virology, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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35
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Poxvirus membrane biogenesis. Virology 2015; 479-480:619-26. [PMID: 25728299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses differ from most DNA viruses by replicating entirely within the cytoplasm. The first discernible viral structures are crescents and spherical immature virions containing a single lipoprotein membrane bilayer with an external honeycomb lattice. Because this viral membrane displays no obvious continuity with a cellular organelle, a de novo origin was suggested. Nevertheless, transient connections between viral and cellular membranes could be difficult to resolve. Despite the absence of direct evidence, the intermediate compartment (ERGIC) between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus and the ER itself were considered possible sources of crescent membranes. A break-through in understanding poxvirus membrane biogenesis has come from recent studies of the abortive replication of several vaccinia virus null mutants. Novel images showing continuity between viral crescents and the ER and the accumulation of immature virions in the expanded ER lumen provide the first direct evidence for a cellular origin of this poxvirus membrane.
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