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Amratia PS, Kerr-Jones LE, Chapman L, Marsden M, Clement M, Stanton RJ, Humphreys IR. Cytomegalovirus-induced peroxynitrite promotes virus entry and contributes to pathogenesis in a murine model of infection. mBio 2024:e0315223. [PMID: 38953361 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03152-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are no licensed vaccines for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and current antiviral drugs that target viral proteins are toxic and prone to resistance. Targeting host pathways essential for virus replication provides an alternate strategy that may reduce opportunities for drug resistance to occur. Oxidative stress is triggered by numerous viruses including HCMV. Peroxynitrite is a reactive nitrogen species that is formed during oxidative stress. Herein, we identified that HCMV rapidly induces the generation of intracellular peroxynitrite upon infection in a manner partially dependent upon xanthine oxidase generation. Peroxynitrite promoted HCMV infection in both cell-free and cell-associated infection systems in multiple cell types. Inhibiting peroxynitrite within the first 24 hours of infection prevented HCMV replication and peroxynitrite promoted cell entry and pp65 translocation into the host cell nuclei. Furthermore, using the murine cytomegalovirus model, we demonstrated that antagonizing peroxynitrite significantly reduces cytomegalovirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo. Overall, our study highlights a proviral role for peroxynitrite in CMV infection and implies that RNS and/or the mechanisms that induce their production could be targeted as a novel strategy to inhibit HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant disease in individuals with impaired or immature immune systems, such as transplant patients and after congenital infection. Antiviral drugs that target the virus directly are toxic and are susceptible to antiviral drug resistance due to virus mutations. An alternate strategy is to target processes within host cells that are required by the virus for replication. Herein, we show that HCMV infection triggers a highly reactive molecule, peroxynitrite, during the initial stages of infection. Peroxynitrite was required for the initial entry of the virus into the cell and promotes virus replication in multiple cell types, suggesting a broad pro-viral function. Importantly, targeting peroxynitrite dramatically inhibited cytomegalovirus replication in cells in the laboratory and in mice, suggesting that therapeutic targeting of this molecule and/or the cellular functions it regulates could represent a novel strategy to inhibit HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati S Amratia
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren E Kerr-Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Chapman
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Wang Y, Yan M, Zhang P, Wu X, Huang S, Chen S, Rong Y, Sheng Y, Wang Y, Mao G, Chen L, Wang S, Yang B. Structure elucidation and antiviral activity of a cold water-extracted mannogalactofucan Ts1-1A from Trametes sanguinea against human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122101. [PMID: 38616079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we purified a partially acetylated heteropolysaccharide (Ts1-1A) from the fruit bodies of Trametes sanguinea Lloyd through cold water extraction and serial chromatographic separation. The purified polysaccharide Ts1-1A (12.8 kDa) was characterized as a branched mannogalactofucan with a backbone of alternately connected 1,3-linked α-Fucp and 1,6-linked α-Galp, which was partially substituted by non-reducing end units of β-Manp at O-2 and O-3 positions of 1,6-linked α-Galp. Ts1-1A showed pronounced anti-human cytomegalovirus activity at the concentration of 200 and 500 μg/mL in systematical assessments including morphological changes, western blotting, qPCR, indirect immunofluorescence and tissue culture infective dose assays. Moreover, Ts1-1A exerted its antiviral activity at two distinct stages of viral proliferation manifesting as significantly inhibiting viral protein (IE1/2 and p52) expression and reducing viral gene (UL123, UL44 and UL32) replication in the HCMV-infected WI-38 cells. At viral attachment stage, Ts1-1A interacted with HCMV and prevented HCMV from attaching to its host cells. While at early phase of viral replication stage, Ts1-1A suppressed HCMV replication by downregulating NQO1 and HO-1 proteins related to oxidative stress as an antioxidant. To sum up, Ts1-1A is a promising anti-HCMV agent which could be developed for HCMV infection prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Mengxia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Xinna Wu
- Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Siyang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Siru Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Yizhou Rong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Yunjie Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China.
| | - Libing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China.
| | - Sanying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China.
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou 311402, PR China.
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Purandare N, Ghosalkar E, Grossman LI, Aras S. Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Viral Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:2380. [PMID: 38140621 PMCID: PMC10747082 DOI: 10.3390/v15122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been identified as the "powerhouse" of the cell, generating the cellular energy, ATP, for almost seven decades. Research over time has uncovered a multifaceted role of the mitochondrion in processes such as cellular stress signaling, generating precursor molecules, immune response, and apoptosis to name a few. Dysfunctional mitochondria resulting from a departure in homeostasis results in cellular degeneration. Viruses hijack host cell machinery to facilitate their own replication in the absence of a bonafide replication machinery. Replication being an energy intensive process necessitates regulation of the host cell oxidative phosphorylation occurring at the electron transport chain in the mitochondria to generate energy. Mitochondria, therefore, can be an attractive therapeutic target by limiting energy for viral replication. In this review we focus on the physiology of oxidative phosphorylation and on the limited studies highlighting the regulatory effects viruses induce on the electron transport chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Purandare
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (N.P.); (E.G.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Esha Ghosalkar
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (N.P.); (E.G.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (N.P.); (E.G.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (N.P.); (E.G.); (L.I.G.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Wu X, Zhou X, Wang S, Mao G. DNA damage response(DDR): a link between cellular senescence and human cytomegalovirus. Virol J 2023; 20:250. [PMID: 37915066 PMCID: PMC10621139 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signaling cascade that is triggered by DNA damage, involving the halting of cell cycle progression and repair. It is a key event leading to senescence, which is characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that includes the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that plays an important role in the senescence process. It has been established that DDR is necessary for HCMV to replicate effectively. This paper reviews the relationship between DDR, cellular senescence, and HCMV, providing new sights for virus-induced senescence (VIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Wu
- Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Xuqiang Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Sanying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, China.
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, China.
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Wang S, Zhou X, He X, Ma S, Sun C, Zhang J, Xu X, Jin W, Yan J, Lin P, Mao G. Suppressive effects of pterostilbene on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and HCMV-induced cellular senescence. Virol J 2022; 19:224. [PMID: 36564838 PMCID: PMC9782289 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01954-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the β-herpesvirus family, causes the establishment of a latent infection that persists throughout the life of the host and can be reactivated when immunity is weakened. To date, there is no vaccine to prevent HCMV infection, and clinically approved drugs target the stage of viral replication and have obvious adverse reactions. Thus, development of novel therapeutics is urgently needed. METHODS In the current study, we identified a naturally occurring pterostilbene that inhibits HCMV Towne strain replication in human diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells through Western blotting, qPCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay, tissue culture infective dose assays. The time-of-addition experiment was carried out to identify the stage at which pterostilbene acted. Finally, the changes of cellular senescence biomarkers and reactive oxygen species production brought by pterostilbene supplementation were used to partly elucidate the mechanism of anti-HCMV activity. RESULTS Our findings revealed that pterostilbene prevented lytic cytopathic changes, inhibited the expression of viral proteins, suppressed the replication of HCMV DNA, and significantly reduced the viral titre in WI-38 cells. Furthermore, our data showed that pterostilbene predominantly acted after virus cell entry and membrane fusion. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration was determined to be 1.315 μM and the selectivity index of pterostilbene was calculated as 26.73. Moreover, cell senescence induced by HCMV infection was suppressed by pterostilbene supplementation, as shown by a decline in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, decreased production of reactive oxygen species and reduced expression of p16, p21 and p53, which are considered biomarkers of cellular senescence. CONCLUSION Together, our findings identify pterostilbene as a novel anti-HCMV agent that may prove useful in the treatment of HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanying Wang
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuqiang Zhou
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue He
- grid.469325.f0000 0004 1761 325XCollege of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shushu Ma
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Sun
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Jin
- grid.469325.f0000 0004 1761 325XCollege of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Yan
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Lin
- Geriatric Department of the 3rd Hospital of Hangzhou, 310009 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- grid.417400.60000 0004 1799 0055Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 People’s Republic of China
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Smith NA, Chan GC, O’Connor CM. Modulation of host cell signaling during cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation. Virol J 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01674-1
expr 947873540 + 978833141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) resides latently in cells of the myeloid compartment, including CD34+hematopoietic progenitor cells and circulating monocytes. Healthy hosts maintain the virus latently, and this infection is, for the most part, asymptomatic. However, given the proper external cues, HCMV reactivates from latency, at which point the virus disseminates, causing disease. The viral and cellular factors dictating the balance between these phases of infection are incompletely understood, though a large body of literature support a role for viral-mediated manipulation of host cell signaling.Main bodyTo establish and maintain latency, HCMV has evolved various means by which it usurps host cell factors to alter the cellular environment to its own advantage, including altering host cell signaling cascades. As early as virus entry into myeloid cells, HCMV usurps cellular signaling to change the cellular milieu, and this regulation includes upregulation, as well as downregulation, of different signaling cascades. Indeed, given proper reactivation cues, this signaling is again altered to allow for transactivation of viral lytic genes.ConclusionsHCMV modulation of host cell signaling is not binary, and many of the cellular pathways altered are finely regulated, wherein the slightest modification imparts profound changes to the cellular milieu. It is also evident that viral-mediated cell signaling differs not only between these phases of infection, but also is myeloid cell type specific. Nonetheless, understanding the exact pathways and the means by which HCMV mediates them will undoubtedly provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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7
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Modulation of host cell signaling during cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation. Virol J 2021; 18:207. [PMID: 34663377 PMCID: PMC8524946 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) resides latently in cells of the myeloid compartment, including CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and circulating monocytes. Healthy hosts maintain the virus latently, and this infection is, for the most part, asymptomatic. However, given the proper external cues, HCMV reactivates from latency, at which point the virus disseminates, causing disease. The viral and cellular factors dictating the balance between these phases of infection are incompletely understood, though a large body of literature support a role for viral-mediated manipulation of host cell signaling. Main body To establish and maintain latency, HCMV has evolved various means by which it usurps host cell factors to alter the cellular environment to its own advantage, including altering host cell signaling cascades. As early as virus entry into myeloid cells, HCMV usurps cellular signaling to change the cellular milieu, and this regulation includes upregulation, as well as downregulation, of different signaling cascades. Indeed, given proper reactivation cues, this signaling is again altered to allow for transactivation of viral lytic genes. Conclusions HCMV modulation of host cell signaling is not binary, and many of the cellular pathways altered are finely regulated, wherein the slightest modification imparts profound changes to the cellular milieu. It is also evident that viral-mediated cell signaling differs not only between these phases of infection, but also is myeloid cell type specific. Nonetheless, understanding the exact pathways and the means by which HCMV mediates them will undoubtedly provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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8
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Mileto D, Mancon A, Staurenghi F, Rizzo A, Econdi S, Gismondo MR, Guidotti M. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in the Liquid Phase: Are Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Percarbonate Efficient Decontamination Agents? ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021; 28:260-267. [PMID: 37556234 PMCID: PMC7901233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A diluted 3% w/w hydrogen peroxide solution acidified to pH 2.5 by adding citric acid inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus by more than 4 orders of magnitude in 5 min. After a contact time of 15 min, no viral replication was detected. Aqueous solutions of sodium percarbonate inactivated coronavirus by >3 log10 diminution in 15 min. Conversely, H2O2 solutions with no additives displayed a scarce virucidal activity (1.1 log10 diminution in 5 min), confirming that a pH-modifying ingredient is necessary to have a H2O2-based disinfectant active against the novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mileto
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mancon
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Staurenghi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Econdi
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, via C. Golgi 19, 20133
Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Milan, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Guidotti
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, via C. Golgi 19, 20133
Milan, Italy
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Monk CH, Zwezdaryk KJ. Host Mitochondrial Requirements of Cytomegalovirus Replication. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:115-123. [PMID: 33816061 PMCID: PMC8015347 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Metabolic rewiring of the host cell is required for optimal viral replication. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been observed to manipulate numerous mitochondrial functions. In this review, we describe the strategies and targets HCMV uses to control different aspects of mitochondrial function. Recent Findings The mitochondria are instrumental in meeting the biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs of HCMV replication. This is achieved through altered metabolism and signaling pathways. Morphological changes mediated through biogenesis and fission/fusion dynamics contribute to strategies to avoid cell death, overcome oxidative stress, and maximize the biosynthetic and bioenergetic outputs of mitochondria. Summary Emerging data suggests that cytomegalovirus relies on intact, functional host mitochondria for optimal replication. HCMV large size and slow replication kinetics create a dependency on mitochondria during replication. Targeting the host mitochondria is an attractive antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler H Monk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave #8638, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kevin J Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave #8638, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Aaron KA, Kim GS, Cheng AG. Advances in Inner Ear Therapeutics for Hearing Loss in Children. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 8:285-294. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-020-00300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Xiao J, Deng J, Zhang Q, Ma P, Lv L, Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang Y. Targeting human cytomegalovirus IE genes by CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease effectively inhibits viral replication and reactivation. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1827-1835. [PMID: 32507978 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection causes high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients and can remain in a latent state in host cells. Expression of the immediate-early (IE) genes sustains HCMV replication and reactivation. As a novel genome-editing tool, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has been extensively utilized to modify and edit genomic DNA. In the present study, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to target the IE region of the HCMV genome via specific single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Infection with CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA lentiviral constructs significantly reduced viral gene expression and virion production in HFF primary fibroblasts and inhibited viral DNA production and reactivation in the THP-1 monocytic cell line. Thus, the CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA system can accurately and efficiently target HCMV replication and reactivation and represents a novel therapeutic strategy against latent HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Liping Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Cuiying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, P.R. China.
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China.
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China.
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12
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Wang SY, Zhang J, Xu XG, Su HL, Xing WM, Zhang ZS, Jin WH, Dai JH, Wang YZ, He XY, Sun C, Yan J, Mao GX. Inhibitory effects of piceatannol on human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in vitro. J Microbiol 2020; 58:716-723. [PMID: 32524342 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, which results in the establishment of a latent infection that persists throughout the life of the host and can be reactivated when the immunity is low. Currently, there is no vaccine for hCMV infection, and the licensed antiviral drugs mainly target the viral enzymes and have obvious adverse reactions. Thus, it is important to search for compounds with anti-hCMV properties. The present study aimed to investigate the suppressive effects of piceatannol on hCMV Towne strain infection and the putative underlying mechanisms using human diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells. Piceatannol supplementation prevented the lytic changes induced by hCMV infection in WI-38 cells. Furthermore, piceatannol suppressed the expression of hCMV immediate-early (IE) and early (E) proteins as well as the replication of hCMV DNA in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, hCMV-induced cellular senescence was suppressed by piceatannol, as shown by a decline in the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and decreased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). p16INK4a, a major senescence-associated molecule, was dramatically elevated by current hCMV infection that was attenuated by pre-incubation with piceatannol in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrated that piceatannol suppressed the hCMV infection via inhibition of the activation of p16INK4a and cellular senescence induced by hCMV. Together, these findings indicate piceatannol as a novel and potent anti-hCMV agent with the potential to be developed as an effective treatment for chronic hCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Ying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Gang Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Li Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Min Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, P. R. China
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Huan Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yue He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China.
| | - Gen-Xiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China.
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Pecha PP, Almishaal AA, Mathur PD, Hillas E, Johnson T, Price MS, Haller T, Yang J, Rajasekaran NS, Firpo MA, Park AH. Role of Free Radical Formation in Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Hearing Loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 162:709-717. [PMID: 32041493 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820901485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of the study was to determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediates cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced labyrinthitis. STUDY DESIGN Murine model of CMV infection. SETTING University of Utah laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Nrf2 knockout mice were inoculated with murine CMV. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were then performed on these and uninfected controls. BALB/c mice were inoculated with murine CMV to determine whether a marker for ROS production, dihydroethidium (DHE), is expressed 7 days after inoculation. Finally, 2 antioxidants-D-methionine and ACE-Mg (vitamins A, C, and E with magnesium)-were administered 1 hour before and after infection in inoculated mice for 14 days. Temporal bones were harvested at postnatal day 10 for DHE detection. ABR and DPOAE testing was done at postnatal day 30. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed at postnatal day 30 to evaluate outer hair cell integrity. RESULTS Nrf2-infected mice had worse hearing than uninfected mice (P < .001). A statistically significant increase in DHE fluorescence was detected in BALB/c-infected mice as compared with uninfected mice 7 days after inoculation. D-methionine- and ACE-Mg-treated mice demonstrated an attenuation of the DHE fluorescence and a significant improvement in ABR and DPOAE thresholds when compared with untreated infected controls (P < .0001). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated less outer hair cell loss in the treated versus untreated infected controls. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate for the first time that excessive ROS mediates CMV-induced hearing loss in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phayvanh P Pecha
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ali A Almishaal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pranav D Mathur
- Otonomy Inc, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elaine Hillas
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Taelor Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melissa S Price
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Travis Haller
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Namakkal S Rajasekaran
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Matthew A Firpo
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Albert H Park
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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14
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O'Donnell VB, Thomas D, Stanton R, Maillard JY, Murphy RC, Jones SA, Humphreys I, Wakelam MJO, Fegan C, Wise MP, Bosch A, Sattar SA. Potential Role of Oral Rinses Targeting the Viral Lipid Envelope in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. FUNCTION 2020; 1:zqaa002. [PMID: 33215159 PMCID: PMC7239187 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies increasingly demonstrate the importance of the throat and salivary glands as sites of virus replication and transmission in early COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, characterized by an outer lipid membrane derived from the host cell from which it buds. While it is highly sensitive to agents that disrupt lipid biomembranes, there has been no discussion about the potential role of oral rinsing in preventing transmission. Here, we review known mechanisms of viral lipid membrane disruption by widely available dental mouthwash components that include ethanol, chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and povidone-iodine. We also assess existing formulations for their potential ability to disrupt the SARS-CoV-2 lipid envelope, based on their concentrations of these agents, and conclude that several deserve clinical evaluation. We highlight that already published research on other enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, directly supports the idea that oral rinsing should be considered as a potential way to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Research to test this could include evaluating existing or specifically tailored new formulations in well-designed viral inactivation assays, then in clinical trials. Population-based interventions could be undertaken with available mouthwashes, with active monitoring of outcome to determine efficacy. This is an under-researched area of major clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Thomas
- Systems Immunity Research Institute.,School of Dentistry
| | | | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- Systems Immunity Research Institute.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Simon A Jones
- Systems Immunity Research Institute.,School of Medicine
| | - Ian Humphreys
- Systems Immunity Research Institute.,School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Matt P Wise
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Syed A Sattar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5 Canada
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15
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Wang H, He Z, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zhang W, Li P, Tang B. Ratiometric fluorescence imaging of Golgi H 2O 2 reveals a correlation between Golgi oxidative stress and hypertension. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10876-10880. [PMID: 32190242 PMCID: PMC7066677 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a novel Golgi-targeting phenylsulfonamide group, a two-photon (TP) fluorescent probe, Np-Golgi, was developed for in situ H2O2 ratiometric imaging in living systems.
Golgi oxidative stress is significantly associated with the occurrence and progression of hypertension. Notably, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is directly proportional to the degree of Golgi oxidative stress. Therefore, based on a novel Golgi-targeting phenylsulfonamide group, we developed a two-photon (TP) fluorescent probe, Np-Golgi, for in situ H2O2 ratiometric imaging in living systems. The phenylsulfonamide moiety effectively assists Np-Golgi in the precise location of Golgi apparatus. In addition, the raw material of phenylsulfonamide is easily available, and chemical modification is easily implemented. By application of Np-Golgi, we explored the generation of H2O2 during Golgi oxidative stress, and also successfully revealed increases on the levels of Golgi H2O2 in the kidneys of mice with hypertension. This work provides an ideal tool to monitor Golgi oxidative stress for the first time and novel drug targets for the future treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Zixu He
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Yuyun Yang
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Jiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry , Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , PR China . ;
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16
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Elmansi A, El-Karef A, Shishtawy M, Eissa L. Hepatoprotective Effect of Curcumin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Autophagic and Apoptic Pathways. Ann Hepatol 2018; 16:607-618. [PMID: 28611265 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), and Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) are proteins that can be used as markers for autophagic pathway. Bcl-2 protein is reported to be inversely correlated with apoptosis. We aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on liver inflammation and fibrosis up to the first dysplastic stage of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by Thioacetamide (TAA) in rats and to clarify the effects of curcumin on LC3-II, SQSTM1, and Bcl-2. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups: Control group, TAA group, Curcumin low-dose group, and Curcumin highdose group. The last three groups received TAA 200 mg/kg i.p. twice weekly for 18 weeks. Oxidative stress markers as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured by colorimetric methods. Hepatic SQSTM1 concentration was measured by ELISA, and gene expression levels of Bcl-2, and LC3-II were measured by RT-PCR.We also investigated the in vitro effect of curcumin on HepG2 cells viability through MTT assay, and the involvement of autophagy in this effect. RESULTS Curcumin increased the survival percent in rats, decreased -fetoprotein (AFP) concentration, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, and increased serum albumin concentration. Curcumin also significantly reduced oxidative stress in liver, inhibited apoptosis, and induced autophagy. In vitro, curcumin (50 µM) decreased HepG2 cells viabilityand the concentration of SQSTM1. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin leads to protection against TAA induced HCC up to the first dysplastic stage through activating autophagic pathway and inhibiting apoptosis. Also, the antioxidant activity of curcumin almost prevents liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elmansi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amro El-Karef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Shishtawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Laila Eissa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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17
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Zhuang W, Wang C, Shi X, Qiu S, Zhang S, Xu B, Chen M, Jiang W, Dong H, Qiao Y. MCMV triggers ROS/NLRP3-associated inflammasome activation in the inner ear of mice and cultured spiral ganglion neurons, contributing to sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3448-3456. [PMID: 29512778 PMCID: PMC5881649 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infectious cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children. While the importance of CMV-induced SNHL has been described, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and the role of inflammatory responses remain elusive. The present study established an experimental model of hearing loss after systemic infection with murine CMV (MCMV) in newborn mice. Auditory brainstem responses were tested to evaluate hearing at 3 weeks, expression of inflammasome-associated factors was assessed by immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. MCMV sequentially induced inflammasome-associated factors. Furthermore, the inflammasome-associated factors were also increased in cultured spiral ganglion neurons infected with MCMV for 24 h. In addition, MCMV increased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results suggest that hearing loss caused by MCMV infection may be associated with ROS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhuang
- Clinical Hearing Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Caiji Wang
- Institute of Audiology and Balance Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Shi
- Institute of Audiology and Balance Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Qiu
- Clinical Hearing Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Shili Zhang
- Institute of Audiology and Balance Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Clinical Hearing Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Clinical Hearing Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Institute of Audiology and Balance Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Research Facility Center for Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Qiao
- Clinical Hearing Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221006, P.R. China
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18
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Zhao M, Tang S, Xin J, Liu D. Influence of reactive oxygen species on secretory component in the intestinal epithelium during hyperoxia. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4033-4040. [PMID: 29075338 PMCID: PMC5648505 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox imbalance is established in various human diseases. Treatment of intestinal epithelial cells with hyperoxia for a prolonged period of time may cause serious effects on redox balance. Secretory component (SC) protein is secreted by intestinal epithelial cells, and has a vital role in mucosal immune systems and intestinal defense. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal epithelial SC protein under hyperoxic conditions. Caco-2 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or 85% O2 (hyperoxia) for 24 h. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry staining, western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression levels of SC protein. Significantly increased apoptosis and mortality rates were observed in hyperoxia- and H2O2-treated Caco-2 cells, as compared with the untreated control cells (P<0.05). Protein and mRNA expression levels of SC were significantly increased in hyperoxia- and H2O2-treated groups, as compared with the control group (P<0.05). During hyperoxia, intestinal epithelial cells were destroyed and ROS levels increased. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that ROS might have an important role in intestinal injury in hyperoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Shimiao Tang
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Junchi Xin
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, P.R. China
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19
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Chen SG, Leu YL, Cheng ML, Ting SC, Liu CC, Wang SD, Yang CH, Hung CY, Sakurai H, Chen KH, Ho HY. Anti-enterovirus 71 activities of Melissa officinalis extract and its biologically active constituent rosmarinic acid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12264. [PMID: 28947773 PMCID: PMC5613005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is endemic in the Asia-Pacific region. No specific antiviral drug has been available to treat EV71 infection. Melissa officinalis (MO) is a medicinal plant with long history of usage in the European and Middle East. We investigated whether an aqueous solution of concentrated methanolic extract (MOM) possesses antiviral activity. MOM inhibited plaque formation, cytopathic effect, and viral protein synthesis in EV71-infected cells. Using spectral techniques, we identified rosmarinic acid (RA) as a biologically active constituent of MOM. RA reduced viral attachment and entry; cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 G (eIF4G); reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; and translocation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) from nucleus to cytoplasm. It alleviated EV71-induced hyperphosphorylation of p38 kinase and EPS15. RA is likely to suppress ROS-mediated p38 kinase activation, and such downstream molecular events as hnRNP A1 translocation and EPS15-regulated membrane trafficking in EV71-infected cells. These findings suggest that MO and its constituent RA possess anti-EV71 activities, and may serve as a candidate drug for therapeutic and prophylactic uses against EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Guang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Siew Chin Ting
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shulhn-Der Wang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Hung
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kuan-Hsing Chen
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Clinical Phenome Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Guishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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20
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Antiviral activities of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. against enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:935. [PMID: 28428548 PMCID: PMC5430552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
No effective drug is currently available for treatment of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. (ST) has been used as a herbal constituent of traditional Chinese medicine. We studied whether the aqueous extract of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq (STE) has antiviral activity. STE inhibited replication of EV71, as evident by its ability to diminish plaque formation and cytopathic effect induced by EV71, and to inhibit the synthesis of viral RNA and protein. Moreover, daily single-dose STE treatment significantly improved the survival of EV71-infected mice, and ameliorated the symptoms. Mechanistically, STE exerts multiple effects on enteroviral infection. Treatment with STE reduced viral attachment and entry; the cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 G (eIF4G) by EV71 protease, 2Apro; virus-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; and relocation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It was accompanied by a decline in EV71-associated hyperphosphorylation of p38 kinase and EPS15. It is plausible that STE may inhibit ROS-induced p38 kinase activation, and subsequent hnRNP A1 relocation and EPS15-mediated membrane trafficking in infected cells. These findings suggest that STE possesses anti-EV71 activities, and may serve as health food or candidate antiviral drug for protection against EV71.
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21
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Cook PR, Tabor GT. Deciphering fact from artifact when using reporter assays to investigate the roles of host factors on L1 retrotransposition. Mob DNA 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 27895722 PMCID: PMC5120415 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-016-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Long INterspersed Element-1 (L1, LINE-1) is the only autonomous mobile DNA element in humans and has generated as much as half of the genome. Due to increasing clinical interest in the roles of L1 in cancer, embryogenesis and neuronal development, it has become a priority to understand L1-host interactions and identify host factors required for its activity. Apropos to this, we recently reported that L1 retrotransposition in HeLa cells requires phosphorylation of the L1 protein ORF1p at motifs targeted by host cell proline-directed protein kinases (PDPKs), which include the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Using two engineered L1 reporter assays, we continued our investigation into the roles of MAPKs in L1 activity. Results We found that the MAPK p38δ phosphorylated ORF1p on three of its four PDPK motifs required for L1 activity. In addition, we found that a constitutively active p38δ mutant appeared to promote L1 retrotransposition in HeLa cells. However, despite the consistency of these findings with our earlier work, we identified some technical concerns regarding the experimental methodology. Specifically, we found that exogenous expression of p38δ appeared to affect at least one heterologous promoter in an engineered L1 reporter, as well as generate opposing effects on two different reporters. We also show that two commercially available non-targeting control (NTC) siRNAs elicit drastically different effects on the apparent retrotransposition reported by both L1 assays, which raises concerns about the use of NTCs as normalizing controls. Conclusions Engineered L1 reporter assays have been invaluable for determining the functions and critical residues of L1 open reading frames, as well as elucidating many aspects of L1 replication. However, our results suggest that caution is required when interpreting data obtained from L1 reporters used in conjunction with exogenous gene expression or siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela R Cook
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 8 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - G Travis Tabor
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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22
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Immunosuppressive therapy alleviates murine cytomegalovirus recurrence by reducing TNF-α post cell transplantation with lethal GVHD. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Xiao J, Song X, Deng J, Lv L, Ma P, Gao B, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Xu J. Inhibition of cyclophilin A suppresses H2O2-enhanced replication of HCMV through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:961-71. [PMID: 27642560 PMCID: PMC5011495 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can be accelerated by intracellular and extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation, mediated by the activation of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. However, it remains unknown whether host gene expression is involved in H2O2‐upregulated HCMV replication. Here, we show that the expression of the host gene, cyclophilin A (CyPA), could be facilitated by treatment with H2O2 in a dose‐dependent manner. Experiments with CyPA‐specific siRNA, or with cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of CyPA, confirmed that H2O2‐mediated upregulation of HCMV replication is specifically mediated by upregulation of CyPA expression. Furthermore, depletion or inhibition of CyPA reduced H2O2‐induced p38 activation, consistent with that of H2O2‐upregulated HCMV lytic replication. These results show that H2O2 is capable of activating ROS‐CyPA–p38 MAPK interactions to enhance HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Xin Song
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Jiang Deng
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Liping Lv
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Ping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Bo Gao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Xipeng Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
| | - Jinbo Xu
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion MedicineChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply TechnologiesChina
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24
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Gilardini Montani MS, Granato M, Cuomo L, Valia S, Di Renzo L, D'Orazi G, Faggioni A, Cirone M. High glucose and hyperglycemic sera from type 2 diabetic patients impair DC differentiation by inducing ROS and activating Wnt/β-catenin and p38 MAPK. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:805-813. [PMID: 26769359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 is the type of diabetes with higher prevalence in contemporary time, representing about 90% of the global cases of diabetes. In the course of diabetes, several complications can occur, mostly due to hyperglycemia and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. One of them is represented by an increased susceptibility to microbial infections and by a reduced capacity to clear them. Therefore, knowing the impact of hyperglycemia on immune system functionality is of utmost importance for the management of the disease. In this study, we show that medium containing high glucose reduced the in-vitro differentiation of monocytes into functional DCs and their activation mediated by PAMPs or DAMPs. Most importantly, the same effects were mediated by the hyperglycemic sera derived by type 2 diabetic patients, mimicking a more physiologic condition. DC dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia may be involved in the inefficient control of infections observed in diabetic patients, given the pivotal role of these cells in both the innate and adaptive immune response. Searching for the molecular mechanisms underlying DC dysfunction, we found that canonical Wnt/β-catenin and p38 MAPK pathways were activated in the DCs differentiated either in the presence of high glucose or of hyper-glycemic sera. Interestingly, the activation of these pathways and the DC immune dysfunction were partially counteracted by the anti-oxidant quercetin, a flavonoid already known to exert several beneficial effects in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa Granato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cuomo
- U.O.C. Patologia Clinica, A.C.O. San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Valia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Di Renzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Translational Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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