1
|
Lithgo RM, Tomlinson CWE, Fairhead M, Winokan M, Thompson W, Wild C, Aschenbrenner JC, Balcomb BH, Marples PG, Chandran AV, Golding M, Koekemoer L, Williams EP, Wang S, Ni X, MacLean E, Giroud C, Godoy AS, Xavier MA, Walsh M, Fearon D, von Delft F. Crystallographic Fragment Screen of Coxsackievirus A16 2A Protease identifies new opportunities for the development of broad-spectrum anti-enterovirals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.29.591684. [PMID: 38746446 PMCID: PMC11092469 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.29.591684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are the causative agents of paediatric hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and a target for pandemic preparedness due to the risk of higher order complications in a large-scale outbreak. The 2A protease of these viruses is responsible for the self-cleavage of the poly protein, allowing for correct folding and assembly of capsid proteins in the final stages of viral replication. These 2A proteases are highly conserved between Enterovirus species, such as Enterovirus A71 and Coxsackievirus A16 . Inhibition of the 2A protease deranges capsid folding and assembly, preventing formation of mature virions in host cells and making the protease a valuable target for antiviral activity. Herein, we describe a crystallographic fragment screening campaign that identified 75 fragments which bind to the 2A protease including 38 unique compounds shown to bind within the active site. These fragments reveal a path for the development of non-peptidomimetic inhibitors of the 2A protease with broad-spectrum anti-enteroviral activity.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Ji W, Chen S, Duan G, Jin Y. Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Challenges and Its Antiviral Therapeutics. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030571. [PMID: 36992155 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enteroviruses (EVs) and is extremely contagious and prevalent among infants and children under 5 years old [...]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Recent advances in anti-coxsackievirus A16 viral drug research. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:97-117. [PMID: 36538291 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease, a childhood disorder caused by enteroviruses, is intermittently endemic in the Asia-Pacific region and endangers the lives of many infants and young children. Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease on occasion, resulting in catastrophic neurological sequelae and patient death. Currently, no clinical interventions are available that completely block the CV-A16 infection. Therefore, research on anti-CV-A16 treatment continues to be a significant focus of interest. This report provides a detailed background on and an introduction to CV-A16; a description of the viral gene and protein structures and a summary of the current advances in pharmaceutical targets, drug research and other related areas.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen T, Grauffel C, Yang WZ, Chen YP, Yuan HS, Lim C. Efficient Strategy to Design Protease Inhibitors: Application to Enterovirus 71 2A Protease. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:437-449. [PMID: 37102167 PMCID: PMC10125330 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
One strategy to counter viruses that persistently cause outbreaks is to design molecules that can specifically inhibit an essential multifunctional viral protease. Herein, we present such a strategy using well-established methods to first identify a region present only in viral (but not human) proteases and find peptides that can bind specifically to this "unique" region by maximizing the protease-peptide binding free energy iteratively using single-point mutations starting with the substrate peptide. We applied this strategy to discover pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitors for the multifunctional 2A protease of enterovirus 71 (EV71), a key causative pathogen for hand-foot-and-mouth disease affecting young children, along with coxsackievirus A16. Four peptide candidates predicted to bind EV71 2A protease more tightly than the natural substrate were experimentally validated and found to inhibit protease activity. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the best pseudosubstrate peptide bound to the EV71 2A protease was determined to provide a molecular basis for the observed inhibition. Since the 2A proteases of EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 share nearly identical sequences and structures, our pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitor may prove useful in inhibiting the two key pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zen Yang
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hanna S. Yuan
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
STAT1 and Its Crucial Role in the Control of Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084095. [PMID: 35456913 PMCID: PMC9028532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 protein plays a key role in the immune response against viruses and other pathogens by transducing, in the nucleus, the signal from type I, type II and type III IFNs. STAT1 activates the transcription of hundreds of genes, some of which have been well characterized for their antiviral properties. STAT1 gene deletion in mice and complete STAT1 deficiency in humans both cause rapid death from severe infections. STAT1 plays a key role in the immunoglobulin class-switch recombination through the upregulation of T-bet; it also plays a key role in the production of T-bet+ memory B cells that contribute to tissue-resident humoral memory by mounting an IgG response during re-infection. Considering the key role of STAT1 in the antiviral immune response, many viruses, including dangerous viruses such as Ebola and SARS-CoV-2, have developed different mechanisms to inhibit this transcription factor. The search for drugs capable of targeting the viral proteins implicated in both viral replication and IFN/STAT1 inhibition is important for the treatment of the most dangerous viral infections and for future viral pandemics, as shown by the clinical results obtained with Paxlovid in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang J, Hu Y, Zheng M. Enterovirus A71 antivirals: Past, present, and future. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1542-1566. [PMID: 35847514 PMCID: PMC9279511 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a significant human pathogen, especially in children. EV-A71 infection is one of the leading causes of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD), and can lead to neurological complications such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in severe cases. Although three EV-A71 vaccines are available in China, they are not broadly protective and have reduced efficacy against emerging strains. There is currently no approved antiviral for EV-A71. Significant progress has been made in developing antivirals against EV-A71 by targeting both viral proteins and host factors. However, viral capsid inhibitors and protease inhibitors failed in clinical trials of human rhinovirus infection due to limited efficacy or side effects. This review discusses major discoveries in EV-A71 antiviral development, analyzes the advantages and limitations of each drug target, and highlights the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to advance the field forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Madeleine Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lien JC, Lin CS, Lai HC, Tsai YC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Huang SH, Lin CW. Antiviral efficacy of bromo-anilino substituents of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 against Japanese encephalitis virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126742. [PMID: 31648857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, occasionally causes severe central nervous system disorders in the risk zone where more than 3 billion people reside. Our prior studies demonstrated antiviral potential of 4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate compound CW-33 (ethyl 2-(3',5'-dimethylanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) and its derivative CW-33A ((ethyl 2-(2-fluoroanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) against JEV infection ((Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17: E1386; Sci. Rep. 2018, 8: 16595). This study synthesized six new CW-33 derivatives containing chloro, or bromo groups at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, and assessed the antiviral activity and mechanisms of these chloro- and bromo-anilino substitutedderivatives. CW-33K, CW-33L and CW-33M had the bromo-substituents at the C-2, C-3, or C-4 of anilino ring of CW-33, respectively, showing the higher anti-JEV activity than CW-33 and other derivatives. CW-33K (ethyl 2-(2-bromoanilino)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylate) exhibited the highest antiviral efficacy and therapeutic index. The IC50 value of CW-33K was less than 5 μM for reducing JEV-induced cytopathic effect, virus infectivity and virus yield. CW-33K significantly inhibited the JEV replication at the early and late stages, suppressing viral RNA synthesis and intracellular JEV particle production. The study demonstrated that the CW-33 derivative with a bromosubstitutionat the C-2 anilino ring improved the antiviral activity JEV, providing the structure-antiviral activity relationship for the development of anti-JEV agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Tsai
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cellular Caspase-3 Contributes to EV-A71 2A pro-Mediated Down-Regulation of IFNAR1 at the Translation Level. Virol Sin 2019; 35:64-72. [PMID: 31512106 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the major pathogen responsible for the severe hand, foot and mouth disease worldwide, for which few effective antiviral drugs are presently available. Interferon-α (IFN-α) has been used in antiviral therapy for decades; it has been reported that EV-A71 antagonizes the antiviral activity of IFN-α based on viral 2Apro-mediated reduction of the interferon-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1); however, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we showed a significant increase in IFNAR1 protein induced by IFN-α in RD cells, whereas EV-A71 infection caused obvious down-regulation of the IFNAR1 protein and blockage of IFN-α signaling. Subsequently, we observed that EV-A71 2Apro inhibited IFNAR1 translation by cleavage of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI), without affecting IFNAR1 mRNA levels induced by IFN-α. The inhibition of IFNAR1 translation also occurred in puromycin-induced apoptotic cells when caspase-3 cleaved eIF4GI. Importantly, we verified that 2Apro could activate cellular caspase-3, which was subsequently involved in eIF4GI cleavage mediated by 2Apro. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase-3 activation resulted in the partial restoration of IFNAR1 in cells transfected with 2A or infected with EV-A71, suggesting the pivotal role of both viral 2Apro and caspase-3 activation in the disturbance of IFN-α signaling. Collectively, we elucidate a novel mechanism by which cellular caspase-3 contributes to viral 2Apro-mediated down-regulation of IFNAR1 at the translation level during EV-A71 infection, indicating that caspase-3 inhibition could be a potential complementary strategy to improve clinical anti-EV-A71 therapy with IFN-α.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen KC, Lin YF, Huang AC, Gao JY, Lin CW, Lien JC. Molecular interaction of the antiviral compound CW‑33 and its analogues with the NS2B‑NS3 protease of the Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2024-2032. [PMID: 30816489 PMCID: PMC6443346 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study from our group, a novel compound, namely CW‑33 (ethyl 2‑(3',5'‑dimethylanilino)‑4‑oxo‑4,5‑dihydrofuran‑3‑carboxylate) was identified that exhibited antiviral activity for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The viral NS2B‑NS3 serine protease serves an important role in cytoplasmic cleavage events that occur during viral polyprotein maturation. The inhibition of viral RNA and protein syntheses was responsible for the antiviral activities of the novel furanonaphthoquinone derivatives that were discovered for the prevention of JEV infection. Consequently, the present study examined the molecular docking simulation of JEV protease with compound CW‑33 and its analogues, and developed quantitative structure‑activity relationship (QSAR) models to assess the potential antiviral activities of these compounds with regard to JEV. Molecular docking simulation indicated the potential ligand‑protein interactions associated with the antiviral activities of these compounds. According to the results of the QSAR models, the secondary amine group was an important moiety required for compound bioactivity, which enabled the formation of hydrogen bonding with the residue Glu155. Furthermore, the aromatic ring mapping of the phenyl moiety of each compound was predicted to form a π‑cation interaction with residue Arg76, whereas the hydrophobic feature represented by the ethyl moiety exhibited hydrophobic contacts with residue Glu74. Finally, the hydrophobic substituents in the meta‑position of the phenyl ring further contributed to the efficacy of the antiviral activity. These results unravel the structural characteristics that are required for binding of CW‑33 to the JEV protease and can be used for potential therapeutic and drug development purposes for JEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan 26647
| | | | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354,Professor Cheng-Wen Lin, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C., E-mail:
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy,Department of Medical Research, Hospital of China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C,Correspondence to: Professor Jin-Cherng Lien, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C., E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Validating Enterovirus D68-2A pro as an Antiviral Drug Target and the Discovery of Telaprevir as a Potent D68-2A pro Inhibitor. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02221-18. [PMID: 30674624 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02221-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a viral pathogen that leads to severe respiratory illness and has been linked with the development of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. No vaccines or antivirals are currently available for EV-D68 infection, and treatment options for hospitalized patients are limited to supportive care. Here, we report the expression of the EV-D68 2A protease (2Apro) and characterization of its enzymatic activity. Furthermore, we discovered that telaprevir, an FDA-approved drug used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, is a potent antiviral against EV-D68 by targeting the 2Apro enzyme. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based substrate cleavage assay, we showed that the purified EV-D68 2Apro has proteolytic activity selective against a peptide sequence corresponding to the viral VP1-2A polyprotein junction. Telaprevir inhibits EV-D68 2Apro through a nearly irreversible, biphasic binding mechanism. In cell culture, telaprevir showed submicromolar-to-low-micromolar potency against several recently circulating neurotropic strains of EV-D68 in different human cell lines. To further confirm the antiviral drug target, serial viral passage experiments were performed to select for resistance against telaprevir. An N84T mutation near the active site of 2Apro was identified in resistant viruses, and this mutation reduced the potency of telaprevir in both the enzymatic and cellular antiviral assays. Collectively, we report for the first time the in vitro enzymatic activity of EV-D68 2Apro and the identification of telaprevir as a potent EV-D68 2Apro inhibitor. These findings implicate EV-D68 2Apro as an antiviral drug target and highlight the repurposing potential of telaprevir to treat EV-D68 infection.IMPORTANCE A 2014 EV-D68 outbreak in the United States has been linked to the development of acute flaccid myelitis in children. Unfortunately, no treatment options against EV-D68 are currently available, and the development of effective therapeutics is urgently needed. Here, we characterize and validate a new EV-D68 drug target, the 2Apro, and identify telaprevir-an FDA-approved drug used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections-as a potent antiviral with a novel mechanism of action toward 2Apro 2Apro functions as a viral protease that cleaves a peptide sequence corresponding to the VP1-2A polyprotein junction. The binding of telaprevir potently inhibits its enzymatic activity, and using drug resistance selection, we show that the potent antiviral activity of telaprevir was due to 2Apro inhibition. This is the first inhibitor to selectively target the 2Apro from EV-D68 and can be used as a starting point for the development of therapeutics with selective activity against EV-D68.
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan J, Shen L, Wu J, Zou X, Gu J, Chen J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29515559 PMCID: PMC5826392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has grown to become a serious threat to global public health. It is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. EV-A71 can also infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce diverse neurological complications, such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, or even death. Viral proteins play a crucial role in EV-A71 infection. Many recent studies have discussed the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins, and the findings reported will definitely aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the progress in the research on the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins. Available literature can provide a basis for studying the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang X, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Sun K, Pan K, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Chen X. Structures and Corresponding Functions of Five Types of Picornaviral 2A Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1373. [PMID: 28785248 PMCID: PMC5519566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the few non-structural proteins encoded by the picornaviral genome, the 2A protein is particularly special, irrespective of structure or function. During the evolution of the Picornaviridae family, the 2A protein has been highly non-conserved. We believe that the 2A protein in this family can be classified into at least five distinct types according to previous studies. These five types are (A) chymotrypsin-like 2A, (B) Parechovirus-like 2A, (C) hepatitis-A-virus-like 2A, (D) Aphthovirus-like 2A, and (E) 2A sequence of the genus Cardiovirus. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis and found that there was almost no homology between each type. Subsequently, we aligned the sequences within each type and found that the functional motifs in each type are highly conserved. These different motifs perform different functions. Therefore, in this review, we introduce the structures and functions of these five types of 2As separately. Based on the structures and functions, we provide suggestions to combat picornaviruses. The complexity and diversity of the 2A protein has caused great difficulties in functional and antiviral research. In this review, researchers can find useful information on the 2A protein and thus conduct improved antiviral research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weng JR, Hua CH, Chen CH, Huang SH, Wang CY, Lin YJ, Wan L, Lin CW. Anti-apoptotic activity of Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 protein in human medulloblastoma cells treated with interferon-β. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:456-464. [PMID: 28559152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) non-structural protein 5 (NS5) exhibits type I interferon (IFN) antagonists, contributing to immune escape, and even inducing viral anti-apoptosis. This study investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanism of JEV NS5 protein on type I IFN-induced apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cells. METHODS Vector control and NS5-expressing cells were treated with IFN-β, and then harvested for analyzing apoptotic pathways with flow cytometry, Western blotting, subcellular localization, etc. RESULTS: Annexin V-FITC/PI staining indicated that IFN-β triggered apoptosis of human medulloblastoma cells, but JEV NS5 protein significantly inhibited IFN-β-induced apoptosis. Phage display technology and co-immunoprecipitation assay identified the anti-apoptotic protein Hsp70 as a NS5-interacting protein. In addition, Western blotting demonstrated that NS5 protein up-regulated the Hsp70 expression, and reduced IFN-β-induced phosphorylation of ERK2, p38 MAPK and STAT1. Hsp70 down-regulation by quercetin significantly recovered IFN-β-induced apoptosis of NS5-expressing cells, correlating with the increase in the phosphorylation of ERK2, p38 MAPK, and STAT1. Inhibiting the ATPase activity of Hsp70 by VER-155008 resulted in the elevated IFN-β-induced apoptosis in vector control and NS5-expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated Hsp70 up-regulation by JEV NS5 not only involved in type I IFN antagonism, but also responded to the anti-apoptotic action of JEV NS5 protein through the blocking IFN-β-induced p38 MAPK/STAT1-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Weng
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsien Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suramin interacts with the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the EV-A71 capsid and inhibits multiple enterovirus A. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42902. [PMID: 28218309 PMCID: PMC5317167 DOI: 10.1038/srep42902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was previously shown to bind to the EV-A71 capsid through its naphthalenetrisulfonic acid groups, thereby reducing virus-cell binding and inhibiting viral replication. Here, we identify VP1-145 as the critical amino acid that accounts for the differential sensitivity of EVA-71 viruses to suramin. A single Q or G to E substitution at VP1-145 results in an approximately 30-fold shift of IC50 or IC90 values reproducing the inhibition profile observed with field isolates expressing either the 145Q or E mutation. Our data support the conclusion that suramin binds to the positively charged region surrounding the 5-fold axis of the capsid and consequently blocks the virus attachment and entry into host cells. In order to assess the antiviral-spectrum of suramin, we analyzed 18 representative enteroviruses: A (n = 7), B (n = 5), C (n = 5) and D (n = 1). We show that suramin potency is restricted to enterovirus A species. Clinical development of suramin is further supported by pharmacokinetic data demonstrating bioactive plasma levels after a single dose intramuscular administration in macaques. Altogether, our findings support the clinical development of suramin as a novel entry inhibitor for the treatment of enterovirus A infections.
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang SH, Lien JC, Chen CJ, Liu YC, Wang CY, Ping CF, Lin YF, Huang AC, Lin CW. Antiviral Activity of a Novel Compound CW-33 against Japanese Encephalitis Virus through Inhibiting Intracellular Calcium Overload. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091386. [PMID: 27563890 PMCID: PMC5037666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has five genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). JEV genotype I circulates widely in some Asian countries. However, current JEV vaccines based on genotype III strains show low neutralizing capacities against genotype I variants. In addition, JE has no specific treatment, except a few supportive treatments. Compound CW-33, an intermediate synthesized derivative of furoquinolines, was investigated for its antiviral activities against JEV in this study. CW-33 exhibited the less cytotoxicity to Syrian baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) and human medulloblastoma (TE761) cells. CW-33 dose-dependently reduced the cytopathic effect and apoptosis of JEV-infected cells. Supernatant virus yield assay pinpointed CW-33 as having potential anti-JEV activity with IC50 values ranging from 12.7 to 38.5 μM. Time-of-addition assay with CW-33 indicated that simultaneous and post-treatment had no plaque reduction activity, but continuous and simultaneous treatments proved to have highly effective antiviral activity, with IC50 values of 32.7 and 48.5 μM, respectively. CW-33 significantly moderated JEV-triggered Ca2+ overload, which correlated with the recovery of mitochondria membrane potential as well as the activation of Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT1 signals in treated infected cells. Phosphopeptide profiling by LC-MS/MS revealed that CW-33 upregulated proteins from the enzyme modulator category, such as protein phosphatase inhibitor 2 (I-2), Rho GTPase-activating protein 35, ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2, and putative 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 2. These enzyme modulators identified were associated with the activation of Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT1 signals. Meanwhile, I-2 treatment substantially inhibited the apoptosis of JEV-infected cells. The results demonstrated that CW-33 exhibited a significant potential in the development of anti-JEV agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hua Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Cherng Lien
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ching Liu
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ying Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Fong Ping
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fong Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County 266, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|