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Ren H, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang T, Hou X, Lan X, Pan C, Wu J, Liu B. Self-Assembling Nanoparticle Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccines Induce High Antibody Response. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7259. [PMID: 39000366 PMCID: PMC11241447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
As a highly pathogenic avian virus, H5 influenza poses a serious threat to livestock, the poultry industry, and public health security. Hemagglutinin (HA) is both the dominant epitope and the main target of influenza-neutralizing antibodies. Here, we designed a nanoparticle hemagglutinin influenza vaccine to improve the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine. In this study, HA5 subtype influenza virus was used as the candidate antigen and was combined with the artificially designed double-branch scaffold protein I53_dn5 A and B. A structurally correct and bioactive trimer HA5-I53_dn5B/Y98F was obtained through secretion and purification using an insect baculovirus expression system; I53_dn5A was obtained by purification using a prokaryotic expression system. HA5-I53_dn5B/Y98F and I53_dn5A self-assembled into spherical nanoparticles (HA5-I53_dn5) in vitro with a diameter of about 45 nm. Immunization and serum test results showed that both HA5-I53_dn5B/Y98F and HA5-I53_dn5 could induce HA5-specific antibodies; however, the immunogenicity of HA5-I53_dn5 was better than that of HA5-I53_dn5B/Y98F. Groups treated with HA5-I53_dn5B and HA5-I53_dn5 nanoparticles produced IgG antibody titers that were not statistically different from those of the nanoparticle-containing adjuvant group. This production of trimerized HA5-I53_dn5B and HA5-I53_dn5 nanoparticles using baculovirus expression provides a reference for the development of novel, safe, and efficient influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Ren
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xvchen Hou
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
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Michalski M, Setny P. Molecular Mechanisms behind Conformational Transitions of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Membrane Anchor. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9450-9460. [PMID: 37877534 PMCID: PMC10641832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a fundamental process that is exploited by enveloped viruses to enter host cells. In the case of the influenza virus, fusion is facilitated by the trimeric viral hemagglutinin protein (HA). So far, major focus has been put on its N-terminal fusion peptides, which are directly responsible for fusion initiation. A growing body of evidence points also to a significant functional role of the HA C-terminal domain, which however remains incompletely understood. Our computational study aimed to elucidate the structural and functional interdependencies within the HA C-terminal region encompassing the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the cytoplasmic tail (CT). In particular, we were interested in the conformational shift of the TMD in response to varying cholesterol concentration in the viral membrane and in its modulation by the presence of CT. Using free-energy calculations based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we characterized transitions between straight and tilted metastable TMD configurations under varying conditions. We found that the presence of CT is essential for achieving a stable, highly tilted TMD configuration. As we demonstrate, such a configuration of HA membrane anchor likely supports the tilting motion of its ectodomain, which needs to be executed during membrane fusion. This finding highlights the functional role of, so far, the relatively overlooked CT region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Michalski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Setny
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Meng X, Veit M. Palmitoylation of the hemagglutinin of influenza B virus by ER-localized DHHC enzymes 1, 2, 4, and 6 is required for efficient virus replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0124523. [PMID: 37792001 PMCID: PMC10617437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01245-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses are a public health concern since they cause seasonal outbreaks and occasionally pandemics. Our study investigates the importance of a protein modification called "palmitoylation" in the replication of influenza B virus. Palmitoylation involves attaching fatty acids to the viral protein hemagglutinin and has previously been studied for influenza A virus. We found that this modification is important for the influenza B virus to replicate, as mutating the sites where palmitate is attached prevented the virus from generating viable particles. Our experiments also showed that this modification occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified the specific enzymes responsible for this modification, which are different from those involved in palmitoylation of HA of influenza A virus. Overall, our research illuminates the similarities and differences in fatty acid attachment to HA of influenza A and B viruses and identifies the responsible enzymes, which might be promising targets for anti-viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Meng
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Virology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Virology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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4
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Loshkareva AS, Popova MM, Shilova LA, Fedorova NV, Timofeeva TA, Galimzyanov TR, Kuzmin PI, Knyazev DG, Batishchev OV. Influenza A Virus M1 Protein Non-Specifically Deforms Charged Lipid Membranes and Specifically Interacts with the Raft Boundary. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:76. [PMID: 36676883 PMCID: PMC9864314 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Topological rearrangements of biological membranes, such as fusion and fission, often require a sophisticated interplay between different proteins and cellular membranes. However, in the case of fusion proteins of enveloped viruses, even one molecule can execute membrane restructurings. Growing evidence indicates that matrix proteins of enveloped viruses can solely trigger the membrane bending required for another crucial step in virogenesis, the budding of progeny virions. For the case of the influenza A virus matrix protein M1, different studies report both in favor and against M1 being able to produce virus-like particles without other viral proteins. Here, we investigated the physicochemical mechanisms of M1 membrane activity on giant unilamellar vesicles of different lipid compositions using fluorescent confocal microscopy. We confirmed that M1 predominantly interacts electrostatically with the membrane, and its ability to deform the lipid bilayer is non-specific and typical for membrane-binding proteins and polypeptides. However, in the case of phase-separating membranes, M1 demonstrates a unique ability to induce macro-phase separation, probably due to the high affinity of M1's amphipathic helices to the raft boundary. Thus, we suggest that M1 is tailored to deform charged membranes with a specific activity in the case of phase-separating membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Loshkareva
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina M. Popova
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liudmila A. Shilova
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Timofeeva
- Laboratory of Physiology of Viruses, D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, FSBI N. F. Gamaleya NRCEM, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur R. Galimzyanov
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr I. Kuzmin
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis G. Knyazev
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Oleg V. Batishchev
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Wen S, Song Y, Li C, Jin N, Zhai J, Lu H. Positive Regulation of the Antiviral Activity of Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 by S-Palmitoylation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919477. [PMID: 35769480 PMCID: PMC9236556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), a small molecule transmembrane protein induced by interferon, is generally conserved in vertebrates, which can inhibit infection by a diverse range of pathogenic viruses such as influenza virus. However, the precise antiviral mechanisms of IFITM3 remain unclear. At least four post-translational modifications (PTMs) were found to modulate the antiviral effect of IFITM3. These include positive regulation provided by S-palmitoylation of cysteine and negative regulation provided by lysine ubiquitination, lysine methylation, and tyrosine phosphorylation. IFITM3 S-palmitoylation is an enzymatic addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid on the three cysteine residues within or adjacent to its two hydrophobic domains at positions 71, 72, and 105, that is essential for its proper targeting, stability, and function. As S-palmitoylation is the only PTM known to enhance the antiviral activity of IFITM3, enzymes that add this modification may play important roles in IFN-induced immune responses. This study mainly reviews the research progresses on the antiviral mechanism of IFITM3, the regulation mechanism of S-palmitoylation modification on its subcellular localization, stability, and function, and the enzymes that mediate the S-palmitoylation modification of IFITM3, which may help elucidate the mechanism by which this IFN effector restrict virus replication and thus aid in the design of therapeutics targeted at pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Chang Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control, Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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6
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Molecular Dynamics of DHHC20 Acyltransferase Suggests Principles of Lipid and Protein Substrate Selectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095091. [PMID: 35563480 PMCID: PMC9105814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid modification of viral proteins with fatty acids of different lengths (S-acylation) is crucial for virus pathogenesis. The reaction is catalyzed by members of the DHHC family and proceeds in two steps: the autoacylation is followed by the acyl chain transfer onto protein substrates. The crystal structure of human DHHC20 (hDHHC20), an enzyme involved in the acylation of S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, revealed that the acyl chain may be inserted into a hydrophobic cavity formed by four transmembrane (TM) α-helices. To test this model, we used molecular dynamics of membrane-embedded hDHHC20 and its mutants either in the absence or presence of various acyl-CoAs. We found that among a range of acyl chain lengths probed only C16 adopts a conformation suitable for hDHHC20 autoacylation. This specificity is altered if the small or bulky residues at the cavity's ceiling are exchanged, e.g., the V185G mutant obtains strong preferences for binding C18. Surprisingly, an unusual hydrophilic ridge was found in TM helix 4 of hDHHC20, and the responsive hydrophilic patch supposedly involved in association was found in the 3D model of the S-protein TM-domain trimer. Finally, the exchange of critical Thr and Ser residues in the spike led to a significant decrease in its S-acylation. Our data allow further development of peptide/lipid-based inhibitors of hDHHC20 that might impede replication of Corona- and other enveloped viruses.
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Kordyukova LV, Konarev PV, Fedorova NV, Shtykova EV, Ksenofontov AL, Loshkarev NA, Dadinova LA, Timofeeva TA, Abramchuk SS, Moiseenko AV, Baratova LA, Svergun DI, Batishchev OV. The Cytoplasmic Tail of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Membrane Lipid Composition Change the Mode of M1 Protein Association with the Lipid Bilayer. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:772. [PMID: 34677538 PMCID: PMC8541430 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus envelope contains lipid molecules of the host cell and three integral viral proteins: major hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and minor M2 protein. Membrane-associated M1 matrix protein is thought to interact with the lipid bilayer and cytoplasmic domains of integral viral proteins to form infectious virus progeny. We used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and complementary techniques to analyze the interactions of different components of the viral envelope with M1 matrix protein. Small unilamellar liposomes composed of various mixtures of synthetic or "native" lipids extracted from Influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virions as well as proteoliposomes built from the viral lipids and anchored peptides of integral viral proteins (mainly, hemagglutinin) were incubated with isolated M1 and measured using SAXS. The results imply that M1 interaction with phosphatidylserine leads to condensation of the lipid in the protein-contacting monolayer, thus resulting in formation of lipid tubules. This effect vanishes in the presence of the liquid-ordered (raft-forming) constituents (sphingomyelin and cholesterol) regardless of their proportion in the lipid bilayer. We also detected a specific role of the hemagglutinin anchoring peptides in ordering of viral lipid membrane into the raft-like one. These peptides stimulate the oligomerization of M1 on the membrane to form a viral scaffold for subsequent budding of the virion from the plasma membrane of the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V. Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.K.); (N.V.F.); (A.L.K.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Petr V. Konarev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (E.V.S.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Nataliya V. Fedorova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.K.); (N.V.F.); (A.L.K.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Eleonora V. Shtykova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (E.V.S.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.K.); (N.V.F.); (A.L.K.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Nikita A. Loshkarev
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lubov A. Dadinova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (E.V.S.); (L.A.D.)
| | - Tatyana A. Timofeeva
- Laboratory of Physiology of Viruses, D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, FSBI N. F. Gamaleya NRCEM, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergei S. Abramchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Moiseenko
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lyudmila A. Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.K.); (N.V.F.); (A.L.K.); (L.A.B.)
| | | | - Oleg V. Batishchev
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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Abdulrahman DA, Meng X, Veit M. S-Acylation of Proteins of Coronavirus and Influenza Virus: Conservation of Acylation Sites in Animal Viruses and DHHC Acyltransferases in Their Animal Reservoirs. Pathogens 2021; 10:669. [PMID: 34072434 PMCID: PMC8227752 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent pandemics of zoonotic origin were caused by members of coronavirus (CoV) and influenza A (Flu A) viruses. Their glycoproteins (S in CoV, HA in Flu A) and ion channels (E in CoV, M2 in Flu A) are S-acylated. We show that viruses of all genera and from all hosts contain clusters of acylated cysteines in HA, S and E, consistent with the essential function of the modification. In contrast, some Flu viruses lost the acylated cysteine in M2 during evolution, suggesting that it does not affect viral fitness. Members of the DHHC family catalyze palmitoylation. Twenty-three DHHCs exist in humans, but the number varies between vertebrates. SARS-CoV-2 and Flu A proteins are acylated by an overlapping set of DHHCs in human cells. We show that these DHHC genes also exist in other virus hosts. Localization of amino acid substitutions in the 3D structure of DHHCs provided no evidence that their activity or substrate specificity is disturbed. We speculate that newly emerged CoVs or Flu viruses also depend on S-acylation for replication and will use the human DHHCs for that purpose. This feature makes these DHHCs attractive targets for pan-antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Abdulrahman
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Xiaorong Meng
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
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9
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Gadalla MR, Morrison E, Serebryakova MV, Han X, Wolff T, Freund C, Kordyukova L, Veit M. NS1-mediated upregulation of ZDHHC22 acyltransferase in influenza a virus infected cells. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13322. [PMID: 33629465 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses contain two S-acylated proteins, the ion channel M2 and the glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Acylation of the latter is essential for virus replication. Here we analysed the expression of each of the 23 members of the family of ZDHHC acyltransferases in human airway cells, the site of virus replication. RT-PCR revealed that every ZDHHC acyltransferase (except ZDHHC19) is expressed in A549 and Calu cells. Interestingly, expression of one ZDHHC, ZDHHC22, is upregulated in virus-infected cells; this effect is more pronounced after infection with an avian compared to a human virus strain. The viral protein NS1 triggers ZDHHC22 expression in transfected cells, whereas recombinant viruses lacking a functional NS1 gene did not cause ZDHHC22 upregulation. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was then used to knock-out the ZDHHC22 gene in A549 cells. However, acylation of M2 and HA was not reduced, as analysed for intracellular HA and M2 and the stoichiometry of S-acylation of HA incorporated into virus particles did not change according to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. Comparative mass spectrometry of palmitoylated proteins in wt and ΔZDHHC22 cells identified 25 potential substrates of ZDHHC22 which might be involved in virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eliot Morrison
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Xueijiao Han
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larisa Kordyukova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Khrustalev VV, Kordyukova LV, Arutyunyan AM, Poboinev VV, Khrustaleva TA, Stojarov AN, Baratova LA, Sapon AS, Lugin VG. The cytoplasmic tail of influenza A/H1N1 virus hemagglutinin is β-structural. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4642-4661. [PMID: 33317396 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1860827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A/H1N1 virus hemagglutinin (HA) is an integral type I glycoprotein that contains a large glycosylated ectodomain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail (CT) of 10-14 amino acid residues. There are absolutely no data on the secondary or tertiary structure of the HA CT, which is important for virus pathogenesis. Three highly conserved cysteines are post-translationally modified by the attachment of fatty acid residues that pin the CT to the lipid membrane inside the virion. We applied circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis to examine four synthetic peptides corresponding to 14-15 C-terminal residues of H1 subtype HA (NH2-WMCSNGSLQCRICI-COOH; NH2-FWMCSNGSLQCRICI-COOH), with free or acetaminomethylated cysteines, in the reduced or non-reduced state, at various pH values and temperatures. The CD analysis detected the formation of a β-structure (30-65% according to the new BeStSel algorithm), in addition to an unstructured random coil, in every peptide in various conditions. It was completely or partially recognized as an antiparallel β-structure that was also confirmed by the multi-bounce Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transformed Infrared (HATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. According to the experimental data, as well as 3 D modeling, we assume that the amino acid sequence corresponding to the HA CT may form a short antiparallel β-structure under the lipid membrane within a virion.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larisa V Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Arutyunyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Poboinev
- Department of General Chemistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatyana A Khrustaleva
- Biochemical group of the Multidisciplinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Aleksander N Stojarov
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Ecology, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lyudmila A Baratova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena S Sapon
- Center for Physical and Chemical Research Methods, Belarusian State Technological University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Valery G Lugin
- Center for Physical and Chemical Research Methods, Belarusian State Technological University, Minsk, Belarus
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11
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Gadalla MR, Abrami L, van der Goot FG, Veit M. Hemagglutinin of Influenza A, but not of Influenza B and C viruses is acylated by ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20. Biochem J 2020; 477:285-303. [PMID: 31872235 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA), a glycoprotein of Influenza A viruses and its proton channel M2 are site-specifically modified with fatty acids. Whereas two cysteines in the short cytoplasmic tail of HA contain only palmitate, stearate is exclusively attached to one cysteine located at the cytoplasmic border of the transmembrane region (TMR). M2 is palmitoylated at a cysteine positioned in an amphiphilic helix near the TMR. The enzymes catalyzing acylation of HA and M2 have not been identified, but zinc finger DHHC domain-containing (ZDHHC) palmitoyltransferases are candidates. We used a siRNA library to knockdown expression of each of the 23 human ZDHHCs in HA-expressing HeLa cells. siRNAs against ZDHHC2 and 8 had the strongest effect on acylation of HA as demonstrated by Acyl-RAC and confirmed by 3H-palmitate labeling. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of ZDHHC2 and 8 in HAP1 cells, but also of the phylogenetically related ZDHHCs 15 and 20 strongly reduced acylation of group 1 and group 2 HAs and of M2, but individual ZDHHCs exhibit slightly different substrate preferences. These ZDHHCs co-localize with HA at membranes of the exocytic pathway in a human lung cell line. ZDHHC2, 8, 15 and 20 are not required for acylation of the HA-esterase-fusion protein of Influenza C virus that contains only stearate at one transmembrane cysteine. Knockout of these ZDHHCs also did not compromise acylation of HA of Influenza B virus that contains two palmitoylated cysteines in its cytoplasmic tail. Results are discussed with respect to the acyl preferences and possible substrate recognition features of the identified ZDHHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
| | - Laurence Abrami
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Gisou van der Goot
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Gadalla MR, Veit M. Toward the identification of ZDHHC enzymes required for palmitoylation of viral protein as potential drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:159-177. [PMID: 31809605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1696306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: S-acylation is the attachment of fatty acids not only to cysteines of cellular, but also of viral proteins. The modification is often crucial for the protein´s function and hence for virus replication. Transfer of fatty acids is mediated by one or several of the 23 members of the ZDHHC family of proteins. Since their genes are linked to various human diseases, they represent drug targets.Areas covered: The authors explore whether targeting acylation of viral proteins might be a strategy to combat viral diseases. Many human pathogens contain S-acylated proteins; the ZDHHCs involved in their acylation are currently identified. Based on the 3D structure of two ZDHHCs, the regulation and the biochemistry of the palmitolyation reaction and the lipid and protein substrate specificities are discussed. The authors then speculate how ZDHHCs might recognize S-acylated membrane proteins of Influenza virus.Expert opinion: Although many viral diseases can now be treated, the available drugs bind to viral proteins that rapidly mutate and become resistant. To develop inhibitors for the genetically more stable cellular ZDHHCs, their binding sites for viral substrates need to be identified. If only a few cellular proteins are recognized by the same binding site, development of specific inhibitors may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rasheed Gadalla
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kordyukova LV, Serebryakova MV, Khrustalev VV, Veit M. Differential S-Acylation of Enveloped Viruses. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:588-600. [PMID: 31161979 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190603082521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications often regulate protein functioning. Covalent attachment of long chain fatty acids to cysteine residues via a thioester linkage (known as protein palmitoylation or S-acylation) affects protein trafficking, protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. This post-translational modification is coupled to membrane fusion or virus assembly and may affect viral replication in vitro and thus also virus pathogenesis in vivo. In this review we outline modern methods to study S-acylation of viral proteins and to characterize palmitoylproteomes of virus infected cells. The palmitoylation site predictor CSS-palm is critically tested against the Class I enveloped virus proteins. We further focus on identifying the S-acylation sites directly within acyl-peptides and the specific fatty acid (e.g, palmitate, stearate) bound to them using MALDI-TOF MS-based approaches. The fatty acid heterogeneity/ selectivity issue attracts now more attention since the recently published 3D-structures of two DHHC-acyl-transferases gave a hint how this might be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav V Khrustalev
- Department of General Chemistry, Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk 220116, Belarus
| | - Michael Veit
- Institut für Virologie, Vet.-Med. Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
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14
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Cholesterol Binding to the Transmembrane Region of a Group 2 Hemagglutinin (HA) of Influenza Virus Is Essential for Virus Replication, Affecting both Virus Assembly and HA Fusion Activity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00555-19. [PMID: 31118253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00555-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus is incorporated into cholesterol-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane. Phylogenetic group 2 HAs contain the conserved cholesterol consensus motif (CCM) YKLW in the transmembrane region. We previously reported that mutations in the CCM retarded intracellular transport of HA and decreased its nanodomain association. Here, we analyzed whether cholesterol interacts with the CCM. Incorporation of photocholesterol into HA was significantly reduced if the whole CCM is replaced by alanine, both using immunoprecipitated HA and when HA is embedded in the membrane. We next used reverse genetics to investigate the significance of the CCM for virus replication. No virus was rescued if the whole motif is exchanged (YKLW4A); singly (LA) or doubly (YK2A and LW2A) mutated virus showed decreased titers and a comparative fitness disadvantage. In polarized cells, transport of HA mutants to the apical membrane was not disturbed. Reduced amounts of HA and cholesterol were incorporated into the viral membrane. Mutant viruses exhibit a decrease in hemolysis, which is only partially corrected if the membrane is replenished with cholesterol. More specifically, viruses have a defect in hemifusion, as demonstrated by fluorescence dequenching. Cells expressing HA YKLW4A fuse with erythrocytes, but the number of events is reduced. Even after acidification unfused erythrocytes remain cell bound, a phenomenon not observed with wild-type HA. We conclude that cholesterol binding to a group 2 HA is essential for virus replication. It has pleiotropic effects on virus assembly and membrane fusion, mainly on lipid mixing and possibly a preceding step.IMPORTANCE The glycoprotein HA is a major pathogenicity factor of influenza viruses. Whereas the structure and function of HA's ectodomain is known in great detail, similar data for the membrane-anchoring part of the protein are missing. Here, we demonstrate that the transmembrane region of a group 2 HA interacts with cholesterol, the major lipid of the plasma membrane and the defining element of the viral budding site nanodomains of the plasma membrane. The cholesterol binding motif is essential for virus replication. Its partial removal affects various steps of the viral life cycle, such as assembly of new virus particles and their subsequent cell entry via membrane fusion. A cholesterol binding pocket in group 2 HAs might be a promising target for a small lipophilic drug that inactivates the virus.
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Liu X, Ding L, Yuan J, Liao J, Duan L, Wang W, Tan W, Yu W, Zhou B, Chen X, Yang Z. Identification of a Novel Universal Potential Epitope on the Cytoplasmic Tail of H7N9 Virus Hemagglutinin. Virol Sin 2019; 34:334-337. [PMID: 31016481 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 51900, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 51900, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Weiguo Tan
- Lab for Tuberculosis Research, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Weiye Yu
- Lab for Tuberculosis Research, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Longhua Branch of Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Lab for Tuberculosis Research, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518020, China. .,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Khrustalev VV, Khrustaleva TA, Kordyukova LV. Selection and structural analysis of the NY25 peptide – A vaccine candidate from hemagglutinin of swine-origin Influenza H1N1. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:72-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sobocińska J, Roszczenko-Jasińska P, Ciesielska A, Kwiatkowska K. Protein Palmitoylation and Its Role in Bacterial and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2003. [PMID: 29403483 PMCID: PMC5780409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible, enzymatic posttranslational modification of proteins in which palmitoyl chain is attached to a cysteine residue via a thioester linkage. S-palmitoylation determines the functioning of proteins by affecting their association with membranes, compartmentalization in membrane domains, trafficking, and stability. In this review, we focus on S-palmitoylation of proteins, which are crucial for the interactions of pathogenic bacteria and viruses with the host. We discuss the role of palmitoylated proteins in the invasion of host cells by bacteria and viruses, and those involved in the host responses to the infection. We highlight recent data on protein S-palmitoylation in pathogens and their hosts obtained owing to the development of methods based on click chemistry and acyl-biotin exchange allowing proteomic analysis of protein lipidation. The role of the palmitoyl moiety present in bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins, contributing to infectivity and affecting recognition of bacteria by innate immune receptors, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sobocińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Roszczenko-Jasińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Kordyukova L. Structural and functional specificity of Influenza virus haemagglutinin and paramyxovirus fusion protein anchoring peptides. Virus Res 2017; 227:183-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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