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Qi C, Lv C, Jiang M, Zhao X, Gao Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Liu J, Zhao X. The surface morphology of Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide and its inhibitory effect on PCV2 replication. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3624-3636. [PMID: 38148571 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine infection with Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression, which is easy to cause concurrent or secondary infection, making the disease complicated and difficult to treat, and causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. Total polysaccharide from the rhizoma of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (PAMK) is outstanding in enhancing non-specific immunity and cellular immunity, and effectively improving the body's disease resistance, indicating its potential role in antiviral immunotherapy. RESULTS PAMK had the characteristics of compact, polyporous and agglomerated morphology, but does not have triple helix conformation. PCV2 infection led to the increase in LC3-II, degradation of p62 and the increase of viral Cap protein expression and viral copy number. PAMK treatment significantly alleviated PCV2-induced autophagy and inhibited PCV2 replication. Moreover, PAMK treatment significantly attenuated the increase of PINK1 protein expression and the decrease of TOMM20 protein expression caused by PCV2 infection, alleviated Parkin recruitment from cytoplasm to mitochondria and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, restored mitochondrial membrane charge, alleviated viral Cap protein expression. CONCLUSION PAMK alleviates PCV2-induced mitophagy to suppress PCV2 replication by inhibiting the Pink 1/Parkin pathway. These findings may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of PCV2. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxi Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Changyang Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Menglin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ximan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yifan Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaona Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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2
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Liu X, Yan Q, Liu X, Wei W, Zou L, Zhao F, Zeng S, Yi L, Ding H, Zhao M, Chen J, Fan S. PKM2 induces mitophagy through the AMPK-mTOR pathway promoting CSFV proliferation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0175123. [PMID: 38319105 PMCID: PMC10949426 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01751-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host cell's energy metabolism system to support their replication. Mitochondria, known as the powerhouse of the cell, play a critical role in regulating cell survival and virus replication. Our prior research indicated that the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) alters mitochondrial dynamics and triggers glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. However, the role and mechanism of PKM2, a key regulatory enzyme of glycolytic metabolism, in CSFV replication remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that CSFV enhances PKM2 expression and utilizes PKM2 to inhibit pyruvate production. Using an affinity purification coupled mass spectrometry system, we successfully identified PKM as a novel interaction partner of the CSFV non-structural protein NS4A. Furthermore, we validated the interaction between PKM2 and both CSFV NS4A and NS5A through co-immunoprecipitation and confocal analysis. PKM2 was found to promote the expression of both NS4A and NS5A. Moreover, we observed that PKM2 induces mitophagy by activating the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby facilitating CSFV proliferation. In summary, our data reveal a novel mechanism whereby PKM2, a metabolic enzyme, promotes CSFV proliferation by inducing mitophagy. These findings offer a new avenue for developing antiviral strategies. IMPORTANCE Viruses rely on the host cell's material-energy metabolic system for replication, inducing host metabolic disorders and subsequent immunosuppression-a major contributor to persistent viral infections. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is no exception. Classical swine fever is a severe acute infectious disease caused by CSFV, resulting in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. While the role of the metabolic enzyme PKM2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) in the glycolytic pathway of tumor cells has been extensively studied, its involvement in viral infection remains relatively unknown. Our data unveil a new mechanism by which the metabolic enzyme PKM2 mediates CSFV infection, offering novel avenues for the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Xueyi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Wenkang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linke Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Feifan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Sen Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
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Zhou Y, Zhou X, Dong W, Zhang Y, Du J, Zhou X, Fang W, Wang X, Song H. Porcine circovirus type 2 induces CHOP-ERO1α-ROS-mediated apoptosis in PK-15 cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109548. [PMID: 36037618 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. These cellular responses could be connected with apoptosis. However, the mechanisms that link ER stress and oxidative stress in PCV2-induced apoptosis are poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that PCV2 infection increased expression of proapoptotic protein C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and ER oxidoreductase 1 alpha (ERO1α). Inhibition of CHOP by RNA silencing or inhibition of ERO1α by short hairpin RNA or EN460 repressed PCV2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cytosolic calcium level, and apoptotic rate in PK-15 cells. Overexpression of ERO1α enhanced PCV2-induced oxidative stress, caspase-3 cleavage, and apoptosis rate. Treatment of PCV2-infected cells with ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine downregulated PCV2-induced ROS production, cytosolic calcium level, and apoptosis rate, but intriguingly decreased expression of CHOP and ERO1α. Thus, we propose that PCV2 induces apoptosis through ER Stress via CHOP-ERO1α-ROS signaling in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Wanyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, China.
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4
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Jiang H, Kan X, Ding C, Sun Y. The Multi-Faceted Role of Autophagy During Animal Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858953. [PMID: 35402295 PMCID: PMC8990858 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of degradation to maintain cellular homeostatic by lysosomes, which ensures cellular survival under various stress conditions, including nutrient deficiency, hypoxia, high temperature, and pathogenic infection. Xenophagy, a form of selective autophagy, serves as a defense mechanism against multiple intracellular pathogen types, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Recent years have seen a growing list of animal viruses with autophagy machinery. Although the relationship between autophagy and human viruses has been widely summarized, little attention has been paid to the role of this cellular function in the veterinary field, especially today, with the growth of serious zoonotic diseases. The mechanisms of the same virus inducing autophagy in different species, or different viruses inducing autophagy in the same species have not been clarified. In this review, we examine the role of autophagy in important animal viral infectious diseases and discuss the regulation mechanisms of different animal viruses to provide a potential theoretical basis for therapeutic strategies, such as targets of new vaccine development or drugs, to improve industrial production in farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjin Kan
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingjie Sun, ; Chan Ding,
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yingjie Sun, ; Chan Ding,
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5
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Ning B, Guo C, Kong A, Li K, Xie Y, Shi H, Gu J. Calcium Signaling Mediates Cell Death and Crosstalk with Autophagy in Kidney Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113204. [PMID: 34831428 PMCID: PMC8622220 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an important organ for the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in the body. However, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis will cause a series of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), podocytopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. During the progression of kidney disease, Ca2+ signaling plays key roles in various cell activities such as necrosis, apoptosis, eryptosis and autophagy. Importantly, there are complex Ca2+ flux networks between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosomes which regulate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in renal cells and contribute to kidney disease. In addition, Ca2+ signaling also links the crosstalk between various cell deaths and autophagy under the stress of heavy metals or high glucose. In this regard, we present a review of Ca2+ signaling in cell death and crosstalk with autophagy and its potential as a therapeutic target for the development of new and efficient drugs against kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Chuanzhi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Anqi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Kongdong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yimin Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University—Yixing Hospital, Yixing 214200, China;
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (B.N.); (C.G.); (A.K.); (K.L.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0511-88791923
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6
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Myo-inositol improves growth performance and regulates lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir sinensis) fed different percentage of lipid. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:666-678. [PMID: 33910655 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on growth performance, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) fed different percentage of lipid. Crabs (4·58 (sem 0·05) g) were fed four diets including a normal lipid diet (N, containing 7 % lipid and 0 mg/kg MI), N with MI supplementation (N + MI, containing 7 % lipid and 1600 mg/kg MI), a high lipid diet (H, containing 13 % lipid and 0 mg/kg MI) and H with MI supplementation (H + MI, containing 13 % lipid and 1600 mg/kg MI) for 8 weeks. The H + MI group showed higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those in the H group. The dietary MI could improve the lipid accumulations in the whole body, hepatopancreas and muscle as a result of feeding on the high dietary lipid (13 %) in crabs. Besides, the crabs fed the H + MI diets increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes but reduced the malondialdehyde content in hepatopancreas compared with those fed the H diets. Moreover, dietary MI enhanced the expression of genes involved in lipid oxidation and exportation, yet reduced lipid absorption and synthesis genes expression in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed the H diet, which might be related to the activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β (CaMKKβ)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway. This study demonstrates that MI could increase lipid utilisation and reduce lipid deposition in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis fed a high lipid diet through IP3R/CaMKKβ/AMPK activation. This work provides new insights into the function of MI in the diet of crustaceans.
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7
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Xie B, Zhao M, Song D, Wu K, Yi L, Li W, Li X, Wang K, Chen J. Induction of autophagy and suppression of type I IFN secretion by CSFV. Autophagy 2021; 17:925-947. [PMID: 32160078 PMCID: PMC8078712 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy plays an essential role in cellular responses to pathogens. However, the precise mechanisms and signaling pathways that modulate cellular autophagy in classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-infected host cells have not been confirmed. In this study, we showed that CSFV infection inhibits the phosphorylation of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), subsequently leading to autophagy initiation. We also show that MAPK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling is involved in CSFV-induced autophagy. The CSFV-induced inhibition of AKT/PKB (AKT serine/threonine kinase)-MTOR was observed to be partially responsible for the MTOR inactivation and subsequent autophagy initiation. Moreover, the CAMKK2/CaMKKβ (calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2)-PRKAA/AMPK (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha) axis was found to be involved in CSFV-induced autophagy. Meanwhile, CSFV non-structural protein NS5A induced autophagy via the CAMKK2-PRKAA-MTOR signaling pathway but not the AKT-MTOR or MAPK1/ERK2-MAPK3/ERK1-MTOR pathway. Although the AKT-MTOR pathway also plays an important role in the induction of autophagy by CSFV. We also found the interaction between HSP90AB1/HSPCB and NS5A by tandem affinity purification/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, the CSFV-induced [Ca2+]cyto increase potently induced autophagy through CAMKK2 and PRKAA. Moreover, we isolated and identified the BECN1/Beclin 1 protein complexes by tandem affinity purification/LC-MS and immunoprecipitation, the interaction between BECN1 and MAVS was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, laser scanning confocal microscope technology, and GST affinity-isolation experiments. Furthermore, CSFV-mediated autophagy suppressing type I IFN production is related to the interaction between MAVS and BECN1. Finally, the modulation of autophagy induction pathways by different autophagy regulatory factors significantly affected the replication of CSFV.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; CAMKK2: Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2; CSFV: Classical swine fever virus; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; HSP90AB1: Heat shock protein 90 alpha family class B member 1; IFN: Interferon; ISGs: IFN-stimulated genes; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; MAP1LC3/LC3: Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAVS: Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MOI: Multiplicity of infection; MTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PRKAA: Protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha; shRNA: short hairpin RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Porcine Circovirus 2 Induction of ROS Is Responsible for Mitophagy in PK-15 Cells via Activation of Drp1 Phosphorylation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030289. [PMID: 32155766 PMCID: PMC7150875 DOI: 10.3390/v12030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics is essential for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential and causes the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may ultimately lead to mitochondrial apoptosis. However, whether PCV2 induce mitophagy remains unknown. Here we show that PCV2-induced mitophagy in PK-15 cells via Drp1 phosphorylation and PINK1/Parkin activation. PCV2 infection enhanced the phosphorylation of Drp1 and its subsequent translocation to mitochondria. PCV2-induced Drp1 phosphorylation could be suppressed by specific CDK1 inhibitor RO-3306, suggesting CDK1 as its possible upstream molecule. PCV2 infection increased the amount of ROS, up-regulated PINK1 expression, and stimulated recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) markedly decreased PCV2-induced ROS, down-regulated Drp1 phosphorylation, and lessened PINK1 expression and mitochondrial accumulation of Parkin. Inhibition of Drp1 by mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 Mdivi-1 or RNA silencing not only resulted in the reduction of ROS and PINK1, improved mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, but also led to reduced apoptotic responses. Together, our study shows that ROS induction due to PCV2 infection is responsible for the activation of Drp1 and the subsequent mitophagic and mitochondrial apoptotic responses.
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Npro of Classical Swine Fever Virus Suppresses Type III Interferon Production by Inhibiting IRF1 Expression and Its Nuclear Translocation. Viruses 2019; 11:v11110998. [PMID: 31683525 PMCID: PMC6893713 DOI: 10.3390/v11110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes a contagious disease of pigs. The virus can break the mucosal barrier to establish its infection. Type III interferons (IFN-λs) play a crucial role in maintaining the antiviral state in epithelial cells. Limited information is available on whether or how CSFV modulates IFN-λs production. We found that IFN-λ3 showed dose-dependent suppression of CSFV replication in IPEC-J2 cells. Npro-deleted CSFV mutant (∆Npro) induced significantly higher IFN-λs transcription from 24 h post-infection (hpi) than its parental strain (wtCSFV). The strain wtCSFV strongly inhibited IFN-λs transcription and IFN-λ3 promoter activity in poly(I:C)-stimulated IPEC-J2 cells, whereas ∆Npro did not show such inhibition. Npro overexpression caused significant reduction of IFN-λs transcription and IFN-λ3 promoter activity. Both wtCSFV and ∆Npro infection induced time-dependent IRF1 expression in IPEC-J2 cells, with ΔNpro showing more significant induction, particularly at 24 hpi. However, infection with wtCSFV or Npro overexpression led not only to significant reduction of IRF1 expression and its promoter activity in poly(I:C)-treated IPEC-J2 cells but also to blockage of IRF1 nuclear translocation. This study provides clear evidence that CSFV Npro suppresses IRF1-mediated type III IFNs production by inhibiting IRF1 expression and its nuclear translocation.
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Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Induces ORF3-Independent Mitochondrial Apoptosis via PERK Activation and Elevation of Cytosolic Calcium. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01784-18. [PMID: 30651358 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01784-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) triggers an unfolded protein response (UPR) in porcine kidney PK-15 cells by activating the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) pathway of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which in turn facilitates viral replication (Y. Zhou et al., Viruses 8:e56, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/v8020056; Y. Zhou et al., J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 18:316-323, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1600208). PCV2 is found to cause oxidative stress and upregulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. The virus is reported to employ its open reading frame 3 (ORF3) to induce apoptosis. We wondered whether and how PCV2-induced UPR would lead to apoptosis independent of ORF3. Using an ORF3-deficient PCV2 mutant (ΔORF3), apoptotic responses in infected PK-15 and porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells were still apparent, although lower than in the parental PCV2 strain. We hypothesized that apoptosis induced by ΔORF3 might result from the UPR. We found that ΔORF3-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced when the infected cells were treated with the selective PERK blocker GSK2606414 (GSK) or the general ER stress attenuator 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA). Such treatments also ameliorated elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in PK-15 and PAM cells, two predisposing factors for apoptosis via disruption of the ER-mitochondrion units. Treatment of ΔORF3-infected cells with GSK and 4-PBA also decreased the mitochondrial Ca2+ load and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). With transient expression of the structural protein capsid (Cap) in combination with PERK silencing, we found that Cap induced MMP collapse and mitochondrial apoptosis could result from the UPR and elevation of Ca2+ and ROS levels, which were inhibitable by downregulation of PERK. We propose that PCV2-driven ER stress is Cap dependent and could lead to mitochondrial apoptotic responses independent of ORF3 via perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of ROS.IMPORTANCE PCV2 encodes protein ORF3, a putative protein with proapoptotic activity. Our early studies showed that PCV2 infection triggers ER stress via selective activation of the PERK pathway, a branch of the ER stress pathways, in permissive cells for enhanced replication and infection increased cytosolic Ca2+ and ROS levels. Here we clearly show that PCV2 infection or Cap expression induces ORF3-independent apoptosis via increased cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and cellular ROS levels as a result of activation of the PERK pathway.
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Zhai N, Liu K, Li H, Liu Z, Wang H, Korolchuk VI, Carroll B, Pan C, Gan F, Huang K, Chen X. PCV2 replication promoted by oxidative stress is dependent on the regulation of autophagy on apoptosis. Vet Res 2019; 50:19. [PMID: 30836990 PMCID: PMC6399867 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen but some extra trigger factors are required for the development of PCV2-associated diseases. By evaluating cap protein expression, viral DNA copies and the number of infected cells, the present study further confirmed that oxidative stress can promote PCV2 replication. The results showed that oxidative stress induced autophagy in PCV2-infected PK15 cells. Blocking autophagy with inhibitor 3-methyladenine or ATG5-specific siRNA significantly inhibited oxidative stress-promoted PCV2 replication. Importantly, autophagy inhibition significantly increased apoptosis in oxidative stress-treated PK15 cells. Suppression of apoptosis by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethylketone in conditions of autophagy inhibition restored PCV2 replication. Taken together, autophagy protected host cells against potential apoptosis and then contributed to PCV2 replication promotion caused by oxidative stress. Our findings can partly explain the pathogenic mechanism of PCV2 related to the oxidative stress-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhui Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zixuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Bernadette Carroll
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.,School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Cuiling Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhai N, Wang H, Chen Y, Li H, Viktor K, Huang K, Chen X. Taurine attenuates OTA-promoted PCV2 replication through blocking ROS-dependent autophagy via inhibiting AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Liu D, Lin J, Su J, Chen X, Jiang P, Huang K. Glutamine Deficiency Promotes PCV2 Infection through Induction of Autophagy via Activation of ROS-Mediated JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11757-11766. [PMID: 30343565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen in swine herds. We previously reported that glutamine (Gln) deficiency promoted PCV2 infection in vitro. Here, we established a Gln deficiency model in vivo and further investigated the detailed molecular mechanisms. In vivo and in vitro, Gln deficiency promoted PCV2 infection, which was evident through increased viral yields and PCV2 Cap protein synthesis. It also induced autophagy, as demonstrated by the increases in LC3-II conversion, SQSTM1 degradation, and GFP-LC3 dot accumulation. Autophagy inhibition abolished the effects of Gln deficiency on PCV2 infection. Inhibition of ROS generation alleviated the Gln deficiency-activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting autophagy induction. In vitro, the inhibition of STAT3 by an inhibitor or RNA interference blocked autophagy, thus reversing the effects of Gln deficiency on PCV2 infection. These results indicate that Gln deficiency activates autophagy by upregulating ROS-medicated JAK2/STAT3 signaling and thereby promoting PCV2 infection.
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Qian G, Liu D, Hu J, Gan F, Hou L, Zhai N, Chen X, Huang K. SeMet attenuates OTA-induced PCV2 replication promotion by inhibiting autophagy by activating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Vet Res 2018; 49:15. [PMID: 29439710 PMCID: PMC5812231 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases. PCV2 replication could be promoted by low doses of ochratoxin A (OTA) as in our previous study and selenium has been shown to attenuate PCV2 replication. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of selenomethionine (SeMet), the major component of organic selenium, on OTA-induced PCV2 replication promotion and its potential mechanism. The present study demonstrates that OTA could promote PCV2 replication as measured by cap protein expression, viral titer, viral DNA copies and the number of infected cells. In addition, OTA could activate autophagy as indicated by up-regulated light chain 3 (LC3)-II and autophagy-related protein 5 expressions and autophagosome formation. Further, OTA could down-regulate p-AKT and p-mTOR expressions and OTA-induced autophagy was inhibited when insulin was applied. SeMet at 2, 4 and 6 μM had significant inhibiting effects against OTA-induced PCV2 replication promotion. Furthermore, SeMet could attenuate OTA-induced autophagy and up-regulate OTA-induced p-AKT and p-mTOR expression inhibition. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of AKT/mTOR, could reverse the effects of SeMet on OTA-induced autophagy and the PCV2 replication promotion. In conclusion, SeMet could block OTA-induced PCV2 replication promotion by inhibiting autophagy by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, SeMet supplementation could be an effective prophylactic strategy against PCV2 infections and autophagy may be a potential marker to develop novel anti-PCV2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junfa Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nianhui Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zhou YS, Gu YX, Qi BZ, Zhang YK, Li XL, Fang WH. Porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein induces unfolded protein response with subsequent activation of apoptosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:316-323. [PMID: 28378569 PMCID: PMC5394096 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has recently been reported to elicit the unfolded protein response (UPR) via activation of the PERK/eIF2α (RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α) pathway. This study attempted to examine which viral protein might be involved in inducing UPR and whether this cellular event would lead to apoptosis of the cells expressing the viral protein. By transient expression, we found that both replicase (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins of PCV2 could induce ER stress as shown by increased phosphorylation of PERK with subsequent activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4)-CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein) axis. Cap expression, but not Rep, significantly reduced anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and increased caspase-3 cleavage, possibly due to increased expression of CHOP. Since knockdown of PERK by RNA interference clearly reduced Cap-induced CHOP expression, caspase-3 cleavage, and apoptotic cell death possibly by partially rescuing Bcl-2 expression, we propose that there is connection between Cap-induced UPR and apoptosis via the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP/Bcl-2 pathway. This study, together with our earlier studies, provides insight into the mechanisms underlying PCV2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China
| | - Yuan-Xing Gu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Qi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Kai Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Huan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wang X, Xu X, Wang W, Yu Z, Wen L, He K, Fan H. MicroRNA-30a-5p promotes replication of porcine circovirus type 2 through enhancing autophagy by targeting 14-3-3. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2643-2654. [PMID: 28530014 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy and microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating virus-host interactions and can restrict or facilitate viral replication. In the present study we examined whether a functional relationship exists between autophagy, miRNA and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, using several approaches. We demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between PCV2 infection and autophagy in 3D4/21 cells and autophagy induced by PCV2 infection triggered PCV2 replication. Four miRNA were selected by real-time PCR and further studied, but only miR-30a-5p mimic had a significant effect on PCV2 replication. Overexpression of miR-30a-5p significantly enhanced PCV2 infection and autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. Blockage of miR-30a-5p significantly decreased PCV2 replication. We provided further evidence that miR-30a-5p regulate the link between PCV2 infection and host immune system. Furthermore, miR-30a-5p targeted and regulated 14-3-3 gene, which is a regulator of autophagy. Flow cytometry data demonstrated that miR-30a-5p promotes cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase to regulate PCV2 replication and autophagy by interacting directly with 14-3-3, but not with the PCV2 genome. These data not only provide new insights into virus-host interactions during PCV2 infection but also suggest a potential new antiviral therapeutic strategy against PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xianglan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, 210014, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Liu S, Wang Z, Miao J. Potential roles of annexin A7 GTPase in autophagy, senescence and apoptosis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers the roles of ANXA7 GTPase in orchestrating autophagy, senescence and apoptosis interactive networks in various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuYan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - ZhaoYang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - JunYing Miao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- China
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