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Shang K, Xiao L, Zhang X, Zang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wang X, Zhou T, Zhu C, Zhu X. Tomato chlorosis virus p22 interacts with NbBAG5 to inhibit autophagy and regulate virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:425-435. [PMID: 36828802 PMCID: PMC10098061 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is a member of the genus Crinivirus in the family Closteroviridae. It has a wide host range and wide distribution, causing serious harm to the vegetable industry. The autophagy pathway plays an important role in plant resistance to virus infection. Viruses and plant hosts coevolve in defence and antidefence processes around autophagy. In this study, the interaction between ToCV p22 and Nicotiana benthamiana B-cell lymphoma2-associated athanogenes5 Nicotiana benthamiana (NbBAG5) was examined. Through overexpression and down-regulation of NbBAG5, results showed that NbBAG5 could negatively regulate ToCV infection. NbBAG5 was found to be localized in mitochondria and can change the original localization of ToCV p22, which is colocalized in mitochondria. NbBAG5 inhibited the expression of mitophagy-related genes and the number of autophagosomes, thereby regulating viral infection by affecting mitophagy. In summary, this study demonstrated that ToCV p22 affects autophagy by interacting with NbBAG5, established the association between viral infection, BAG proteins family, and the autophagy pathway, and explained the molecular mechanism by which ToCV p22 interacts with NbBAG5 to inhibit autophagy to regulate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Shang
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Xianping Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Lianyi Zang
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Xipan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTaiʼanChina
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Small RNAs Participate in Plant-Virus Interaction and Their Application in Plant Viral Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020696. [PMID: 35054880 PMCID: PMC8775341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs are significant regulators of gene expression, which play multiple roles in plant development, growth, reproductive and stress response. It is generally believed that the regulation of plants’ endogenous genes by small RNAs has evolved from a cellular defense mechanism for RNA viruses and transposons. Most small RNAs have well-established roles in the defense response, such as viral response. During viral infection, plant endogenous small RNAs can direct virus resistance by regulating the gene expression in the host defense pathway, while the small RNAs derived from viruses are the core of the conserved and effective RNAi resistance mechanism. As a counter strategy, viruses evolve suppressors of the RNAi pathway to disrupt host plant silencing against viruses. Currently, several studies have been published elucidating the mechanisms by which small RNAs regulate viral defense in different crops. This paper reviews the distinct pathways of small RNAs biogenesis and the molecular mechanisms of small RNAs mediating antiviral immunity in plants, as well as summarizes the coping strategies used by viruses to override this immune response. Finally, we discuss the current development state of the new applications in virus defense based on small RNA silencing.
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Rahman A, Sinha KV, Sopory SK, Sanan-Mishra N. Influence of virus-host interactions on plant response to abiotic stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2225-2245. [PMID: 34050797 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a significant role in controlling growth, development and defense responses of plants. Changes in the abiotic environment not only significantly alter the physiological and molecular pathways in plants, but also result in attracting the insect pests that carry a payload of viruses. Invasion of plants by viruses triggers the RNA silencing based defense mechanism in plants. In counter defense the viruses have gained the ability to suppress the host RNA silencing activities. A new paradigm has emerged, with the recognition that plant viruses also have the intrinsic capacity to modulate host plant response to environmental cues, in an attempt to favour their own survival. Thus, plant-virus interactions provide an excellent system to understand the signals in crosstalk between biotic (virus) and abiotic stresses. In this review, we have summarized the basal plant defense responses to pathogen invasion while emphasizing on the role of RNA silencing as a front line of defense response to virus infection. The emerging knowledge indicates overlap between RNA silencing with the innate immune responses during antiviral defense. The suppressors of RNA silencing serve as Avr proteins, which can be recognized by the host R proteins. The defense signals also function in concert with the phytohormones to influence plant responses to abiotic stresses. The current evidence on the role of virus induced host tolerance to abiotic stresses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Rahman
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Veena Sinha
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Liu S, Wang C, Liu X, Navas-Castillo J, Zang L, Fan Z, Zhu X, Zhou T. Tomato chlorosis virus-encoded p22 suppresses auxin signalling to promote infection via interference with SKP1-Cullin-F-box TIR1 complex assembly. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3155-3172. [PMID: 34105183 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone auxin plays a fundamental role in plant growth and defense against pathogens. However, how auxin signalling is regulated during virus infection in plants remains largely unknown. Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) is the repressor of auxin signalling and can be recognized by an F-box protein transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1). Ubiquitination and degradation of Aux/IAA by SKP1-Cullin-F-boxTIR1 (SCFTIR1 ) complex can trigger auxin signalling. Here, with an emerging important plant virus worldwide, we showed that tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) infection or stable transgenic overexpression of its p22 protein does not alter auxin accumulation level but significantly decreases the expression of auxin signalling-responsive genes, suggesting that p22 can attenuate host auxin signalling. Further, p22 could bind the C-terminal of SKP1.1 and compete with TIR1 to interfere with the SCFTIR1 complex assembly, leading to a suppression of Aux/IAA degradation. Silencing and over-expression assays suggested that both NbSKP1.1 and NbTIR1 suppress ToCV accumulation and disease symptoms. Altogether, ToCV p22 disrupts the auxin signalling through destabilizing SCFTIR1 by interacting with the C-terminal of NbSKP1.1 to promote ToCV infection. Our findings uncovered a previously unknown molecular mechanism employed by a plant virus to manipulate SCF complex-mediated ubiquitin pathway and to reprogram auxin signalling for efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuilin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xuedong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Lianyi Zang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Yang X, Wei Y, Shi Y, Han X, Chen S, Yang L, Li H, Sun B, Shi Y. Cucumber Ribosomal Protein CsRPS21 Interacts With P22 Protein of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654697. [PMID: 33995313 PMCID: PMC8116660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is a cucurbit-infecting crinivirus. RNA silencing can be initiated as a plant defense against viruses. Viruses encode various RNA silencing suppressors to counteract antiviral silencing. P22 protein encoded by RNA1 of CCYV is a silencing suppressor, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, the cucumber ribosomal-like protein CsRPS21 was found to interact with P22 protein in vitro and in vivo. A conserved CsRPS21 domain was indispensable for its nuclear localization and interaction with P22. Transient expression of CsRPS21 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves interfered with P22 accumulation and inhibited P22 silencing suppressor activity. CsRPS21 expression in N. benthamiana protoplasts inhibited CCYV accumulation. Increasing numbers of ribosomal proteins are being found to be involved in viral infections of plants. We identified a P22-interacting ribosomal protein, CsRPS21, and uncovered its role in early viral replication and silencing suppressor activity. Our study increases knowledge of the function of ribosomal proteins during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Landeo-Ríos Y, Navas-Castillo J, Moriones E, Cañizares MC. The Heterologous Expression of the p22 RNA Silencing Suppressor of the Crinivirus Tomato Chlorosis Virus from Tobacco Rattle Virus and Potato Virus X Enhances Disease Severity but Does Not Complement Suppressor-Defective Mutant Viruses. Viruses 2017; 9:E358. [PMID: 29186781 PMCID: PMC5744133 DOI: 10.3390/v9120358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract host antiviral RNA silencing, plant viruses express suppressor proteins that function as pathogenicity enhancers. The genome of the Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) encodes an RNA silencing suppressor, the protein p22, that has been described as having one of the longest lasting local suppressor activities when assayed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Since suppression of RNA silencing and the ability to enhance disease severity are closely associated, we analyzed the effect of expressing p22 in heterologous viral contexts. Thus, we studied the effect of the expression of ToCV p22 from viral vectors Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and Potato virus X (PVX), and from attenuated suppressor mutants in N. benthamiana plants. Our results show that although an exacerbation of disease symptoms leading to plant death was observed in the heterologous expression of ToCV p22 from both viruses, only in the case of TRV did increased viral accumulation occur. The heterologous expression of ToCV p22 could not complement suppressor-defective mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”—Universidad de Málaga—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental “La Mayora”, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain; (Y.L.-R.); (J.N.-C.); (E.M.)
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