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Wood ML, Neumann R, Roy P, Nair V, Royle NJ. Characterization of integrated Marek's disease virus genomes supports a model of integration by homology-directed recombination and telomere-loop-driven excision. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071623. [PMID: 37737586 PMCID: PMC10617522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a ubiquitous chicken pathogen that inflicts a large economic burden on the poultry industry, despite worldwide vaccination programs. MDV is only partially controlled by available vaccines, and the virus retains the ability to replicate and spread between vaccinated birds. Following an initial infection, MDV enters a latent state and integrates into host telomeres and this may be a prerequisite for malignant transformation, which is usually fatal. To understand the mechanism that underlies the dynamic relationship between integrated-latent and reactivated MDV, we have characterized integrated MDV (iMDV) genomes and their associated telomeres. This revealed a single orientation among iMDV genomes and the loss of some terminal sequences that is consistent with integration by homology-directed recombination and excision via a telomere-loop-mediated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Wood
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Neumann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Poornima Roy
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Royle
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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2
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Aimola G, Wight DJ, Flamand L, Kaufer BB. Excision of Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6A Genomes Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0076423. [PMID: 36926973 PMCID: PMC10100985 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00764-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B are betaherpesviruses that can integrate their genomes into the telomeres of latently infected cells. Integration can also occur in germ cells, resulting in individuals who harbor the integrated virus in every cell of their body and can pass it on to their offspring. This condition is termed inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) and affects about 1% of the human population. The integrated HHV-6A/B genome can reactivate in iciHHV-6 patients and in rare cases can also cause severe diseases including encephalitis and graft-versus-host disease. Until now, it has remained impossible to prevent virus reactivation or remove the integrated virus genome. Therefore, we developed a system that allows the removal of HHV-6A from the host telomeres using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We used specific guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the direct repeat region at the ends of the viral genome to remove the virus from latently infected cells generated in vitro and iciHHV-6A patient cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses revealed that the virus genome was efficiently excised and lost in most cells. Efficient excision was achieved with both constitutive and transient expression of Cas9. In addition, reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that the virus genome did not reactivate upon excision. Taken together, our data show that our CRISPR/Cas9 approach allows efficient removal of the integrated virus genome from host telomeres. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infects almost all humans and integrates into the telomeres of latently infected cells to persist in the host for life. In addition, HHV-6 can also integrate into the telomeres of germ cells, which results in about 80 million individuals worldwide who carry the virus in every cell of their body and can pass it on to their offspring. In this study, we develop the first system that allows excision of the integrated HHV-6 genome from host telomeres using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Our data revealed that the integrated HHV-6 genome can be efficiently removed from the telomeres of latently infected cells and cells of patients harboring the virus in their germ line. Virus removal could be achieved with both stable and transient Cas9 expression, without inducing viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Aimola
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darren J. Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Center-Laval University, Québec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6: Laboratory and Clinical Features. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030548. [PMID: 36985122 PMCID: PMC10052293 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) is a condition in which the complete HHV-6 genome is integrated into the chromosomes of the host germ cell and is vertically transmitted. The aims of this study were to identify iciHHV-6 prevalence in hospitalized patients and clinical features in individuals carrying this integration. HHV-6 PCR on hair follicles was used to confirm iciHHV-6 status when the blood viral load was more than 5 Log10 copies/mL. From January 2012 to June 2022, HHV-6 DNAemia was investigated in 2019 patients. In particular, 49 had a viral load higher than 6 Log10 copies/mL and HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles was positive. A viral load between 5.0 and 5.9 Log10 copies/mL was observed in 10 patients: 6 infants with acute HHV-6 infection and 4 patients with leukopenia and HHV-6 integration. Therefore, the iciHHV-6 prevalence in our population was 2.6% (53/2019). Adult patients with integration presented hematological (24%), autoimmune (11%), autoimmune neurological (19%), not-autoimmune neurological (22%), and other diseases (19%), whereas 5% had no clinically relevant disease. Although in our study population a high percentage of iciHHV-6 adult hospitalized patients presented a specific pathology, it is still unknown whether the integration is responsible for, or contributes to, the disease development.
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4
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Duckworth A, Longhurst HJ, Paxton JK, Scotton CJ. The Role of Herpes Viruses in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:704222. [PMID: 34368196 PMCID: PMC8339799 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.704222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a serious lung disease which can result from known genetic or environmental exposures but is more commonly idiopathic (IPF). In familial PF (FPF), the majority of identified causal genes play key roles in the maintenance of telomeres, the protective end structures of chromosomes. Recent evidence suggests that short telomeres may also be implicated causally in a significant proportion of idiopathic cases. The possible involvement of herpes viruses in PF disease incidence and progression has been examined for many years, with some studies showing strong, statistically significant associations and others reporting no involvement. Evidence is thus polarized and remains inconclusive. Here we review the reported involvement of herpes viruses in PF in both animals and humans and present a summary of the evidence to date. We also present several possible mechanisms of action of the different herpes viruses in PF pathogenesis, including potential contributions to telomere attrition and cellular senescence. Evidence for antiviral treatment in PF is very limited but suggests a potential benefit. Further work is required to definitely answer the question of whether herpes viruses impact PF disease onset and progression and to enable the possible use of targeted antiviral treatments to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duckworth
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary J. Longhurst
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) Action, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane K. Paxton
- Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) Action, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Scotton
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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5
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Hecker M, Fitzner B, Jäger K, Bühring J, Schwartz M, Hartmann A, Walter M, Zettl UK. Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Its Association with Clinical Phenotypes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2886-2896. [PMID: 33547621 PMCID: PMC8128833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a significant factor influencing the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Accelerated telomere attrition is an indicator of premature biological aging and a potential contributor to various chronic diseases, including neurological disorders. However, there is currently a lack of studies focusing on telomere lengths in patients with MS. We measured the average leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in biobanked DNA samples of 40 relapsing-remitting MS patients (RRMS), 20 primary progressive MS patients (PPMS), and 60 healthy controls using a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Changes in LTL over a period of >10 years were evaluated in a subset of 10 patients. Association analyses of baseline LTL with the long-term clinical profiles of the patients were performed using inferential statistical tests and regression models adjusted for age and sex. The cross-sectional analysis revealed that the RRMS group was characterized by a significantly shorter relative LTL, on average, as compared to the PPMS group and controls. Shorter telomeres at baseline were also associated with a higher conversion rate from RRMS to secondary progressive MS (SPMS) in the 10-year follow-up. The LTL decrease over time was similar in RRMS patients and PPMS patients in the longitudinal analysis. Our data suggest a possible contributory role of accelerated telomere shortening in the pathobiology of MS. The interplay between disease-related immune system alterations, immunosenescence, and telomere dynamics deserves further investigation. New insights into the mechanisms of disease might be obtained, e.g., by exploring the distribution of telomere lengths in specific blood cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hecker
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Brit Fitzner
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Bühring
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Margit Schwartz
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
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6
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Wood ML, Veal CD, Neumann R, Suárez NM, Nichols J, Parker AJ, Martin D, Romaine SPR, Codd V, Samani NJ, Voors AA, Tomaszewski M, Flamand L, Davison AJ, Royle NJ. Variation in human herpesvirus 6B telomeric integration, excision, and transmission between tissues and individuals. eLife 2021; 10:70452. [PMID: 34545807 PMCID: PMC8492063 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B (HHV-6A/6B) are ubiquitous pathogens that persist lifelong in latent form and can cause severe conditions upon reactivation. They are spread by community-acquired infection of free virus (acqHHV6A/6B) and by germline transmission of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6A/6B (iciHHV-6A/6B) in telomeres. We exploited a hypervariable region of the HHV-6B genome to investigate the relationship between acquired and inherited virus and revealed predominantly maternal transmission of acqHHV-6B in families. Remarkably, we demonstrate that some copies of acqHHV-6B in saliva from healthy adults gained a telomere, indicative of integration and latency, and that the frequency of viral genome excision from telomeres in iciHHV-6B carriers is surprisingly high and varies between tissues. In addition, newly formed short telomeres generated by partial viral genome release are frequently lengthened, particularly in telomerase-expressing pluripotent cells. Consequently, iciHHV-6B carriers are mosaic for different iciHHV-6B structures, including circular extra-chromosomal forms that have the potential to reactivate. Finally, we show transmission of an HHV-6B strain from an iciHHV-6B mother to her non-iciHHV-6B son. Altogether, we demonstrate that iciHHV-6B can readily transition between telomere-integrated and free virus forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wood
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Colin D Veal
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Rita Neumann
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Jenna Nichols
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrei J Parker
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Diana Martin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon PR Romaine
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield HospitalLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Adriaan A Voors
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenNetherlands
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis Flamand
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Royle
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of LeicesterLeicesterUnited Kingdom
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7
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Liu X, Kosugi S, Koide R, Kawamura Y, Ito J, Miura H, Matoba N, Matsuzaki M, Fujita M, Kamada AJ, Nakagawa H, Tamiya G, Matsuda K, Murakami Y, Kubo M, Aswad A, Sato K, Momozawa Y, Ohashi J, Terao C, Yoshikawa T, Parrish NF, Kamatani Y. Endogenization and excision of human herpesvirus 6 in human genomes. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008915. [PMID: 32776928 PMCID: PMC7444522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences homologous to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) are integrated within the nuclear genome of about 1% of humans, but it is not clear how this came about. It is also uncertain whether integrated HHV-6 can reactivate into an infectious virus. HHV-6 integrates into telomeres, and this has recently been associated with polymorphisms affecting MOV10L1. MOV10L1 is located on the subtelomere of chromosome 22q (chr22q) and is required to make PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). As piRNAs block germline integration of transposons, piRNA-mediated repression of HHV-6 integration has been proposed to explain this association. In vitro, recombination of the HHV-6 genome along its terminal direct repeats (DRs) leads to excision from the telomere and viral reactivation, but the expected "solo-DR scar" has not been described in vivo. Here we screened for integrated HHV-6 in 7,485 Japanese subjects using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Integrated HHV-6 was associated with polymorphisms on chr22q. However, in contrast to prior work, we find that the reported MOV10L1 polymorphism is physically linked to an ancient endogenous HHV-6A variant integrated into the telomere of chr22q in East Asians. Unexpectedly, an HHV-6B variant has also endogenized in chr22q; two endogenous HHV-6 variants at this locus thus account for 72% of all integrated HHV-6 in Japan. We also report human genomes carrying only one portion of the HHV-6B genome, a solo-DR, supporting in vivo excision and possible viral reactivation. Together these results explain the recently-reported association between integrated HHV-6 and MOV10L1/piRNAs, suggest potential exaptation of HHV-6 in its coevolution with human chr22q, and clarify the evolution and risk of reactivation of the only intact (non-retro)viral genome known to be present in human germlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kosugi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rie Koide
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miura
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nana Matoba
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Motomichi Matsuzaki
- Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anselmo Jiro Kamada
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Clinical Genome Sequencing, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Amr Aswad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nicholas F. Parrish
- Genome Immunobiology RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Gaccioli F, Lager S, de Goffau MC, Sovio U, Dopierala J, Gong S, Cook E, Sharkey A, Moffett A, Lee WK, Delles C, Venturini C, Breuer J, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ, Charnock-Jones DS, Smith GCS. Fetal inheritance of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 predisposes the mother to pre-eclampsia. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:901-908. [PMID: 32367053 PMCID: PMC7610361 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (typically characterized by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria in the second half of pregnancy) represents a major determinant of the global burden of disease1,2. Its pathophysiology involves placental dysfunction, but the mechanism is unclear. Viral infection can cause organ dysfunction, but its role in placentally related disorders of human pregnancy is unknown3. We addressed this using RNA sequencing metagenomics4-6 of placental samples from normal and complicated pregnancies. Here, we show that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6, A or B) RNA was detected in 6.1% of cases of pre-eclampsia and 2.2% of other pregnancies. Fetal genotyping demonstrated that 70% of samples with HHV-6 RNA in the placenta exhibited inherited, chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). We genotyped 467 pre-eclampsia cases and 3,854 controls and found an excess of iciHHV-6 in the cases (odds ratio of 2.8, 95% confidence intervals of 1.4-5.6, P = 0.008). We validated this finding by comparing iciHHV-6 in a further 740 cases with controls from large-scale population studies (odds ratio of 2.5, 95% confidence intervals of 1.4-4.4, P = 0.0013). We conclude that iciHHV-6 results in the transcription of viral RNA in the human placenta and predisposes the mother to pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaccioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanne Lager
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Justyna Dopierala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline Limited, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sungsam Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Cook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Sharkey
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wai Kwong Lee
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon C S Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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HHV-6-Associated Neurological Disease in Children: Epidemiologic, Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Considerations. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 105:10-20. [PMID: 31932119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses 6A and 6B, often referred to collectively as human herpesvirus 6, are a pair of beta-herpesviruses known to cause a variety of clinical syndromes in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Most humans are infected with human herpesvirus 6B, and many with human herpesvirus 6A. Primary infection typically occurs in early childhood, although large-scale reviews on the topic are limited. Herein, the authors explore the clinical manifestations of human herpesvirus 6-associated disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised pediatric patients, the risk factors for development of human herpesvirus 6-associated neurological disease, the risk of autoimmunity associated with development of active or latent infection, the relevance of human herpesvirus 6-specific diagnostic tests, and the medications used to treat human herpesvirus 6. The goal of this review is to improve the current understanding of human herpesvirus 6 in pediatric populations and to examine the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in this disease state.
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10
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Current understanding of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) chromosomal integration. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104720. [PMID: 32044155 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) are members of the genus Roseolovirus in the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. HHV-6B infects humans in the first years of life, has a seroprevalence of more than 90% and causes Roseola Infantum, but less is known about HHV-6A. While most other herpesviruses maintain their latent genome as a circular episome, HHV-6A and HHV-6B (HHV-6A/B) have been shown to integrate their genome into the telomeres of infected cells. HHV-6A/B can also integrate into the chromosomes of germ cells, resulting in individuals carrying a copy of the virus genome in every nucleated cell of their bodies. This review highlights our current understanding of HHV-6A/B integration and reactivation as well as aspects that should be addressed in the future of this relatively young research area. It forms part of an online symposium on the prevention and therapy of DNA virus infections, dedicated to the memory of Mark Prichard.
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Bao W, Tang KFJ, Alcivar-Warren A. The Complete Genome of an Endogenous Nimavirus ( Nimav-1_LVa) From the Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus ( Litopenaeus) Vannamei. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E94. [PMID: 31947590 PMCID: PMC7016691 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), the lone virus of the genus Whispovirus under the family Nimaviridae, is one of the most devastating viruses affecting the shrimp farming industry. Knowledge about this virus, in particular, its evolution history, has been limited, partly due to its large genome and the lack of other closely related free-living viruses for comparative studies. In this study, we reconstructed a full-length endogenous nimavirus consensus genome, Nimav-1_LVa (279,905 bp), in the genome sequence of Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei breed Kehai No. 1 (ASM378908v1). This endogenous virus seemed to insert exclusively into the telomeric pentanucleotide microsatellite (TAACC/GGTTA)n. It encoded 117 putative genes, with some containing introns, such as g012 (inhibitor of apoptosis, IAP), g046 (crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, CHH), g155 (innexin), g158 (Bax inhibitor 1 like). More than a dozen Nimav-1_LVa genes are involved in the pathogen-host interactions. We hypothesized that g046, g155, g158, and g227 (semaphorin 1A like) were recruited host genes for their roles in immune regulation. Sequence analysis indicated that a total of 43 WSSV genes belonged to the ancestral/core nimavirus gene set, including four genes reported in this study: wsv112 (dUTPase), wsv206, wsv226, and wsv308 (nucleocapsid protein). The availability of the Nimav-1_LVa sequence would help understand the genetic diversity, epidemiology, evolution, and virulence of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Bao
- Genetic Information Research Institute, 20380 Town Center Lane, Suite 240, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA
| | - Kathy F. J. Tang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Acacia Alcivar-Warren
- Fundación para la Conservation de la Biodiversidad Acuática y Terrestre (FUCOBI), Quito EC1701, Ecuador
- Environmental Genomics Inc., ONE HEALTH Epigenomics Educational Initiative, P.O. Box 196, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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12
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Genome-Wide Approach to the CD4 T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus 6B. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00321-19. [PMID: 31043533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00321-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are population-prevalent betaherpesviruses with intermittent lytic replication that can be pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts. Elucidation of the adaptive immune response is valuable for understanding pathogenesis and designing novel treatments. Knowledge of T-cell antigens has reached the genome-wide level for CMV and other human herpesviruses, but study of HHV-6 is at an earlier stage. Using rare-cell enrichment combined with an HLA-agnostic, proteome-wide approach, we queried HHV-6B-specific CD4 T cells from 18 healthy donors with each known HHV-6B protein. We detected a low abundance of HHV-6-specific CD4 T cells in blood; however, the within-person CD4 T-cell response is quite broad: the median number of open reading frame (ORF) products recognized was nine per person. Overall, the data expand the number of documented HHV-6B CD4 T-cell antigens from approximately 11 to 60. Epitopes in the proteins encoded by U14, U90, and U95 were mapped with synthetic peptides, and HLA restriction was defined for some responses. Intriguingly, CD4 T-cell antigens newly described in this report are among the most population prevalent, including U73, U72, U95, and U30. Our results indicate that selection of HHV-6B ORFs for immunotherapy should consider this expanded panel of HHV-6B antigens.IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 is highly prevalent and maintains chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, with the potential to replicate widely in settings of immunosuppression, leading to clinical disease. Antiviral compounds may be ineffective and/or pose dose-limiting toxicity, and therefore, immune-based therapies have garnered increased interest in recent years. Attempts at addressing this unmet medical need begin with understanding the cellular response to HHV-6 at the individual and population levels. The present study provides a comprehensive assessment of HHV-6-specific T-cell responses that may inform the development of cell-based therapies directed at this virus.
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Hanson DJ, Hill JA, Koelle DM. Advances in the Characterization of the T-Cell Response to Human Herpesvirus-6. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1454. [PMID: 29988505 PMCID: PMC6026635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6 is thought to remain clinically latent in most individuals after primary infection and to reactivate to cause disease in persons with severe immunosuppression. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, reactivation of HHV-6 species B is a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality. HHV-6B reactivation is the most frequent cause of infectious meningoencephalitis in this setting and has been associated with a variety of other complications such as graft rejection and acute graft versus host disease. This has inspired efforts to develop HHV-6-targeted immunotherapies. Basic knowledge of HHV-6-specific adaptive immunity is crucial for these endeavors, but remains incomplete. Many studies have focused on specific HHV-6 antigens extrapolated from research on human cytomegalovirus, a genetically related betaherpesvirus. Challenges to the study of HHV-6-specific T-cell immunity include the very low frequency of HHV-6-specific memory T cells in chronically infected humans, the large genome size of HHV-6, and the lack of an animal model. This review will focus on emerging techniques and methodological improvements that are beginning to overcome these barriers. Population-prevalent antigens are now becoming clear for the CD4+ T-cell response, while definition and ranking of CD8+ T-cell antigens and epitopes is at an earlier stage. This review will discuss current knowledge of the T-cell response to HHV-6, new research approaches, and translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Nath A. Grand Challenges in Neuroinfectious Diseases. Front Neurol 2017; 8:480. [PMID: 28959232 PMCID: PMC5603653 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avindra Nath
- Section of Neuroinfectious Diseases, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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