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Bolino G, D’Antonio G, Sorace L, Fazio ND, Volonnino G, Russa RL, Arcangeli M, Frati P. The "Criminal Shield": Criminal Liability for Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2661. [PMID: 37830698 PMCID: PMC10572230 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sars-CoV-2 pandemic has had important economic, health, political, and jurisprudential implications all over the world. According to innovations already introduced by Law 24/2017, with Decree Law no. 44 of 1 April 2021 and the subsequent conversion law no. 71 of 2021, Italy is the only country in which ad hoc rules have been introduced to limit the professional liability of healthcare professionals during the health emergency. The "criminal shield" can be defined as the Legislator response to the extreme pressure on healthcare professionals during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bolino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.); (L.S.); (G.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Gianpiero D’Antonio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.); (L.S.); (G.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Letizia Sorace
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.); (L.S.); (G.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Nicola Di Fazio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.); (L.S.); (G.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Gianpietro Volonnino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.); (L.S.); (G.V.); (P.F.)
| | - Raffaele La Russa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Mauro Arcangeli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.D.); (L.S.); (G.V.); (P.F.)
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Vaccines Administration in the Perspective of Patient Safety and Quality of Healthcare: Lesson from the Experience of an Italian Teaching Hospital for Pandemic Preparedness. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091495. [PMID: 36146573 PMCID: PMC9500706 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and administration of vaccines against COVID-19 was a key element in the fight against the pandemic, as it protected health systems and helped restore global economies. National implementation plans and vaccination strategies for COVID-19 vaccines ensured the immunization of large segments of the population in the shortest time. However, even before the start of the vaccination campaign, it was clear to decision-makers that the usual methods of vaccination were not suitable. The aim of this report is to share the experience of an Italian teaching hospital in the organisation of spaces and activities of healthcare workers to realise a safe vaccination campaign. An in-depth analysis of how the vaccination campaign was organised could be useful to understand strengths and weaknesses learnt from this experience and plan an effective, efficient, and resilient response to future pandemics right away. The adoption of a systemic clinical risk management (SCRM) could guarantee healthcare organizations a more adequate and resilient response in an ethics of a job well done perspective, allowing them to maintain high patient safety standards regardless of the contingent situation for which safety first should be the motto of a disaster response plan.
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Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the European Population: An Institutional Challenge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159347. [PMID: 35954706 PMCID: PMC9367746 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for an infectious pandemic, with repercussions on socio-economic aspects and on the physical and mental health of the general population. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate the data belonging to the European framework, analyzing the population by age group. Original articles and reviews on the state of mental health of the general European population have been researched starting from 2021. Initially, a total of 1764 studies were found, among which a total of 75 were selected. Youth were the age group most affected by pandemic consequences on mental health, with emotional and behavioral alterations observed from a third to more than a half of children and adolescents examined. Among both adolescents and adults, the female gender had a higher prevalence of psychopathological symptoms. The main risk factors were poor social support, economic difficulties, and, in particular, unemployment or job changes. Additional individual risk factors were the perception of loneliness, the presence of pre-pandemic mental illness/distress, and some personality traits, such as neuroticism, impulsiveness, and the use of maladaptive coping strategies. Unexpectedly, the elderly maintained good resilience towards change, even if a stress factor was represented by the feeling of loneliness and poor social contact. As regards suicidal behaviors, among adolescents, there was an increase in attempts of 25%, with a greater risk for the female gender. This risk increased also among adults, in association with symptoms of anxiety and depression, and poor socio-environmental conditions. In conclusion, some population groups were found to be at greater risk of psychological burden during pandemic waves, thus representing priority targets for socio-health interventions.
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