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Di Benedetto R, Mancini F, Caradonna V, Aruta MG, Giannelli C, Rossi O, Micoli F. Comparison of Shigella GMMA and glycoconjugate four-component formulations in animals. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1284515. [PMID: 38046812 PMCID: PMC10690372 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1284515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is leading bacterial cause of diarrhea with high prevalence in children younger than 5 years in low- and middle-income countries, and increasing number of reports of Shigella cases associated to anti-microbial resistance. No vaccines against Shigella are still licensed, but different candidates based on the O-antigen portion of lipopolysaccharides are in clinic. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) have been proposed as an alternative delivery system for the O-antigen, and a 4-component vaccine candidate (altSonflex1-2-3), containing GMMA from S. sonnei and S. flexneri 1b, 2a and 3a is being tested in a phase 1/2 clinical trial, with the aim to elicit broad protection against the most prevalent Shigella serotypes. Here, the 4-component GMMA vaccine candidate has been compared to a more traditional glycoconjugate formulation for the ability to induce functional antibodies in mice and rabbits. In mice, in the absence of Alhydrogel, GMMA induce higher IgG antibodies than glycoconjugates and stronger bactericidal titers against all Shigella serotypes. In the presence of Alhydrogel, GMMA induce O-antigen specific IgG levels similar to traditional glycoconjugates, but with a broader range of IgG subclasses, resulting in stronger bactericidal activity. In rabbits, GMMA elicit higher functional antibodies than glycoconjugates against S. sonnei, and similar responses to S. flexneri 1b, 2a and 3a, independently from the presence of Alhydrogel. Different O-antigen based vaccines against Shigella are now in clinical stage and it will be of particular interest to understand how the preclinical findings in the different animal models translate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Siena, Italy
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2
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Cross AS. Hit 'em Where It Hurts: Gram-Negative Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide as a Vaccine Target. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0004522. [PMID: 37432116 PMCID: PMC10521362 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00045-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria pose an increasing threat to the ability to perform surgical procedures, organ transplantation, and treat cancer among many other medical conditions. There are few new antimicrobials in the development pipeline. Vaccines against AMR Gram-negative bacteria may reduce the use of antimicrobials and prevent bacterial transmission. This review traces the origins of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria, the role of O polysaccharides and LPS core regions as potential vaccine targets, the development of new vaccine technologies, and their application to vaccines in current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Cross
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Turbyfill KR, Clarkson KA, Oaks EV, Zurawski DV, Vortherms AR, Kaminski RW. Development of the Shigella flexneri 2a, 3a, 6, and S. sonnei artificial Invaplex (Invaplex AR) vaccines. mSphere 2023; 8:e0007323. [PMID: 37389412 PMCID: PMC10449495 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shigella artificial invasin complex (InvaplexAR) vaccine is a subunit approach that effectively induces robust immunogenicity directed to serotype-specific lipopolysaccharide and the broadly conserved IpaB and IpaC proteins. One advantage of the vaccine approach is the ability to adjust the constituents to address suboptimal immunogenicity and to change the Shigella serotype targeted by the vaccine. As the vaccine moves through the product development pipeline, substantial modifications have been made to address manufacturing feasibility, acceptability to regulatory authorities, and developing immunogenic and effective products for an expanded list of Shigella serotypes. Modifications of the recombinant clones used to express affinity tag-free proteins using well-established purification methods, changes to detergents utilized in the assembly process, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of different Invaplex formulations have led to the establishment of a scalable, reproducible manufacturing process and enhanced immunogenicity of Invaplex products designed to protect against four of the most predominant Shigella serotypes responsible for global morbidity and mortality. These adjustments and improvements provide the pathway for the manufacture and clinical testing of a multivalent Invaplex vaccine. IMPORTANCE Shigella species are a major global health concern that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery in children and travelers to endemic areas of the world. Despite significant advancements in access to clean water, the increases in antimicrobial resistance and the risk of post-infection sequelae, including cognitive and physical stunting in children, highlight the urgent need for an efficacious vaccine. One promising vaccine approach, artificial Invaplex, delivers key antigens recognized by the immune system during infection, which results in increased resistance to re-infection. The work presented here describes novel modifications to a previously described vaccine approach resulting in improved methods for manufacturing and regulatory approvals, expansion of the breadth of coverage to all major Shigella serotypes, and an increase in the potency of artificial Invaplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ross Turbyfill
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen A. Clarkson
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Edwin V. Oaks
- Patuxent Research and Consulting Group, Gambrills, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel V. Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony R. Vortherms
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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4
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Meron-Sudai S, Asato V, Adler A, Bialik A, Goren S, Ariel-Cohen O, Reizis A, Mulard LA, Phalipon A, Cohen D. A Shigella flexneri 2a synthetic glycan-based vaccine induces a long-lasting immune response in adults. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:35. [PMID: 36894570 PMCID: PMC9998260 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a leading cause of moderate to severe diarrhea worldwide and of diarrhea-associated deaths in children under 5 years of age in low-and middle-income countries. A vaccine against shigellosis is in high demand. SF2a-TT15, a synthetic carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccine candidate against Shigella flexneri 2a (SF2a) was found safe and strongly immunogenic in adult volunteers. Here, SF2a-TT15 at 10 µg oligosaccharide (OS) vaccine dose is shown to induce a sustained immune response in magnitude and functionality in the majority of volunteers followed up 2 and 3 years post-vaccination. High levels of either one of the humoral parameters as well as the number of specific-IgG memory B-cells determined 3 months after vaccination were good predictors of the durability of the immune response. This study is the first to examine the long-term durability of antibody functionality and memory B-cell response induced by a Shigella vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Meron-Sudai
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Valeria Asato
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Amos Adler
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel Aviv, 6423906, Israel
| | - Anya Bialik
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Sophy Goren
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ortal Ariel-Cohen
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Arava Reizis
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut Pasteur, Innovation Lab. Vaccines, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Dani Cohen
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Toward a Shigella Vaccine: Opportunities and Challenges to Fight an Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054649. [PMID: 36902092 PMCID: PMC10003550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis causes more than 200,000 deaths worldwide and most of this burden falls on Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), with a particular incidence in children under 5 years of age. In the last decades, Shigella has become even more worrisome because of the onset of antimicrobial-resistant strains (AMR). Indeed, the WHO has listed Shigella as one of the priority pathogens for the development of new interventions. To date, there are no broadly available vaccines against shigellosis, but several candidates are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies, bringing to light very important data and information. With the aim to facilitate the understanding of the state-of-the-art of Shigella vaccine development, here we report what is known about Shigella epidemiology and pathogenesis with a focus on virulence factors and potential antigens for vaccine development. We discuss immunity after natural infection and immunization. In addition, we highlight the main characteristics of the different technologies that have been applied for the development of a vaccine with broad protection against Shigella.
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Mancini F, Alfini R, Caradonna V, Monaci V, Carducci M, Gasperini G, Piccioli D, Biagini M, Giannelli C, Rossi O, Pizza M, Micoli F. Exploring the Role of GMMA Components in the Immunogenicity of a 4-Valent Vaccine against Shigella. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2742. [PMID: 36769063 PMCID: PMC9916818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is the leading cause of diarrheal disease, especially in children of low- and middle-income countries, and is often associated with anti-microbial resistance. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines widely available against Shigella, but several candidates based on the O-antigen (OAg) portion of lipopolysaccharides are in development. We have proposed Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) as an innovative delivery system for OAg, and a quadrivalent vaccine candidate containing GMMA from S. sonnei and three prevalent S. flexneri serotypes (1b, 2a and 3a) is moving to a phase II clinical trial, with the aim to elicit broad protection against Shigella. GMMA are able to induce anti-OAg-specific functional IgG responses in animal models and healthy adults. We have previously demonstrated that antibodies against protein antigens are also generated upon immunization with S. sonnei GMMA. In this work, we show that a quadrivalent Shigella GMMA-based vaccine is able to promote a humoral response against OAg and proteins of all GMMA types contained in the investigational vaccine. Proteins contained in GMMA provide T cell help as GMMA elicit a stronger anti-OAg IgG response in wild type than in T cell-deficient mice. Additionally, we observed that only the trigger of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 4 and not of TLR2 contributed to GMMA immunogenicity. In conclusion, when tested in mice, GMMA of a quadrivalent Shigella vaccine candidate combine both adjuvant and carrier activities which allow an increase in the low immunogenic properties of carbohydrate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Caradonna
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Monaci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Gasperini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Plotkin SA. Recent updates on correlates of vaccine-induced protection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081107. [PMID: 36776392 PMCID: PMC9912984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection are key for vaccine development against any pathogen. In this paper we summarize recent information about correlates for vaccines against dengue, Ebola, influenza, pneumococcal, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, shigella, tuberculosis and Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A. Plotkin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Consultant, Doylestown, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Stanley A. Plotkin,
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MacLennan CA, Steele AD. Frontiers in Shigella Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091536. [PMID: 36146614 PMCID: PMC9503259 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the development of vaccines against Shigella driven by the growing awareness of the impact of this pathogen on global health [...]
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MacLennan CA, Grow S, Ma LF, Steele AD. The Shigella Vaccines Pipeline. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091376. [PMID: 36146457 PMCID: PMC9504713 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is the leading cause of global diarrheal deaths that currently lacks a licensed vaccine. Shigellosis drives antimicrobial resistance and leads to economic impact through linear growth faltering. Today, there is a robust pipeline of vaccines in clinical development which are broadly divided into parenteral glycoconjugate vaccines, consisting of O-antigen conjugated to carrier proteins, and oral live attenuated vaccines, which incorporate targeted genetic mutations seeking to optimize the balance between reactogenicity, immunogenicity and ultimately protection. Proof of efficacy has previously been shown with both approaches but for various reasons no vaccine has been licensed to date. In this report, we outline the requirements for a Shigella vaccine and describe the current pipeline in the context of the many candidates that have previously failed or been abandoned. The report refers to papers from individual vaccine developers in this special supplement of Vaccines which is focused on Shigella vaccines. Once readouts of safety and immunogenicity from current trials of lead candidate vaccines among the target population of young children in low- and middle-income countries are available, the likely time to licensure of a first Shigella vaccine will become clearer.
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