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Brasil CL, Gonçalves VS, Santos FDS, Rodrigues PRC, Leite FPL, Pereira DIB. Immunomodulatory effect of Lacticaseibacillus casei CB054 supplementation in calves vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 269:110726. [PMID: 38341929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, confer health benefits to the host when supplemented in adequate amounts. They can promote immunomodulation by inducing phagocyte activity, leukocyte proliferation, antibody production, and cytokine expression. Lactic acid bacteria (BAL) are important probiotic specimens with properties that can improves ruminant nutrition, productivity and immunity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the supplementation with Lacticaseibacillus casei CB054 in calve vaccinated against bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR). Calve were vaccinated with a commercial IBR vaccine, on day 0 and received a booster dose on day 21. L. casei CB054 was orally administered (4 ×109 UFC) for 35 days, while a non-supplemented control group received Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). Stimulation of bovine splenocytes with L. casei CB054 markedly enhanced mRNA transcription levels of cytokines IL2, IL4, IL10 and IL17 genes. Calves supplemented with L. casei CB054 showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) specific anti-BoHV-1 IgG levels, higher serum neutralization, as well as higher mRNA transcription for IL2, IL4, IL10 and IL17 genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) comparing with control calves. Supplemented calve had an average weight gain of ∼14 kg more than non-supplemented during the experimental period. These results suggest that L. casei CB054 supplementation increase immunogenicity of a commercial IBR vaccine in cattle and improve weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Litchina Brasil
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vitória Sequeira Gonçalves
- Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Ricardo Centeno Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Petrini S, Righi C, Costantino G, Scoccia E, Gobbi P, Pellegrini C, Pela M, Giammarioli M, Viola G, Sabato R, Tinelli E, Feliziani F. Assessment of BoAHV-1 Seronegative Latent Carrier by the Administration of Two Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Live Marker Vaccines in Calves. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:161. [PMID: 38400144 PMCID: PMC10891659 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Seronegative latent carriers (SNLCs) are animals that carry the virus without detectable antibodies and pose a risk for disease transmission and diagnostic challenges, suggesting the importance of consideration of marker vaccines in managing them. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated two modified live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) marker vaccines (single and double deletions) for their ability to generate SNLC calves. These vaccines were administered to four groups (n = 3 in each group) of three-month-old calves in the presence or absence of passive immunity. Three hundred days after the first vaccination and after confirming the IBR seronegativity of all animals, dexamethasone was administered intravenously for five consecutive days. Only animals immunized with the modified live IBR marker vaccine (single deletion) in the absence of passive immunity exhibited a more enduring immune response than those vaccinated in the presence of passive immunity. Moreover, the administration of a modified live IBR marker vaccine (double deletion) to calves with passive immunity generated SNLC. These findings underscore the potential of live IBR marker vaccine (double-deletions) to aid serological diagnostic tools and develop vaccination protocols in achieving the desired immune response, particularly in the context of latent carrier status, offering valuable insights into optimizing vaccination strategies for effective IBR control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Giulia Costantino
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Paola Gobbi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudia Pellegrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Giulio Viola
- Viola Giulio dairy cattle farm, 62026 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Roberto Sabato
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Elena Tinelli
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche, “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (G.C.); (E.S.); (P.G.); (C.P.); (M.P.); (M.G.); (R.S.); (E.T.); (F.F.)
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Petrini S, Curini V, Righi C, Cammà C, Di Lollo V, Tinelli E, Mincarelli LF, Rossi E, Costantino G, Secondini B, Pirani S, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F. Genomic Characterization of a Wild-Type Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV-1) Strain Isolated in an Outbreak in Central Italy. Viruses 2024; 16:150. [PMID: 38275960 PMCID: PMC10818397 DOI: 10.3390/v16010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoAHV-1) infection is common in cattle worldwide. However, information on the spread of BoAHV-1-circulating strains in Italy remains limited. In this study, we investigated an outbreak characterized by severe respiratory symptoms in a cattle herd (n = 30) located in Central Italy. BoAHV-1 was isolated from three cattle in a cell culture, which confirmed viral infection. Next, we characterized one (16453/07 TN) of the three isolates of BoAHV-1 using whole-genome sequencing. BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis revealed a nucleotide identity >99% with all BoAHV-1 strains belonging to subtype 1.1, highlighting the genetic stability of the virus. This study reports the first full genomic characterization of a BoAHV-1 isolate in Italy, enriching our understanding of the genetic characteristics of the circulating BoAHV-1 strain in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Valentina Curini
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo-Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.C.); (C.C.); (V.D.L.); (L.F.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Cesare Cammà
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo-Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.C.); (C.C.); (V.D.L.); (L.F.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Valeria Di Lollo
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo-Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.C.); (C.C.); (V.D.L.); (L.F.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Elena Tinelli
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Luana Fiorella Mincarelli
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo-Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.C.); (C.C.); (V.D.L.); (L.F.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Giulia Costantino
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Barbara Secondini
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo-Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.C.); (C.C.); (V.D.L.); (L.F.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Silvia Pirani
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.T.); (E.R.); (G.C.); (S.P.); (M.G.); (F.F.)
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Delhon G, Khatiwada S, Doub D, Harris S, Chaulagain S, El-Gaffary M, Rock DL. Bovine papular stomatitis virus as a vaccine vector for cattle. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001914. [PMID: 37976092 PMCID: PMC10768693 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus vectored vaccines are not available commercially for cattle even though compelling potential applications exist. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), a highly prevalent parapoxvirus, causes self-limited oral lesions in cattle. Ability of virus to accommodate large amounts of foreign DNA, induce low level of antiviral immunity, and circulate and likely persist in cattle populations, make BPSV an attractive candidate viral vector. Here, recombinant BPSV were constructed expressing either Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein gD (BPSVgD), or gD and gB (BPSVgD/gB). Immunization of BPSV serologically-positive calves with BPSVgD or BPSVgD/gB induced BoHV-1 neutralization antibodies and provided protection for three of four animals following a high dose BoHV-1 challenge at day 70 pi. Results indicate BPSV suitability as a candidate virus vector for cattle vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sushil Khatiwada
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David Doub
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Seth Harris
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mostafa El-Gaffary
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Present address: Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Martucciello A, Balestrieri A, Righi C, Cappelli G, Scoccia E, Grassi C, Brandi S, Rossi E, Galiero G, Gioia D, Fusco G, Feliziani F, De Carlo E, Petrini S. Evaluation of an Immunization Protocol Using Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 gE-Deleted Marker Vaccines against Bubaline Alphaherpesvirus 1 in Water Buffaloes. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050891. [PMID: 37242994 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
European regulations on the control of infectious diseases provide measures to control Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection in both cattle and buffalo. Owing to the reported serological cross-reactivity between BoHV-1 and Bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), we hypothesized a new immunization protocol using BoHV-1 gE-deleted marker vaccines could protect water buffalo against BuHV-1. Five water buffaloes devoid of BoHV-1/BuHV-1-neutralizing antibodies were immunized with two commercial BoHV-1 gE-deleted marker vaccines at 0, 30, 210, and 240 post-vaccination days (PVDs). Five additional water buffaloes were used as controls. At 270 PVD (0 post-challenge days (PCDs), all animals were challenged intranasally with wild-type (wt) BuHV-1. The vaccinated animals produced humoral immunity (HI) as early as PVD 30 whereas, in control animals, antibodies were detected on PCD 10. After challenge infection, HI significantly increased in vaccinated animals compared to that in controls. Real-time PCR for gB revealed viral shedding in vaccinated animals from PCDs 2 to 10. In contrast, positive results were observed from PCDs 2 to 15 in the unvaccinated control group. Although the findings indicated the possible protection capabilities of the tested protocol, these findings did not support its protective roles in water buffaloes against wt-BuHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Martucciello
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cappelli
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Carlo Grassi
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Sergio Brandi
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Damiano Gioia
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, PG, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technology of Breeding and Buffalo Production, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, PG, Italy
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Righi C, Franzoni G, Feliziani F, Jones C, Petrini S. The Cell-Mediated Immune Response against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040785. [PMID: 37112697 PMCID: PMC10144493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is one of the major respiratory pathogens in cattle worldwide. Infection often leads to a compromised host immune response that contributes to the development of the polymicrobial disease known as “bovine respiratory disease”. After an initial transient phase of immunosuppression, cattle recover from the disease. This is due to the development of both innate and adaptive immune responses. With respect to adaptive immunity, both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are required to control infection. Thus, several BoHV-1 vaccines are designed to trigger both branches of the adaptive immune system. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cell-mediated immune responses directed against BoHV-1 infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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