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Soylu M, Sağıroğlu P, Özarslan MA, Acet O, Yüce ZT, İzci Çetinkaya F, Durmaz S, Parkan ÖM, Akyol D, Zeytinoğlu A, Kalın Ünüvar G, Taşbakan M, Gökahmetoğlu S, Atalay MA, Durusoy İR, Çiçek C, Pullukçu H, Yıldız O, Sertöz ŞR, Erensoy MS. COVID-19 Antibody Levels among Various Vaccination Groups, One-Year Antibody Follow-Up in Two University Hospitals from Western and Central Turkey. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:59. [PMID: 38250872 PMCID: PMC10819475 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Various clinical outcomes, reinfections, vaccination programs, and antibody responses resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the time-dependent changes in SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in infected and/or vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals and to provide insights into spike and nucleocapsid antibodies, which fluctuate during infectious and non-infectious states. This cohort study was carried out at the Ege University Faculty of Medicine hospital in İzmir (western Turkey) and the Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine hospital in Kayseri (central Turkey) between December 2021 and January 2023, which coincided with the second half of COVID-19 pandemic. The study included 100 COVID-19 PCR-positive patients and 190 healthcare workers (HCWs). Antibody levels were followed up via quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike and qualitative anti-nucleocapsid immunoassays (Elecsys™). Antibody levels declined after infection but persisted for at least 6-8 months. Individuals who had received only CoronaVac had higher anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels in the early months than those who received mixed vaccination. However, anti-spike antibodies persisted longer and at higher levels in individuals who had received mixed vaccinations. This suggests that combining two different vaccine platforms may provide a synergistic effect, resulting in more durable and broad-spectrum immunity against SARS-CoV-2. The study provides information about the vaccination and antibody status of healthcare workers in the second half of the pandemic and provides valuable insights into the dynamics of antibody responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Soylu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (M.A.Ö.); (C.Ç.); (Ş.R.S.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Pınar Sağıroğlu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (P.S.); (Ö.M.P.); (S.G.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Muhammed Alper Özarslan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (M.A.Ö.); (C.Ç.); (Ş.R.S.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Oğuzhan Acet
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (O.A.); (D.A.); (G.K.Ü.); (M.T.); (H.P.)
| | - Zeynep Türe Yüce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (Z.T.Y.); (F.İ.Ç.); (O.Y.)
| | - Feyza İzci Çetinkaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (Z.T.Y.); (F.İ.Ç.); (O.Y.)
| | - Seyfi Durmaz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (S.D.); (İ.R.D.)
| | - Ömür Mustafa Parkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (P.S.); (Ö.M.P.); (S.G.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Deniz Akyol
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (O.A.); (D.A.); (G.K.Ü.); (M.T.); (H.P.)
| | - Ayşin Zeytinoğlu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Economy University, Izmir 35330, Turkey;
| | - Gamze Kalın Ünüvar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (O.A.); (D.A.); (G.K.Ü.); (M.T.); (H.P.)
| | - Meltem Taşbakan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (O.A.); (D.A.); (G.K.Ü.); (M.T.); (H.P.)
| | - Selma Gökahmetoğlu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (P.S.); (Ö.M.P.); (S.G.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mustafa Altay Atalay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (P.S.); (Ö.M.P.); (S.G.); (M.A.A.)
| | - İsabel Raika Durusoy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (S.D.); (İ.R.D.)
| | - Candan Çiçek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (M.A.Ö.); (C.Ç.); (Ş.R.S.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Hüsnü Pullukçu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (O.A.); (D.A.); (G.K.Ü.); (M.T.); (H.P.)
| | - Orhan Yıldız
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey; (Z.T.Y.); (F.İ.Ç.); (O.Y.)
| | - Şaziye Rüçhan Sertöz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (M.A.Ö.); (C.Ç.); (Ş.R.S.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Memnune Selda Erensoy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey; (M.A.Ö.); (C.Ç.); (Ş.R.S.); (M.S.E.)
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