1
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Ogonczyk-Makowska D, Brun P, Vacher C, Chupin C, Droillard C, Carbonneau J, Laurent E, Dulière V, Traversier A, Terrier O, Julien T, Galloux M, Paul S, Eléouët JF, Fouret J, Hamelin ME, Pizzorno A, Boivin G, Rosa-Calatrava M, Dubois J. Mucosal bivalent live attenuated vaccine protects against human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:111. [PMID: 38898106 PMCID: PMC11187144 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs) stimulate robust mucosal and cellular responses and have the potential to protect against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), the main etiologic agents of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. We inserted the RSV-F gene into an HMPV-based LAV (Metavac®) we previously validated for the protection of mice against HMPV challenge, and rescued a replicative recombinant virus (Metavac®-RSV), exposing both RSV- and HMPV-F proteins at the virion surface and expressing them in reconstructed human airway epithelium models. When administered to BALB/c mice by the intranasal route, bivalent Metavac®-RSV demonstrated its capacity to replicate with reduced lung inflammatory score and to protect against both RSV and lethal HMPV challenges in vaccinated mice while inducing strong IgG and broad RSV and HMPV neutralizing antibody responses. Altogether, our results showed the versatility of the Metavac® platform and suggested that Metavac®-RSV is a promising mucosal bivalent LAV candidate to prevent pneumovirus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ogonczyk-Makowska
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Pauline Brun
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Clémence Vacher
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Chupin
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Vaxxel, 43 Boulevard du onze novembre 1918, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Droillard
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Laurent
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Victoria Dulière
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Julien
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Julien Fouret
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Nexomis, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julia Dubois
- International Research Laboratory RESPIVIR France - Canada, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 69008, Lyon, France, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, France, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, QC G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada.
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
- Virnext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France.
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2
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Ribó-Molina P, van Nieuwkoop S, Mykytyn AZ, van Run P, Lamers MM, Haagmans BL, Fouchier RAM, van den Hoogen BG. Human metapneumovirus infection of organoid-derived human bronchial epithelium represents cell tropism and cytopathology as observed in in vivo models. mSphere 2024; 9:e0074323. [PMID: 38265200 PMCID: PMC10900881 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00743-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Pneumoviridae family, causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. In vitro studies with HMPV have mostly been performed in monolayers of undifferentiated epithelial cells. In vivo studies in cynomolgus macaques and cotton rats have shown that ciliated epithelial cells are the main target of HMPV infection, but these observations cannot be studied in monolayer systems. Here, we established an organoid-derived bronchial culture model that allows physiologically relevant studies on HMPV. Inoculation with multiple prototype HMPV viruses and recent clinical virus isolates led to differences in replication among HMPV isolates. Prolific HMPV replication in this model caused damage to the ciliary layer, including cilia loss at advanced stages post-infection. These cytopathic effects correlated with those observed in previous in vivo studies with cynomolgus macaques. The assessment of the innate immune responses in three donors upon HMPV and RSV inoculation highlighted the importance of incorporating multiple donors to account for donor-dependent variation. In conclusion, these data indicate that the organoid-derived bronchial cell culture model resembles in vivo findings and is therefore a suitable and robust model for future HMPV studies. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causative agents of respiratory disease in humans, with no treatment or vaccine available yet. The use of primary epithelial cultures that recapitulate the tissue morphology and biochemistry of the human airways could aid in defining more relevant targets to prevent HMPV infection. For this purpose, this study established the first primary organoid-derived bronchial culture model suitable for a broad range of HMPV isolates. These bronchial cultures were assessed for HMPV replication, cellular tropism, cytopathology, and innate immune responses, where the observations were linked to previous in vivo studies with HMPV. This study exposed an important gap in the HMPV field since extensively cell-passaged prototype HMPV B viruses did not replicate in the bronchial cultures, underpinning the need to use recently isolated viruses with a controlled passage history. These results were reproducible in three different donors, supporting this model to be suitable to study HMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Ribó-Molina
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Z. Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M. Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Chongyu T, Guanglin L, Fang S, Zhuoya D, Hao Y, Cong L, Xinyu L, Wei H, Lingyun T, Yan N, Penghui Y. A chimeric influenza virus vaccine expressing fusion protein epitopes induces protection from human metapneumovirus challenge in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1012873. [PMID: 38155756 PMCID: PMC10753001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1012873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common virus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in pediatric patients. There are no HMPV vaccines or therapeutics that have been approved for prevention or treatment. In this study, we constructed a novel recombinant influenza virus carrying partial HMPV fusion protein (HMPV-F), termed rFLU-HMPV/F-NS, utilizing reverse genetics, which contained (HMPV-F) in the background of NS segments of influenza virus A/PuertoRico/8/34(PR8). The morphological characteristics of rFLU-HMPV/F-NS were consistent with the wild-type flu virus. Additionally, immunofluorescence results showed that fusion proteins in the chimeric rFLU-HMPV/F-NS could work well, and the virus could be stably passaged in SPF chicken embryos. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with rFLU-HMPV/F-NS in BALB/c mice induced robust humoral, mucosal and Th1-type dominant cellular immune responses in vivo. More importantly, we discovered that rFLU-HMPV/F-NS afforded significant protective efficacy against the wild-type HMPV and influenza virus challenge, with significantly attenuated pathological changes and reduced viral titers in the lung tissues of immunized mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that chimeric recombinant rFLU-HMPV/F-NS as a promising HMPV candidate vaccine has potentials for the development of HMPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chongyu
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lei Guanglin
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Fang
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Zhuoya
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hao
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Cong
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xinyu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tan Lingyun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Niu Yan
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yang Penghui
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Sun F, Lei G, Tian C, Bai Z, Bai C, Li Y, Deng Z, Yang H, Li C, Zhao Z, Niu Y, Yang P. Protective efficacy of a novel recombinant influenza virus carrying partial human metapneumovirus F protein epitopes. Virulence 2023:2284515. [PMID: 37974334 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2284515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and children. Currently, no approved HMPV vaccine is available. We developed a novel recombinant influenza virus, which carried partial HMPV F protein (HMPV-F) epitopes, utilizing reverse genetics. The novel single-stranded RNA virus, termed rFLU-HMPV/F-NA, was synthesized in the neuraminidase (NA) fragment of influenza virus A/PuertoRico/8/34 (PR8). The morphological characteristics of rFLU-HMPV/F-NA were consistent with the wild-type flu virus. The virus could passage in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos for at least five consecutive generations with haemagglutinin (HA) titres of 28-9 or 8-9LogTCID50/mL. BALB/c mice were intranasally immunized at 21-day intervals with 104 TCID50 (low-dose group) or 106 TCID50 (high-dose group) rFLU-HMPV/F-NA, and PBS or PR8 vaccine was used for the control group. rFLU-HMPV/F-NA induced robust humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. More importantly, wt clinical HMPV isolate challenge studies showed that rFLU-HMPV/F-NA provided significant immune protection against HMPV infection compared to the PBS or PR8 vaccine control group, as shown by improved histopathological changes and reduced viral titres in the lungs of immunized mice post-challenge. These findings demonstrate that rFLU-HMPV/F-NA has potential as a promising HMPV candidate vaccine and warrants further investigation into its control of HMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglin Lei
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyu Tian
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Bai
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Bai
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoya Deng
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Li
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yan Niu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Penghui Yang
- Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Andrés P, Blandine P, Victoria D, William M, Justine O, Laurent E, Cedrine M, Bruno L, Aurelien T, Thomas J, Sophie TA, Manuel RC, Olivier T. Interactions Between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication and Major Respiratory Viruses in Human Nasal Epithelium. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:2095-2104. [PMID: 36031537 PMCID: PMC9452145 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with extensive nonpharmacological interventions, have profoundly altered the epidemiology of major respiratory viruses. Some studies have described virus-virus interactions, particularly manifested by viral interference mechanisms at different scales. However, our knowledge of the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses remains incomplete. Here, we studied the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and several respiratory viruses (influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and human rhinovirus) in a reconstituted human epithelial airway model, exploring different scenarios affecting the sequence and timing of coinfections. We show that the virus type and sequence of infections are key factors in virus-virus interactions, the primary infection having a determinant role in the immune response to the secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pizzorno Andrés
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Padey Blandine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,Signia Therapeutics SAS, Lyon, France
| | - Dulière Victoria
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mouton William
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,Laboratoire Commun de Recherche, Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Oliva Justine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Laurent
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Milesi Cedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Lina Bruno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Traversier Aurelien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Thomas
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Trouillet Assant Sophie
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France,Laboratoire Commun de Recherche, Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Terrier Olivier
- Correspondence to: Olivier Terrier. CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France, ()
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6
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Chupin C, Pizzorno A, Traversier A, Brun P, Ogonczyk-Makowska D, Padey B, Milesi C, Dulière V, Laurent E, Julien T, Galloux M, Lina B, Eléouët JF, Moreau K, Hamelin ME, Terrier O, Boivin G, Dubois J, Rosa-Calatrava M. Avian Cell Line DuckCelt ®-T17 Is an Efficient Production System for Live-Attenuated Human Metapneumovirus Vaccine Candidate Metavac ®. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101190. [PMID: 34696298 PMCID: PMC8540687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) for the prevention of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection is often hampered by the lack of highly efficient and scalable cell-based production systems that support eventual global vaccine production. Avian cell lines cultivated in suspension compete with traditional cell platforms used for viral vaccine manufacture. We investigated whether the DuckCelt®-T17 avian cell line (Vaxxel), previously described as an efficient production system for several influenza strains, could also be used to produce a new HMPV LAV candidate (Metavac®, SH gene-deleted A1/C-85473 HMPV). To that end, we characterized the operational parameters of MOI, cell density, and trypsin addition to achieve the optimal production of Metavac®, and demonstrated that the DuckCelt®-T17 cell line is permissive and well-adapted to the production of the wild-type A1/C-85473 HMPV and the Metavac® vaccine candidate. Moreover, our results confirmed that the LAV candidate produced in DuckCelt®-T17 cells conserves its advantageous replication properties in LLC-MK2 and 3D-reconstituted human airway epithelium models, and its capacity to induce efficient neutralizing antibodies in a BALB/c mouse model. Our results suggest that the DuckCelt®-T17 avian cell line is a very promising platform for the scalable in-suspension serum-free production of the HMPV-based LAV candidate Metavac®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chupin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- Vaxxel, 43 Boulevard du Onze Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Aurélien Traversier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Pauline Brun
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Daniela Ogonczyk-Makowska
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Blandine Padey
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Cédrine Milesi
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Victoria Dulière
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emilie Laurent
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Julien
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Galloux
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UVSQ, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.G.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Bruno Lina
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UVSQ, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (M.G.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Karen Moreau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team STAPHPATH, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Marie-Eve Hamelin
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
| | - Guy Boivin
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Julia Dubois
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- Vaxxel, 43 Boulevard du Onze Novembre 1918, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (M.R.-C.)
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France; (C.C.); (A.P.); (A.T.); (P.B.); (B.P.); (C.M.); (V.D.); (E.L.); (T.J.); (B.L.); (O.T.)
- International Associated Laboratory RespiVir (LIA VirPath-LVMC France-Québec), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France; (D.O.-M.); (M.-E.H.); (G.B.)
- VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (M.R.-C.)
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7
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Host Components That Modulate the Disease Caused by hMPV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030519. [PMID: 33809875 PMCID: PMC8004172 DOI: 10.3390/v13030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the main pathogens responsible for acute respiratory infections in children up to 5 years of age, contributing substantially to health burden. The worldwide economic and social impact of this virus is significant and must be addressed. The structural components of hMPV (either proteins or genetic material) can be detected by several receptors expressed by host cells through the engagement of pattern recognition receptors. The recognition of the structural components of hMPV can promote the signaling of the immune response to clear the infection, leading to the activation of several pathways, such as those related to the interferon response. Even so, several intrinsic factors are capable of modulating the immune response or directly inhibiting the replication of hMPV. This article will discuss the current knowledge regarding the innate and adaptive immune response during hMPV infections. Accordingly, the host intrinsic components capable of modulating the immune response and the elements capable of restricting viral replication during hMPV infections will be examined.
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8
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Three-Dimensional Human Airway Tissues Expose an Interesting Dichotomy in Viral Replication, Spread, and Inhibition by Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01068-20. [PMID: 32759319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01068-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are two of the leading causes of respiratory infections in children and elderly and immunocompromised patients worldwide. There is no approved treatment for HMPV and only one prophylactic treatment against RSV, palivizumab, for high-risk infants. Better understanding of the viral lifecycles in a more relevant model system may help identify novel therapeutic targets. By utilizing three-dimensional (3-D) human airway tissues to examine viral infection in a physiologically relevant model system, we showed that RSV infects and spreads more efficiently than HMPV, with the latter requiring higher multiplicities of infection (MOIs) to yield similar levels of infection. Apical ciliated cells were the target for both viruses, but RSV apical release was significantly more efficient than HMPV. In RSV- or HMPV-infected cells, cytosolic inclusion bodies containing the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and respective viral genomic RNA were clearly observed in human airway epithelial (HAE) culture. In HMPV-infected cells, actin-based filamentous extensions were more common (35.8%) than those found in RSV-infected cells (4.4%). Interestingly, neither RSV nor HMPV formed syncytia in HAE tissues. Palivizumab and nirsevimab effectively inhibited entry and spread of RSV in HAE tissues, with nirsevimab displaying significantly higher potency than palivizumab. In contrast, 54G10 completely inhibited HMPV entry but only modestly reduced viral spread, suggesting HMPV may use alternative mechanisms for spread. These results represent the first comparative analysis of infection by the two pneumoviruses in a physiologically relevant model, demonstrating an interesting dichotomy in the mechanisms of infection, spread, and consequent inhibition of the viral lifecycles by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus are leading causes of respiratory illness worldwide, but limited treatment options are available. To better target these viruses, we examined key aspects of the viral life cycle in three-dimensional (3-D) human airway tissues. Both viruses establish efficient infection through the apical surface, but efficient spread and apical release were seen for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) but not human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Both viruses form inclusion bodies, minimally composed of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and viral RNA (vRNA), indicating that these structures are critical for replication in this more physiological model. HMPV formed significantly more long, filamentous actin-based extensions in human airway epithelial (HAE) tissues than RSV, suggesting HMPV may promote cell-to-cell spread via these extensions. Lastly, RSV entry and spread were fully inhibited by neutralizing antibodies palivizumab and the novel nirsevimab. In contrast, while HMPV entry was fully inhibited by 54G10, a neutralizing antibody, spread was only modestly reduced, further supporting a cell-to-cell spread mechanism.
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9
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Human Metapneumovirus: A Largely Unrecognized Threat to Human Health. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020109. [PMID: 32069879 PMCID: PMC7169409 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infects most children by five years of age. The virus can cause both upper and lower respiratory tract disease and can be life threatening. High-risk populations include young children who are exposed to virus for the first time and the elderly. Currently, there is no standard treatment nor licensed vaccine for HMPV, although several attractive vaccine candidates have been developed for pre-clinical studies. A raised awareness of the impact of HMPV on public health is needed to drive research, complete vaccine development, and thereby prevent significant virus-associated morbidities and mortalities worldwide.
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