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Mugunthan SP, Venkatesan D, Govindasamy C, Selvaraj D, Mani Chandra H. A preliminary study of the immunogenic response of plant-derived multi-epitopic peptide vaccine candidate of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1298880. [PMID: 38322423 PMCID: PMC10846684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1298880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is responsible for chronic respiratory disease in avian species, characterized by symptoms like respiratory rales and coughing. Existing vaccines for MG have limited efficacy and require multiple doses. Certain MG cytoadherence proteins (GapA, CrmA, PlpA, and Hlp3) play a crucial role in the pathogen's respiratory tract colonization and infection. Plant-based proteins and therapeutics have gained attention due to their safety and efficiency. In this study, we designed a 21.4-kDa multi-epitope peptide vaccine (MEPV) using immunogenic segments from cytoadherence proteins. The MEPV's effectiveness was verified through computational simulations. We then cloned the MEPV, introduced it into the plant expression vector pSiM24-eGFP, and expressed it in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The plant-produced MEPV proved to be immunogenic when administered intramuscularly to chickens. It significantly boosted the production of immunoglobulin Y (IgY)-neutralizing antibodies against cytoadherence protein epitopes in immunized chickens compared to that in the control group. This preliminary investigation demonstrates that the plant-derived MEPV is effective in triggering an immune response in chickens. To establish an efficient poultry health management system and ensure the sustainability of the poultry industry, further research is needed to develop avian vaccines using plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandramohan Govindasamy
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhivya Selvaraj
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, School of Computer Information and Communication Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Harish Mani Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ma F, Xu Q, Wang A, Yang D, Li Q, Guo J, Zhang L, Ou J, Li R, Yin H, Li K, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhao X, Niu X, Zhang S, Li X, Chai S, Zhang E, Rao Z, Zhang G. A universal design of restructured dimer antigens: Development of a superior vaccine against the paramyxovirus in transgenic rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305745121. [PMID: 38236731 PMCID: PMC10823241 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305745121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccines, which induce effective immune responses while ensuring safety and affordability, remains a substantial challenge. In this study, we proposed a vaccine model of a restructured "head-to-tail" dimer to efficiently stimulate B cell response. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using this model to develop a paramyxovirus vaccine through a low-cost rice endosperm expression system. Crystal structure and small-angle X-ray scattering data showed that the restructured hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) formed tetramers with fully exposed quadruple receptor binding domains and neutralizing epitopes. In comparison with the original HN antigen and three traditional commercial whole virus vaccines, the restructured HN facilitated critical epitope exposure and initiated a faster and more potent immune response. Two-dose immunization with 0.5 μg of the restructured antigen (equivalent to one-127th of a rice grain) and one-dose with 5 μg completely protected chickens against a lethal challenge of the virus. These results demonstrate that the restructured HN from transgenic rice seeds is safe, effective, low-dose useful, and inexpensive. We provide a plant platform and a simple restructured model for highly effective vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, China
| | - Qianru Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng475004, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Daichang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Jiquan Ou
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Wuhan430074, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Wuhan430074, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Wuhan Healthgen Biotechnology Corp., Wuhan430074, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Xiangyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Xiangxiang Niu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Shujun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, China
| | - Erqin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450046, China
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou450046, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
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3
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Shanmugaraj B, Jirarojwattana P, Phoolcharoen W. Molecular Farming Strategy for the Rapid Production of Protein-Based Reagents for Use in Infectious Disease Diagnostics. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1010-1020. [PMID: 37072112 DOI: 10.1055/a-2076-2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are a major breakthrough in biomedical research with a wide range of applications from diagnostics to therapeutics. Strategic construct design, consistent expression platforms, and suitable upstream and downstream techniques are key considerations to produce commercially viable recombinant proteins. The recombinant antigenic protein production for use either as a diagnostic reagent or subunit vaccine formulation is usually carried out in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression platforms. Microbial and mammalian systems dominate the biopharmaceutical industry for such applications. However, there is no universal expression system that can meet all the requirements for different types of proteins. The adoptability of any expression system is likely based on the quality and quantity of the proteins that can be produced from it. The huge demand of recombinant proteins for different applications requires an inexpensive production platform for rapid development. The molecular farming scientific community has been promoting the plant system for nearly 3 decades as a cost-effective alternative to produce high-quality proteins for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Here, we discuss how plant biotechnology could offer solutions for the rapid and scalable production of protein antigens as low-cost diagnostic reagents for use in functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perawat Jirarojwattana
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li G, Li Q, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li R, Guo J, Zhang G. Lateral flow immunoassays for antigens, antibodies and haptens detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125186. [PMID: 37268073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is widely used as a rapid point-of-care testing (POCT) technique in food safety, veterinary and clinical detection on account of the accessible, fast and low-cost characteristics. After the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), different types of LFIAs have attracted considerable interest because of their ability of providing immediate diagnosis directly to users, thereby effectively controlling the outbreak. Based on the introduction of the principles and key components of LFIAs, this review focuses on the major detection formats of LFIAs for antigens, antibodies and haptens. With the rapid innovation of detection technologies, new trends of novel labels, multiplex and digital assays are increasingly integrated with LFIAs. Therefore, this review will also introduce the development of new trends of LFIAs as well as its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Su H, van Eerde A, Rimstad E, Bock R, Branza-Nichita N, Yakovlev IA, Clarke JL. Plant-made vaccines against viral diseases in humans and farm animals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1170815. [PMID: 37056490 PMCID: PMC10086147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1170815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants provide not only food and feed, but also herbal medicines and various raw materials for industry. Moreover, plants can be green factories producing high value bioproducts such as biopharmaceuticals and vaccines. Advantages of plant-based production platforms include easy scale-up, cost effectiveness, and high safety as plants are not hosts for human and animal pathogens. Plant cells perform many post-translational modifications that are present in humans and animals and can be essential for biological activity of produced recombinant proteins. Stimulated by progress in plant transformation technologies, substantial efforts have been made in both the public and the private sectors to develop plant-based vaccine production platforms. Recent promising examples include plant-made vaccines against COVID-19 and Ebola. The COVIFENZ® COVID-19 vaccine produced in Nicotiana benthamiana has been approved in Canada, and several plant-made influenza vaccines have undergone clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the status of vaccine production in plants and the state of the art in downstream processing according to good manufacturing practice (GMP). We discuss different production approaches, including stable transgenic plants and transient expression technologies, and review selected applications in the area of human and veterinary vaccines. We also highlight specific challenges associated with viral vaccine production for different target organisms, including lower vertebrates (e.g., farmed fish), and discuss future perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - André van Eerde
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralph Bock
- Department III, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Norica Branza-Nichita
- Department of Viral Glycoproteins, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Igor A. Yakovlev
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Hu Z, He X, Deng J, Hu J, Liu X. Current situation and future direction of Newcastle disease vaccines. Vet Res 2022; 53:99. [DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most economically devastating infectious diseases affecting the poultry industry. Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can cause high mortality and severe tissue lesions in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, reproductive and immune systems of poultry. Tremendous progress has been made in preventing morbidity and mortality caused by ND based on strict biosecurity and wide vaccine application. In recent decades, the continual evolution of NDV has resulted in a total of twenty genotypes, and genetic variation may be associated with disease outbreaks in vaccinated chickens. In some countries, the administration of genotype-matched novel vaccines in poultry successfully suppresses the circulation of virulent NDV strains in the field. However, virulent NDV is still endemic in many regions of the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries, impacting the livelihood of millions of people dependent on poultry for food. In ND-endemic countries, although vaccination is implemented for disease control, the lack of genotype-matched vaccines that can reduce virus infection and transmission as well as the inadequate administration of vaccines in the field undermines the effectiveness of vaccination. Dissection of the profiles of existing ND vaccines is fundamental for establishing proper vaccination regimes and developing next-generation vaccines. Therefore, in this article, we provide a broad review of commercial and experimental ND vaccines and promising new platforms for the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Development of Plant-Based Vaccines for Prevention of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease in Poultry. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030478. [PMID: 35335110 PMCID: PMC8952014 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases, including avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND), are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, resulting in significant economic losses. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for the major viral diseases of poultry, these diseases continue to pose a significant risk to global food security. There are multiple factors for this: vaccine costs may be prohibitive, cold chain storage for attenuated live-virus vaccines may not be achievable, and commercial vaccines may protect poorly against local emerging strains. The development of transient gene expression systems in plants provides a versatile and robust tool to generate a high yield of recombinant proteins with superior speed while managing to achieve cost-efficient production. Plant-derived vaccines offer good stability and safety these include both subunit and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. VLPs offer potential benefits compared to currently available traditional vaccines, including significant reductions in virus shedding and the ability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated birds (DIVA). This review discusses the current state of plant-based vaccines for prevention of the AI and ND in poultry, challenges in their development, and potential for expanding their use in low- and middle-income countries.
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Recent advances in molecular farming using monocot plants. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 58:107913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tang P, Cui E, Song Y, Yan R, Wang J. Porcine deltacoronavirus and its prevalence in China: a review of epidemiology, evolution, and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2975-2988. [PMID: 34524535 PMCID: PMC8440736 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is one of the most important enteropathogenic pathogens, and it causes enormous economic losses to the global commercial pork industry. PDCoV was initially reported in Hong Kong (China) in 2012 and subsequently emerged in swine herds with diarrhea in Ohio (USA) in 2014. Since then, it has spread to Canada, South Korea, mainland China, and several Southeast Asian countries. Information about the epidemiology, evolution, prevention, and control of PDCoV and its prevalence in China has not been comprehensively reported, especially in the last five years. This review is an update of current information on the general characteristics, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and evolutionary relationships, and the status of PDCoV vaccine development, focusing on the prevalence of PDCoV in China and vaccine research in particular. Together, this information will provide us with a greater understanding of PDCoV infection and will be helpful for establishing new strategies for controlling this virus worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Enhui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yihong Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruoqian Yan
- Henan Centre for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Su H, Yakovlev IA, van Eerde A, Su J, Clarke JL. Plant-Produced Vaccines: Future Applications in Aquaculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718775. [PMID: 34456958 PMCID: PMC8397579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture has undergone rapid development in the past decades. It provides a large part of high-quality protein food for humans, and thus, a sustainable aquaculture industry is of great importance for the worldwide food supply and economy. Along with the quick expansion of aquaculture, the high fish densities employed in fish farming increase the risks of outbreaks of a variety of aquatic diseases. Such diseases not only cause huge economic losses, but also lead to ecological hazards in terms of pathogen spread to marine ecosystems causing infection of wild fish and polluting the environment. Thus, fish health is essential for the aquaculture industry to be environmentally sustainable and a prerequisite for intensive aquaculture production globally. The wide use of antibiotics and drug residues has caused intensive pollution along with risks for food safety and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Vaccination is the most effective and environmentally friendly approach to battle infectious diseases in aquaculture with minimal ecological impact and is applicable to most species of farmed fish. However, there are only 34 fish vaccines commercially available globally to date, showing the urgent need for further development of fish vaccines to manage fish health and ensure food safety. Plant genetic engineering has been utilized to produce genetically modified crops with desirable characteristics and has also been used for vaccine production, with several advantages including cost-effectiveness, safety when compared with live virus vaccines, and plants being capable of carrying out posttranslational modifications that are similar to naturally occurring systems. So far, plant-derived vaccines, antibodies, and therapeutic proteins have been produced for human and animal health. However, the development of plant-made vaccines for animals, especially fish, is still lagging behind the development of human vaccines. The present review summarizes the development of fish vaccines currently utilized and the suitability of the plant-production platform for fish vaccine and then addresses considerations regarding fish vaccine production in plants. Developing fish vaccines by way of plant biotechnology are significant for the aquaculture industry, fish health management, food safety, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Igor A. Yakovlev
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - André van Eerde
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, NIBIO - Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010020. [PMID: 33406695 PMCID: PMC7823560 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.
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