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Gantt S. Newborn cytomegalovirus screening: is this the new standard? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 31:382-387. [PMID: 37820202 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) is a major cause of childhood hearing loss and neurodevelopmental delay. Early identification of cCMV allows for interventions that improve outcomes, particularly for cCMV-related hearing loss that develops in early childhood. Most cCMV is asymptomatic at birth and is rarely diagnosed without newborn screening. Therefore, various approaches to cCMV screening are increasingly being adopted. RECENT FINDINGS Both universal screening (testing all newborns) and targeted screening (testing triggered by failed hearing screening) for cCMV appear valuable, feasible and cost-effective, though universal screening is predicted to have greatest potential overall benefits. CMV PCR testing of newborn oral swabs is sensitive and practical and is therefore widely used in targeted screening programs. In contrast, PCR using dried-blood spots (DBS) is less sensitive but was adopted by current universal cCMV screening initiatives because DBS are already collected from all newborns in high-income countries, which circumvents large-scale oral swab collection. SUMMARY Targeted screening is widely recommended as standard of care, while universal screening is less common but is progressively considered as the optimal strategy for identification of children with cCMV. As with all screening programs, cCMV screening requires commitments to equitable and reliable testing, follow-up and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren Gantt
- Sainte Justine University Hospital Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Sartori P, Egloff C, Hcini N, Vauloup Fellous C, Périllaud-Dubois C, Picone O, Pomar L. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040819. [PMID: 37112800 PMCID: PMC10146889 DOI: 10.3390/v15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting about 1% of births worldwide. Several primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies are already available during the prenatal period to help mitigate the immediate and long-term consequences of this infection. In this review, we aim to present and assess the efficacy of these strategies, including educating pregnant women and women of childbearing age on their knowledge of hygiene measures, development of vaccines, screening for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy (systematic versus targeted), prenatal diagnosis and prognostic assessments, and preventive and curative treatments in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sartori
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Egloff
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
| | - Najeh Hcini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, French 97320, Guyana
- CIC Inserm 1424 et DFR Santé Université Guyane, 97320 ST Laurent du Maroni, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup Fellous
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Claire Périllaud-Dubois
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
- Virology Laboratory, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Léo Pomar
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hu X, Wang HY, Otero CE, Jenks JA, Permar SR. Lessons from Acquired Natural Immunity and Clinical Trials to Inform Next-Generation Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Development. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:491-520. [PMID: 35704747 PMCID: PMC10154983 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the most common cause of congenital disease globally, affecting an estimated 1 million newborns annually, can result in lifelong sequelae in infants, such as sensorineural hearing loss and brain damage. HCMV infection also leads to a significant disease burden in immunocompromised individuals. Hence, an effective HCMV vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection and HCMV-associated diseases. Unfortunately, despite more than five decades of vaccine development, no successful HCMV vaccine is available. This review summarizes what we have learned from acquired natural immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity; the successes and failures of HCMV vaccine human clinical trials; the progress in related animal models; and the analysis of protective immune responses during natural infection and vaccination settings. Finally, we propose novel vaccine strategies that will harness the knowledge of protective immunity and employ new technology and vaccine concepts to inform next-generation HCMV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
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Pursell T, Spencer Clinton JL, Tan J, Peng R, Ling PD. Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing EEHV1A glycoprotein B elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265424. [PMID: 35312707 PMCID: PMC8936464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause lethal hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) in Asian elephants and is the largest cause of death in captive juvenile Asian elephants in North America and Europe. EEHV-HD also has been documented in captive and wild elephants in their natural range countries. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent lethal EEHV infection would significantly improve conservation efforts for this endangered species. Recent studies from our laboratory suggest that EEHV morbidity and mortality are often associated with primary infection. Therefore, we aim to generate a vaccine, particularly for EEHV1 naïve animals, with the goal of preventing lethal EEHV-HD. To address this goal, we generated a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) recombinant virus expressing a truncated form of glycoprotein B (gBΔfur731) from EEHV1A, the strain associated with the majority of lethal EEHV cases. Vaccination of CD-1 mice with this recombinant virus induced robust antibody and polyfunctional T cell responses significantly above mice inoculated with wild-type MVA. Although the vaccine-induced T cell response was mainly observed in CD8+ T cell populations, the CD4+ T cell response was also polyfunctional. No adverse responses to vaccination were observed. Overall, our data demonstrates that MVA-gBΔfur731 stimulates robust humoral and cell-mediated responses, supporting its potential translation for use in elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Pursell
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Spencer Clinton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rongsheng Peng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Ling
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Clinical, Virologic and Immunologic Correlates of Breast Milk Acquired Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infections in Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Setting. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101897. [PMID: 34696327 PMCID: PMC8539954 DOI: 10.3390/v13101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections acquired by very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants are incompletely characterized. To examine CMV transmission in VLBW infants, we evaluated maternal DNAlactia, infant DNAemia, and presence of clinical disease in a blinded study in VLBW infants in our newborn intensive care unit (NICU). To examine these issues, 200 VLBW infants were enrolled in a surveillance study, with weekly breast milk and infant whole blood samples collected, as available. Virologic (breast milk and infant whole blood real time PCR) and immunologic (IgG, IgM, and IgG avidity) correlates were evaluated. A chart review examined whether infants had symptoms compatible with CMV disease. DNAlactia was identified in 65/150 (43%) of lactating mothers. Nine CMV infections were identified in 9/75 CMV-exposed infants (12% of exposed infants). A higher median breast milk viral load (DNAlactia) correlated with an increased likelihood of DNAemia (p = 0.05). Despite potential symptoms compatible with CMV infection, clinicians had not considered the diagnosis of CMV in 6/9 cases (66%). All of these infants had chronic lung disease at discharge. There was no correlation between IgG antibody titer or IgG avidity index and the likelihood of transmission or CMV disease. In conclusion, in VLBW infants receiving milk from seropositive mothers, CMV infections are commonly acquired, and are frequently unrecognized. Future studies are needed to determine whether routine surveillance for CMV of either breast milk or infant plasma is beneficial in preventing or recognizing infection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common viral cause of congenital infection, occurring in approximately 1-2% of live births worldwide. Given our increasing knowledge of risk, advances in the identification of maternal infection, and the extremely limited options for the treatment of fetal infection, the prevention is a promising direction for research efforts. Recently, there have been several exciting studies assessing different ways of preventing congenital infection in the fetus and one in particular has focused on the use of valaciclovir. RECENT FINDINGS A recent study reported a 71% reduction in vertical transmission of CMV with the use of oral valaciclovir following maternal primary CMV infection early in pregnancy. The clinical impact of this study could be enormous and it has particular implications for considerations around maternal serological screening in the first trimester of pregnancy. Further research assessing behaviour modifications during early pregnancy could also provide evidence for an effective primary prevention technique. SUMMARY Prevention of congenital CMV infection, whether primary, secondary or tertiary, is possible, however, there are barriers to its utilisation in a clinical setting. The main limitation is the requirement for early, effective and large-scale serological screening of mothers to detect asymptomatic primary infection.
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Abstract
Congenital hearing loss is the most common birth defect, estimated to affect 2-3 in every 1000 births. Currently there is no cure for hearing loss. Treatment options are limited to hearing aids for mild and moderate cases, and cochlear implants for severe and profound hearing loss. Here we provide a literature overview of the environmental and genetic causes of congenital hearing loss, common animal models and methods used for hearing research, as well as recent advances towards developing therapies to treat congenital deafness. © 2021 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Martin L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
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Scarpini S, Morigi F, Betti L, Dondi A, Biagi C, Lanari M. Development of a Vaccine against Human Cytomegalovirus: Advances, Barriers, and Implications for the Clinical Practice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:551. [PMID: 34070277 PMCID: PMC8225126 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is one of the most common causes of congenital infection in the post-rubella era, representing a major public health concern. Although most cases are asymptomatic in the neonatal period, congenital CMV (cCMV) disease can result in permanent impairment of cognitive development and represents the leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss. Moreover, even if hCMV mostly causes asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic infections in immunocompetent hosts, it may lead to severe and life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. Since immunity reduces the severity of disease, in the last years, the development of an effective and safe hCMV vaccine has been of great interest to pharmacologic researchers. Both hCMV live vaccines-e.g., live-attenuated, chimeric, viral-based-and non-living ones-subunit, RNA-based, virus-like particles, plasmid-based DNA-have been investigated. Encouraging data are emerging from clinical trials, but a hCMV vaccine has not been licensed yet. Major difficulties in the development of a satisfactory vaccine include hCMV's capacity to evade the immune response, unclear immune correlates for protection, low number of available animal models, and insufficient general awareness. Moreover, there is a need to determine which may be the best target populations for vaccine administration. The aim of the present paper is to examine the status of hCMV vaccines undergoing clinical trials and understand barriers limiting their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scarpini
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (F.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Morigi
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (F.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Ludovica Betti
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (F.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Arianna Dondi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Carlotta Biagi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (M.L.)
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Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection with Vaccines: State of the Art. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050523. [PMID: 34069321 PMCID: PMC8158681 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection and non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss in childhood. Up to 2% of neonates, with the highest percentages found in developing countries, are congenitally infected with CMV. At birth, most of these infants are asymptomatic. However, approximately 10% have signs and symptoms of the disease, and 40–60% of symptomatic neonates will later develop permanent neurologic sequelae. To reduce congenital CMV (cCMV) infection, a vaccine able to prevent primary infection is essential. In this narrative review, actual ongoing research about the development of a CMV vaccine is discussed. The progressive increase in knowledge on the ways in which the host’s immune system and CMV relate has made it possible to clarify that the development of a vaccine that is certainly capable of reducing the risk of cCMV infection, and preventing both primary and nonprimary infections is extremely difficult. Many of the ways in which the virus evades the immune system and causes cCMV infection are not yet fully understood, especially in cases of nonprimary infection. Moreover, the schedule that should be recommended and that subjects must be vaccinated to obtain the greatest effect have not been precisely defined. Further studies are needed before the problem of cCMV infection and its related challenges can be totally solved.
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