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Yang D, Wang X, Yang X, Qi S, Zhao F, Guo D, Li C, Zhu Q, Xing X, Cao Y, Sun D. Construction and immune effect evaluation of the S protein heptad repeat-based nanoparticle vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virology 2024; 596:110113. [PMID: 38801794 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly virulent enteropathogenic coronavirus, is a significant threat to the pig industry. High frequency mutations in the PEDV genome have limited the effectiveness of current vaccines in providing immune protection. Developing efficient vaccines that can quickly adapt to mutant strains is a challenging but crucial task. In this study, we chose the pivotal protein heptad repeat (HR) responsible for coronavirus entry into host cells, as the vaccine antigen. HR-Fer nanoparticles prepared using ferritin were evaluated them as PEDV vaccine candidates. Nanoparticle vaccines elicited stronger neutralizing antibody responses in mice compared to monomer vaccines. Additionally, HR protein delivered via nanoparticles increased antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells in vitro by 2.75-fold. The collective results suggest that HR can be used as antigens for vaccines, and the HR vaccine based on ferritin nanoparticles significantly enhances immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xinglin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing, 163319, China.
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Wei MZ, Chen L, Zhang R, Chen Z, Shen YJ, Zhou BJ, Wang KG, Shan CL, Zhu EP, Cheng ZT. Overview of the recent advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccines. Vet J 2024; 304:106097. [PMID: 38479492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan-Juan Shen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kai-Gong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun-Lan Shan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Er-Peng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhen-Tao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Wuri N, Gou H, Zhang B, Wang M, Wang S, Zhang W, He H, Fan X, Zhang C, Liu Z, Geri L, Shen H, Zhang J. Lactate is useful for the efficient replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in cell culture. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1116695. [PMID: 36861007 PMCID: PMC9968725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a deadly pathogen infecting pig herds, and has caused significant economic losses around the world. Vaccination remains the most effective way of keeping the PEDV epidemic under control. Previous studies have shown that the host metabolism has a significant impact on viral replication. In this study, we have demonstrated that two substrates of metabolic pathway, glucose and glutamine, play a key role in PEDV replication. Interestingly, the boosting effect of these compounds toward viral replication appeared to be dose-independent. Furthermore, we found that lactate, which is a downstream metabolite, promotes PEDV replication, even when added in excess to the cell culture medium. Moreover, the role of lactate in promoting PEDV was independent of the genotype of PEDV and the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Our findings suggest that lactate is a promising candidate for use as a cell culture additive for promoting PEDV replication. It could improve the efficiency of vaccine production and provide the basis for designing novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nile Wuri
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Menglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan He
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xuelei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Letu Geri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Haiyan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, China,Haiyan Shen ✉
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China,Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Maoming, China,*Correspondence: Jianfeng Zhang ✉
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Resistance of Field-Isolated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus to Interferon and Neutralizing Antibody. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120690. [PMID: 36548851 PMCID: PMC9783040 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), belonging to the genogroup G2b, has higher pathogenicity and mortality than classical PEDV, belonging to the genogroup G1a. To understand the pathogenesis of the G2b PEDV, we examined the resistance of the G2b PEDV to interferon (IFN) and neutralizing antibodies, which are important for controlling PEDV infection. We found that the G2b PEDV showed higher resistance to IFN than G1a PEDV. The G1a PEDV could replicate in IFN-deficient Vero cells, but not in IFN-releasing porcine alveolar macrophages, whereas the G2b PEDV showed similar infectivity in both types of cells. We also found that G2b PEDV was not effectively blocked by neutralizing antibodies, unlike G1a PEDV, suggesting differences in the antigenicity of the two strains. These results provide an understanding of the occurrence of variant PEDV and its pathogenesis.
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Li X, Li Y, Huang J, Yao Y, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Qing J, Ren J, Yan Z, Wang Z, Hu X, Kang D, Liu H, Yan Z. Isolation and oral immunogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NH-TA2020 strain: One of the predominant strains circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Virol Sin 2022; 37:646-655. [PMID: 35961502 PMCID: PMC9583181 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most devastating diseases in the global pig industry due to its high mortality rate in piglets. Maternal vaccines can effectively enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. From 2017 to 2021, we collected 882 diarrhea samples from 303 farms in China to investigate the epidemiology of PEDV. The result showed that about 52.15% (158/303) of the farms were positive for PEDV with an overall detection rate of 63.95% (564/882) of the samples. The S1 fragments of S gene from 104 strains were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 71 PEDV strains (68.27%) sequenced in this study were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup, while the newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. The NH-TA2020 strain of G2c subgroup was isolated and cultured, and its infection to piglets caused watery diarrhea within 24 h, indicating its strong pathogenicity. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 strain to pregnant gilts stimulated high levels of IgA antibody in colostrum. The piglets fed by the gilts above were challenged with NH-TA2020 strain or CH–HeB-RY-2020 strain from G2d subgroup, and the clinical symptoms and virus shedding were significantly reduced compared to the mock group. Our findings suggest that G2c subgroup is the predominant branch circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 enhances maternal IgA and lactogenic immune responses, which confer protection against the homologous and emerging G2d PEDV strains challenges in neonates. From 2017 to 2021, PEDV positive rate of Chinese farms and samples tested in this study was 52.15% and 63.95%, respectively. A total of 71 sequenced PEDV strains (68.27%) were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup. The newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. NH-TA2020 strain belonging to the G2c subgroup was isolated and its strong pathogenicity was confirmed. The milk containing high levels of IgA antibody induced by NH-TA2020 strain could protect piglets against PEDV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Yang Li
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Jiapei Huang
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Yali Yao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Wenying Zhao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Jie Qing
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Swine Health Data and Intelligent Monitoring Project Laboratory, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253011, China
| | - Zhong Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China
| | - Duli Kang
- Pulike Biological Engineering Inc., Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Hongqiang Liu
- Pulike Biological Engineering Inc., Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Zhichun Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610041, China; Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, 253034, China.
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Development of a Genetically Engineered Bivalent Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Rotavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081746. [PMID: 36016368 PMCID: PMC9413861 DOI: 10.3390/v14081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and a high mortality rate in neonatal piglets. In recent years, PEDV has been associated with co-infections with other swine enteric viruses, including porcine rotavirus (PoRV), resulting in increased mortality among newborn piglets. In this paper, we developed a bivalent vaccine against PEDV and PoRV by constructing a recombinant PEDV encoding PoRV VP7 (rPEDV-PoRV-VP7). The recombinant virus was constructed by replacing the entire open reading frame 3 (ORF3) in the genome of an attenuated PEDV strain YN150 with the PoRV VP7 gene using reverse genetic systems. Similar plaque morphology and replication kinetics were observed in Vero cells with the recombinant PEDV compared to the wild-type PEDV. It is noteworthy that the VP7 protein could be expressed stably in rPEDV-PoRV-VP7-infected cells. To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of rPEDV-PoRV-VP7, 10-day-old piglets were vaccinated with the recombinant virus. After inoculation, no piglet displayed clinical symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, or anorexia. The PoRV VP7- and PEDV spike-specific IgG in serum and IgA in saliva were detected in piglets after rPEDV-PoRV-VP7 vaccination. Moreover, both PoRV and PEDV neutralizing antibodies were produced simultaneously in the inoculated piglets. Collectively, we engineered a recombinant PEDV expressing PoRV VP7 that could be used as an effective bivalent vaccine against PEDV and PoRV.
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Thavorasak T, Chulanetra M, Glab-ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Sae-lim N, Teeranitayatarn K, Songserm T, Yodsheewan R, Nilubol D, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Enhancing epitope of PEDV spike protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933249. [PMID: 35935230 PMCID: PMC9355140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration. PEDV infects pigs of all ages, but neonatal pigs during the first week of life are highly susceptible; the mortality rates among newborn piglets may reach 80–100%. Thus, PEDV is regarded as one of the most devastating pig viruses that cause huge economic damage to pig industries worldwide. Vaccination of sows and gilts at the pre-fertilization or pre-farrowing stage is a good strategy for the protection of suckling piglets against PEDV through the acquisition of the lactating immunity. However, vaccination of the mother pigs for inducing a high level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is complicated with unstandardized immunization protocol and unreliable outcomes. Besides, the vaccine may also induce enhancing antibodies that promote virus entry and replication, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which aggravates the disease upon new virus exposure. Recognition of the virus epitope that induces the production of the enhancing antibodies is an existential necessity for safe and effective PEDV vaccine design. In this study, the enhancing epitope of the PEDV spike (S) protein was revealed for the first time, by using phage display technology and mouse monoclonal antibody (mAbG3) that bound to the PEDV S1 subunit of the S protein and enhanced PEDV entry into permissive Vero cells that lack Fc receptor. The phages displaying mAbG3-bound peptides derived from the phage library by panning with the mAbG3 matched with several regions in the S1-0 sub-domain of the PEDV S1 subunit, indicating that the epitope is discontinuous (conformational). The mAbG3-bound phage sequence also matched with a linear sequence of the S1-BCD sub-domains. Immunological assays verified the phage mimotope results. Although the molecular mechanism of ADE caused by the mAbG3 via binding to the newly identified S1 enhancing epitope awaits investigation, the data obtained from this study are helpful and useful in designing a safe and effective PEDV protein subunit/DNA vaccine devoid of the enhancing epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techit Thavorasak
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawannaporn Sae-lim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Nitat Sookrung,
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8
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Screening Host Antiviral Proteins under the Enhanced Immune Responses Induced by a Variant Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0066122. [PMID: 35762780 PMCID: PMC9430966 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00661-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While discussing the ideal candidates of viral restriction factor, the interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) could be considered potential targets. However, numerous viruses have evolved multiple strategies to modulate the host innate immune signaling for optimal infection, including the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus spreading widely around the world with high morbidity and mortality in piglets. The immunosuppression mediated by PEDV infection creates an impediment for studying the host-virus interactions and screening the antiviral ISGs. Here, the PEDV variant strain 85-7C40 was screened using the continuous passaging, which showed significantly attenuated viral replication compared with its parent on MARC-145 cells. The comparative transcriptome analysis (accession nos. SRR13154018 to SRR13154026) indicated that 85-7C40 infection led to enhanced immune response on MARC-145 cells, particularly to the IFN antiviral signaling, which mediated the stronger activation of numerous ISGs. Numerous ISGs activated by 85-7C40 showed antiviral effects against the wild-type strain infection, particularly the IFI44 (an ISG upregulated specifically by the 85-7C40 infection) and OASL (upregulated higher in 85-7C40 than 85-7-infected cells), exhibited powerful antiviral activity. IFI44 promoted the production of RIG-I, while the OASL interacted directly with RIG-I, and then they both activated the phosphorylation of STAT1, indicating that they restricted PEDV replication by positively regulating the type I IFN response. Our results provided insight into the ISGs with antiviral activity against PEDV infection and also expanded our understanding of the innate immune response to PEDV infection, which may promote the development of novel therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Host innate immune responses, particularly interferon (IFN) antiviral signaling, can activate diverse downstream ISGs to exert antiviral effects. However, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection has evolved multiple strategies to escape from this immune clearance. The immunosuppression mediated by PEDV infection creates an impediment for studying the host-virus interactions. We screened a PEDV variant strain, 85-7C40, which induced enhanced immune responses on MARC-145 cells and thus mediated the stronger activation of numerous ISGs. The laboratory-generated variant might induce inconsistent immune responses with a natural wild-type strain during infection, while numerous ISGs activated by 85-7C40 showed antiviral effects against the wild-type strain infection, particularly the IFI44 and OASL, restricted PEDV replication by positively regulating the type I IFN response. These findings were suggestive of the immune-enhanced variant being capable of using as an ideal viral model for screening the efficient antiviral proteins and elucidating the underlying mechanisms between PEDV and host innate immune responses.
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9
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Niu X, Wang Q. Prevention and Control of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: The Development of Recombination-Resistant Live Attenuated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061317. [PMID: 35746788 PMCID: PMC9227446 DOI: 10.3390/v14061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), causing up to 100% mortality in neonatal pigs, is a highly contagious enteric disease caused by PED virus (PEDV). The highly virulent genogroup 2 (G2) PEDV emerged in 2010 and has caused huge economic losses to the pork industry globally. It was first reported in the US in 2013, caused country-wide outbreaks, and posed tremendous hardship for many pork producers in 2013–2014. Vaccination of pregnant sows/gilts with live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) is the most effective strategy to induce lactogenic immunity in the sows/gilts and provide a passive protection via the colostrum and milk to suckling piglets against PED. However, there are still no safe and effective vaccines available after about one decade of endeavor. One of the biggest concerns is the potential reversion to virulence of an LAV in the field. In this review, we summarize the status and the major obstacles in PEDV LAV development. We also discuss the function of the transcriptional regulatory sequences in PEDV transcription, contributing to recombination, and possible strategies to prevent the reversion of LAVs. This article provides insights into the rational design of a promising LAV without safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Niu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-263-3960
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The Aqueous Leaf Extract of M. Oleifera Inhibits PEDV Replication through Suppressing Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040458. [PMID: 35203166 PMCID: PMC8868277 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, can cause enormous economic losses in the swine industry. There is no effective commercial vaccine against PEDV infection. In this study, we found that an aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera (MOE) exhibited antiviral activity in response to PEDV infection at the stage of PEDV replication instead of attachment or internalization. Mechanistically, MOE suppressed the oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by PEDV infection and upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, which further led to less cell apoptosis. This study is the first report showing that MOE has antiviral potential as a new prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PEDV infection. Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), one of the serious enteric diseases caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is responsible for enormous economic losses in the global swine industry. However, available commercial vaccines fail to protect pigs from PEDV infection due to the appearance of PEDV variants. Hence, it is necessary to find an effective and cost-efficient natural product to protect pigs from PEDV infection. In this study, we first found that an aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera (MOE) exhibited antiviral activity in response to PEDV infection. Furthermore, time-of-addition experiments revealed that MOE inhibited PEDV replication rather than attachment and internalization. Mechanistically, MOE significantly suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) induced by PEDV infection, and restored glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Importantly, the addition of MOE alleviated oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and resulted in fewer apoptotic cells during PEDV infection. These results indicated that MOE might be an effective anti-PEDV drug used to control PED disease and may be helpful in developing a new prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PEDV.
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Vu TTH, Yeom M, Moon H, Tran TN, Le VP, Song D. Characteristics and Pathogenicity of the Cell-Adapted Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus of the Non-S INDEL Cluster. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111479. [PMID: 34832634 PMCID: PMC8618312 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high antigenic diversity of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) means that porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a challenge for the global pig industry. Understanding the circulation of the virus to determine an optimal vaccine strategy is important in controlling the disease. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of circulating PEDV based on the full sequences of spike genes of eight positive samples collected in Vietnam since 2018. Additionally, we developed a live attenuated vaccine candidate from the cell-adapted PEDV2 strain, which was continuously passaged until level 103 in VERO-CCL81 cells. PEDV2-p103, which belongs to the emerging non-S INDEL cluster, exhibited low virus shedding, did not induce lesions in the small intestine of challenged piglets, and had a high titer in the VERO-CCL81 cell at 48 h post-infection. These results suggest that the PEDV2-p103 strain could be a potential oral attenuated vaccine, and its immunogenicity and efficacy should be further assessed through in vivo tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (T.T.H.V.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (T.T.H.V.); (M.Y.)
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- College of Healthcare & Biotechnology, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea;
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin 17066, Korea
| | - Thi Nhan Tran
- R&D laboratory, AVAC Vietnam Company Limited, Hung Yen 163530, Vietnam;
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131001, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (V.P.L.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (T.T.H.V.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.L.); (D.S.)
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Tran TX, Lien NTK, Thu HT, Duy ND, Duong BTT, Quyen DV. Changes in the spike and nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in Vietnam-a molecular potential for the vaccine development? PeerJ 2021; 9:e12329. [PMID: 34721997 PMCID: PMC8530102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a dangerous virus causing large piglet losses. PEDV spread rapidly between pig farms and caused the death of up to 90% of infected piglets. Current vaccines are only partially effective in providing immunity to suckling due to the rapid dissemination and ongoing evolution of PEDV. Methods In this study, the complete genome of a PEDV strain in Vietnam 2018 (IBT/VN/2018 strain) has been sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of each fragment was assembled to build a continuous complete sequence using the DNASTAR program. The complete nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of S, N, and ORF3 genes were aligned and analyzed to detect the mutations. Results The full-length genome was determined with 28,031 nucleotides in length which consisted of the 5'UTR, ORF1ab, S protein, ORF3, E protein, M protein, N protein, and 3'UTR region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the IBT/VN/2018 strain was highly virulent belonged to the G2b subgroup along with the Northern American and Asian S-INDEL strains. Multiple sequence alignment of deduced amino acids revealed numerous mutations in the S, N, and ORF3 regions including one substitution 766P > L766 in the epitope SS6; two in the S0subdomain (135DN136 > 135SI136 and N144> D144); two in subdomain SHR1 at aa 1009L > M1009 and 1089S > L1089; one at aa 1279P > S1279 in subdomain SHR2 of the S protein; two at aa 364N > I364 and 378N > S378 in the N protein; four at aa 25L > S25, 70I > V70, 107C > F107, and 168D > N168 in the ORF3 protein. We identified two insertions (at aa 59NQGV62 and aa 145N) and one deletion (at aa 168DI169) in S protein. Remarkable, eight amino acid substitutions (294I > M294, 318A > S318, 335V > I335, 361A > T361, 497R > T497, 501SH502 > 501IY502, 506I > T506, 682V > I682, and 777P > L777) were found in SA subdomain. Besides, N- and O-glycosylation analysis of S, N, and ORF3 protein reveals three known sites (25G+, 123N+, and 62V+) and three novel sites (144D+, 1009M+, and 1279L+) in the IBT/VN/2018 strain compared with the vaccine strains. Taken together, the results showed that mutations in the S, N, and ORF3 genes can affect receptor specificity, viral pathogenicity, and the ability to evade the host immune system of the IBT/VN/2018 strain. Our results highlight the importance of molecular characterization of field strains of PEDV for the development of an effective vaccine to control PEDV infections in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thach Xuan Tran
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T K Lien
- Functional of Genomics Lab, Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha T Thu
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dinh Duy
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui T T Duong
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dong Van Quyen
- Dept of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Hanoi, Vietnam.,University of Science and Technology of Ha Noi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Chang CY, Wang YS, Wu JF, Yang TJ, Chang YC, Chae C, Chang HW, Hsu STD. Generation and Characterization of a Spike Glycoprotein Domain A-Specific Neutralizing Single-Chain Variable Fragment against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080833. [PMID: 34451958 PMCID: PMC8402611 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the genotype (G) 2 and re-emergence of the G1 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe economic impacts in the past decade. Developments of efficient vaccines against new variants of PEDV have been challenging, not least because of the difficulties in eliciting mucosal and lactogenic immunity. A single-chain fragment variable (scFv) capable of efficient antigen recognition is an alternative to vaccination and treatment of a viral infection. In the present study, the variable regions of the light chain and the heavy chain of a G2b PEDV spike domain A (S1A)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) were sequenced, constructed with a (G4S) x3 linker, and produced by a mammalian protein expression system. Our results demonstrated that the PEDV S1A domain scFv was able to bind to S proteins of both G1 and G2b PEDVs. Nevertheless, the scFv was only capable of neutralizing the homologous G2b PEDV but not the G1 PEDV. The binding ability of the G2b-specific neutralizing scFv was not able to predict the neutralizing ability toward heterologous PEDV. The anti-PEDV S1A scFv presented herein serves as a potential therapeutic candidate against the virulent G2b PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-S.W.); (T.-J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-S.W.); (T.-J.Y.)
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Fei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (J.-F.W.); (Y.-C.C.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Tzu-Jing Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-S.W.); (T.-J.Y.)
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (J.-F.W.); (Y.-C.C.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea;
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (J.-F.W.); (Y.-C.C.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Shang-Te Danny Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-S.W.); (T.-J.Y.)
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2785-5696 (ext. 5120)
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. In silico analysis of echinocandins binding to the main proteases of coronaviruses PEDV (3CL pro) and SARS-CoV-2 (M pro). In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:41. [PMID: 34230874 PMCID: PMC8248761 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are two highly pathogenic viruses causing tremendous damages to the swine and human populations, respectively. Vaccines are available to prevent contamination and to limit dissemination of these two coronaviruses, but efficient and widely affordable treatments are needed. Recently, four natural products targeting the 3C-like protease (3CLpro) of PEDV and inhibiting replication of the virus in vitro have been identified: tomatidine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, buddlejasaponin IVb and pneumocandin B0. We have evaluated the interaction of these compounds with 3CLpro of PEDV and with the structurally similar main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular docking analysis indicated that the echinocandin-type lipopeptide pneumocandin B0 can generate much more stable complexes with both proteases compared to tomatidine. The empirical energy of interaction (ΔE) calculated with pneumocandin B0 bound to Mpro is extremely high, comparable to that measured with known antiviral drugs. Pneumocandin B0 and its analogue capsofungin appeared a little less adapted to interact with 3CLpro compared to Mpro. In contrast, the antifungal drug micafungin bearing an unfused tricyclic side chain, emerges as a better ligand of 3CLpro of PEDV compared to Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, based on our calculations. Collectively, the analysis underlines the benefit of echinocandin-type antifungal drugs as potential inhibitors of PEDV and SARS-CoV-2 main proteases. These clinically important antifungal natural products deserve further studies as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm, INFINITE-U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), University of Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, 59006 Lille, France
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Kim J, Yoon J, Park JE. Construction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Like Particles and Its Immunogenicity in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040370. [PMID: 33920460 PMCID: PMC8069460 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious and lethal enteric disease in piglets, is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, with high mortality in neonatal piglets. Despite the nationwide use of attenuated and inactivated vaccines, the outbreak of PED is still a major problem in the swine industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are artificial nanoparticles similar to viruses that are devoid of genetic material and are unable to replicate. VLPs have good safety profiles and elicit robust cellular and humoral immune responses. Here, we generated PED VLPs in eukaryotic cells and examined their immune responses in mice. We found that the M protein is essential for the formation of PED VLPs. Interestingly, PED VLP formation was decreased in the presence of E proteins and increased in the presence of N proteins. Both IgG and IgA antibodies were induced in mice immunized with PED VLPs. Moreover, these antibodies protected against PED virus infection in Vero cells. PED VLPs immunization induced Th2-dominant immune responses in mice. Our results indicate that PED VLPs induce strong immune responses in mice, suggesting that the VLP-based vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jaewon Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence:
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