1
|
Santiago-Sánchez GS, Fabian KP, Hodge JW. A landscape of checkpoint blockade resistance in cancer: underlying mechanisms and current strategies to overcome resistance. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2308097. [PMID: 38306161 PMCID: PMC10841019 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2308097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoints and the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have achieved a durable response in advanced-stage cancer patients. However, there is still a high proportion of patients who do not benefit from ICI therapy due to a lack of response when first treated (primary resistance) or detection of disease progression months after objective response is observed (acquired resistance). Here, we review the current FDA-approved ICI for the treatment of certain solid malignancies, evaluate the contrasting responses to checkpoint blockade in different cancer types, explore the known mechanisms associated with checkpoint blockade resistance (CBR), and assess current strategies in the field that seek to overcome these mechanisms. In order to improve current therapies and develop new ones, the immunotherapy field still has an unmet need in identifying other molecules that act as immune checkpoints, and uncovering other mechanisms that promote CBR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginette S. Santiago-Sánchez
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kellsye P. Fabian
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colley A, Brauns T, Sluder AE, Poznansky MC, Gemechu Y. Immunomodulatory drugs: a promising clinical ally for cancer immunotherapy. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00123-0. [PMID: 38821771 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
While immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) have been authorised for treatment of haematological cancers for over two decades, the appreciation of their ability to stimulate antitumour T cell and natural killer (NK) cell responses is relatively recent. Clinical trial data increasingly show that targeted immunotherapies, such as antibodies, T cells, and vaccines, improve outcomes when delivered in combination with the IMiD derivatives lenalidomide or pomalidomide. Here, we review these clinical data to highlight the relevance of IMiDs in combinatorial immunotherapy for both haematological and solid tumours. Further research into the molecular mechanisms of IMiDs and an increased understanding of their immunomodulatory effects may refine the specific applications of IMiDs and improve the design of future clinical trials, moving IMiDs to the forefront of combinatorial cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Colley
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Brauns
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann E Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohannes Gemechu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng M, Kumar A, Sharma V, Behl T, Sehgal A, Wal P, Shinde NV, Kawaduji BS, Kapoor A, Anwer MK, Gulati M, Shen B, Singla RK, Bungau SG. Revolutionizing pediatric neuroblastoma treatment: unraveling new molecular targets for precision interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1353860. [PMID: 38601081 PMCID: PMC11004261 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1353860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most frequent solid tumor in pediatric cases, contributing to around 15% of childhood cancer-related deaths. The wide-ranging genetic, morphological, and clinical diversity within NB complicates the success of current treatment methods. Acquiring an in-depth understanding of genetic alterations implicated in the development of NB is essential for creating safer and more efficient therapies for this severe condition. Several molecular signatures are being studied as potential targets for developing new treatments for NB patients. In this article, we have examined the molecular factors and genetic irregularities, including those within insulin gene enhancer binding protein 1 (ISL1), dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 (DPYSL3), receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) and murine double minute 2-tumor protein 53 (MDM2-P53) that play an essential role in the development of NB. A thorough summary of the molecular targeted treatments currently being studied in pre-clinical and clinical trials has been described. Recent studies of immunotherapeutic agents used in NB are also studied in this article. Moreover, we explore potential future directions to discover new targets and treatments to enhance existing therapies and ultimately improve treatment outcomes and survival rates for NB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ankush Kumar
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vishakha Sharma
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Amity School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amity University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Pharmacy, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Anupriya Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Australian Research Consortium in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Bairong Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crimini E, Boscolo Bielo L, Berton Giachetti PPM, Pellizzari G, Antonarelli G, Taurelli Salimbeni B, Repetto M, Belli C, Curigliano G. Beyond PD(L)-1 Blockade in Microsatellite-Instable Cancers: Current Landscape of Immune Co-Inhibitory Receptor Targeting. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:281. [PMID: 38254772 PMCID: PMC10813411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) derives from genomic hypermutability due to deficient mismatch repair function. Colorectal (CRC) and endometrial cancers (EC) are the tumor types that more often present MSI-H. Anti-PD(L)-1 antibodies have been demonstrated to be agnostically effective in patients with MSI-H cancer, but 50-60% of them do not respond to single-agent treatment, highlighting the necessity of expanding their treatment opportunities. Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4) is the only immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) non-targeting PD(L)-1 that has been approved so far by the FDA for MSI-H cancer, namely, CRC in combination with nivolumab. Anti-TIM3 antibody LY3321367 showed interesting clinical activity in combination with anti-PDL-1 antibody in patients with MSI-H cancer not previously treated with anti-PD(L)-1. In contrast, no clinical evidence is available for anti-LAG3, anti-TIGIT, anti-BTLA, anti-ICOS and anti-IDO1 antibodies in MSI-H cancers, but clinical trials are ongoing. Other immunotherapeutic strategies under study for MSI-H cancers include vaccines, systemic immunomodulators, STING agonists, PKM2 activators, T-cell immunotherapy, LAIR-1 immunosuppression reversal, IL5 superagonists, oncolytic viruses and IL12 partial agonists. In conclusion, several combination therapies of ICIs and novel strategies are emerging and may revolutionize the treatment paradigm of MSI-H patients in the future. A huge effort will be necessary to find reliable immune biomarkers to personalize therapeutical decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Crimini
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boscolo Bielo
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Maria Berton Giachetti
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Pellizzari
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Antonarelli
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Taurelli Salimbeni
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Matteo Repetto
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carmen Belli
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy (G.P.); (G.A.)
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vora B, Kuruvilla D, Kim C, Wu M, Shemesh CS, Roth GA. Applying Natural Language Processing to ClinicalTrials.gov: mRNA cancer vaccine case study. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:2417-2420. [PMID: 37828818 PMCID: PMC10719489 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have made strides to adopt and implement Natural Language Processing (NLP) to address challenges faced when extracting and synthesizing high volumes of information found in unstructured and semistructured text. Here we present, and provide a summary of the findings from, a use case where NLP and text mining methodologies were used to extract clinical trial data from ClinicalTrials.gov for mRNA cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Vora
- Clinical PharmacologyGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Denison Kuruvilla
- Clinical PharmacologyGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chloe Kim
- Computational SciencesGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael Wu
- Computational SciencesGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Colby S. Shemesh
- Clinical PharmacologyGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gillie A. Roth
- Preclinical and Translational PKPDGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hargrave A, Mustafa AS, Hanif A, Tunio JH, Hanif SNM. Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy with a Focus on FDA-Approved Vaccines and Neoantigen-Based Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1633. [PMID: 38005965 PMCID: PMC10675687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies refer to the concept of retraining the immune system to target malignant cells. Multiple immunotherapeutic options exist including immune modulating antibodies, immune stimulating cytokines, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, and vaccines. Overall, this field has advanced rapidly as knowledge of the tumor microenvironment, immunological pathways, and biotechnology expands. Specifically, advancements in neoantigen identification, characterization, and formulation into a vaccine show promise. This review is focused on previously United States Food and Drug Administration-approved cancer therapeutic vaccines and neoantigen-based vaccine developments along with the associated relevant clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hargrave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, KY 41501, USA;
| | - Abu Salim Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Asma Hanif
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 12037, Kuwait;
| | - Javed H. Tunio
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fatima GN, Fatma H, Saraf SK. Vaccines in Breast Cancer: Challenges and Breakthroughs. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2175. [PMID: 37443570 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a problem for women's health globally. Early detection techniques come in a variety of forms ranging from local to systemic and from non-invasive to invasive. The treatment of cancer has always been challenging despite the availability of a wide range of therapeutics. This is either due to the variable behaviour and heterogeneity of the proliferating cells and/or the individual's response towards the treatment applied. However, advancements in cancer biology and scientific technology have changed the course of the cancer treatment approach. This current review briefly encompasses the diagnostics, the latest and most recent breakthrough strategies and challenges, and the limitations in fighting breast cancer, emphasising the development of breast cancer vaccines. It also includes the filed/granted patents referring to the same aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gul Naz Fatima
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hera Fatma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freitas R, Peixoto A, Ferreira E, Miranda A, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Immunomodulatory glycomedicine: Introducing next generation cancer glycovaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108144. [PMID: 37028466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to the lack of safer and more effective therapies. Cancer vaccines developed from neoantigens are an emerging strategy to promote protective and therapeutic anti-cancer immune responses. Advances in glycomics and glycoproteomics have unveiled several cancer-specific glycosignatures, holding tremendous potential to foster effective cancer glycovaccines. However, the immunosuppressive nature of tumours poses a major obstacle to vaccine-based immunotherapy. Chemical modification of tumour associated glycans, conjugation with immunogenic carriers and administration in combination with potent immune adjuvants constitute emerging strategies to address this bottleneck. Moreover, novel vaccine vehicles have been optimized to enhance immune responses against otherwise poorly immunogenic cancer epitopes. Nanovehicles have shown increased affinity for antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes and tumours, while reducing treatment toxicity. Designs exploiting glycans recognized by APCs have further enhanced the delivery of antigenic payloads, improving glycovaccine's capacity to elicit innate and acquired immune responses. These solutions show potential to reduce tumour burden, while generating immunological memory. Building on this rationale, we provide a comprehensive overview on emerging cancer glycovaccines, emphasizing the potential of nanotechnology in this context. A roadmap towards clinical implementation is also delivered foreseeing advances in glycan-based immunomodulatory cancer medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Freitas
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Miranda
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute - University of Porto (ICBAS), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Health School of University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; GlycoMatters Biotech, 4500-162 Espinho, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; GlycoMatters Biotech, 4500-162 Espinho, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bulgarelli J, Pignatta S, Petrini M, Ridolfi L. The Renewal of Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030592. [PMID: 36992176 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy embraces many current, promising therapeutic approaches to eradicate tumors by activating host antitumor activity [...]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bulgarelli
- Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Biobank Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Sara Pignatta
- Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Biobank Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petrini
- Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Biobank Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Laura Ridolfi
- Immunotherapy, Cell Therapy and Biobank Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014 Meldola, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of AI and digital pathology for colorectal immuno-oncology. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:3-11. [PMID: 36183010 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy deals with therapeutic interventions to arrest the progression of tumours using the immune system. These include checkpoint inhibitors, T-cell manipulation, cytokines, oncolytic viruses and tumour vaccines. In this paper, we present a survey of the latest developments on immunotherapy in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in this context. Among these, microsatellite instability (MSI) is perhaps the most popular IO biomarker globally. We first discuss the MSI status of tumours, its implications for patient management, and its relationship to immune response. In recent years, several aspiring studies have used AI to predict the MSI status of patients from digital whole-slide images (WSIs) of routine diagnostic slides. We present a survey of AI literature on the prediction of MSI and tumour mutation burden from digitised WSIs of haematoxylin and eosin-stained diagnostic slides. We discuss AI approaches in detail and elaborate their contributions, limitations and key takeaways to drive future research. We further expand this survey to other IO-related biomarkers like immune cell infiltrates and alternate data modalities like immunohistochemistry and gene expression. Finally, we underline possible future directions in immunotherapy for CRC and promise of AI to accelerate this exploration for patient benefits.
Collapse
|
11
|
Franks SE, Fabian KP, Santiago-Sánchez G, Wolfson B, Hodge JW. Immune targeting of three independent suppressive pathways (TIGIT, PD-L1, TGFβ) provides significant antitumor efficacy in immune checkpoint resistant models. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2124666. [PMID: 36211806 PMCID: PMC9542338 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2124666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Elizabeth Franks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kellsye P. Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ginette Santiago-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Wolfson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kowalczyk JT, Fabian KP, Padget MR, Lopez DC, Hoke ATK, Allen CT, Hermsen M, London, NR, Hodge JW. Exploiting the immunogenic potential of standard of care radiation or cisplatin therapy in preclinical models of HPV-associated malignancies. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005752. [PMID: 36564129 PMCID: PMC9791467 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While radiation and chemotherapy are primarily purposed for their cytotoxic effects, a growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrates an immunogenic potential for these standard therapies. Accordingly, we sought to characterize the immunogenic potential of radiation and cisplatin in human tumor models of HPV-associated malignancies. These studies may inform rational combination immuno-oncology (IO) strategies to be employed in the clinic on the backbone of standard of care, and in so doing exploit the immunogenic potential of standard of care to improve durable responses in HPV-associated malignancies. METHODS Retroviral transduction with HPV16 E7 established a novel HPV-associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) cell line. Three established HPV16-positive cell lines were also studied (cervical carcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma). Following determination of sensitivities to standard therapies using MTT assays, flow cytometry was used to characterize induction of immunogenic cell stress following sublethal exposure to radiation or cisplatin, and the functional consequence of this induction was determined using impedance-based real time cell analysis cytotoxicity assays employing HPV16 E7-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) with or without N803 (IL-15/IL-15-Rα superagonist) or exogenous death receptor ligands. In vitro observations were translated using an in vivo xenograft NSG mouse model of human cervical carcinoma evaluating cisplatin in combination with CTL adoptive cell transfer. RESULTS We showed that subpopulations surviving clinically relevant doses of radiation or cisplatin therapy were more susceptible to CTL-mediated lysis in four of four tumor models of HPV-associated malignancies, serving as a model for HPV therapeutic vaccine or T-cell receptor adoptive cell transfer. This increased killing was further amplified by IL-15 agonism employing N803. We further characterized that radiation or cisplatin induced immunogenic cell stress in three of three cell lines, and consequently demonstrated that upregulated surface expression of Fas and TRAIL-R2 death receptors at least in part mediated enhanced CTL-mediated lysis. In vivo, cisplatin-induced immunogenic cell stress synergistically potentiated CTL-mediated tumor control in a human model of HPV-associated malignancy. CONCLUSION Standard of care radiation or cisplatin therapy induced immunogenic cell stress in preclinical models of HPV-associated malignancies, presenting an opportunity poised for exploitation by employing IO strategies in combination with standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Kowalczyk
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kellsye P Fabian
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana C Lopez
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Austin TK Hoke
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mario Hermsen
- Department Head and Neck Cancer, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nyall R London,
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA,Sinonasal and Skull Base Tumor Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Santiago-Sánchez GS, Hodge JW, Fabian KP. Tipping the scales: Immunotherapeutic strategies that disrupt immunosuppression and promote immune activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993624. [PMID: 36159809 PMCID: PMC9492957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective therapeutic approach for several cancer types. However, only a subset of patients exhibits a durable response due in part to immunosuppressive mechanisms that allow tumor cells to evade destruction by immune cells. One of the hallmarks of immune suppression is the paucity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), characterized by low numbers of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, the proper activation and function of lymphocytes that successfully infiltrate the tumor are hampered by the lack of co-stimulatory molecules and the increase in inhibitory factors. These contribute to the imbalance of effector functions by natural killer (NK) and T cells and the immunosuppressive functions by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME, resulting in a dysfunctional anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, therapeutic regimens that elicit immune responses and reverse immune dysfunction are required to counter immune suppression in the TME and allow for the re-establishment of proper immune surveillance. Immuno-oncology (IO) agents, such as immune checkpoint blockade and TGF-β trapping molecules, have been developed to decrease or block suppressive factors to enable the activity of effector cells in the TME. Therapeutic agents that target immunosuppressive cells, either by direct lysis or altering their functions, have also been demonstrated to decrease the barrier to effective immune response. Other therapies, such as tumor antigen-specific vaccines and immunocytokines, have been shown to activate and improve the recruitment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the tumor, resulting in improved T effector to Treg ratio. The preclinical data on these diverse IO agents have led to the development of ongoing phase I and II clinical trials. This review aims to provide an overview of select therapeutic strategies that tip the balance from immunosuppression to immune activity in the TME.
Collapse
|
14
|
Du X, Wu J, Zhao Y, Wang B, Ding X, Lin Q, Chen Y, Zhao J, Liu L, Mao X, Fang Z, Zhang C, Li W. Optimization of whole-cell vaccines with CpG/αOX40/cGAMP to strengthen the anti-tumor response of CD4 + T cells in melanomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:3337-3350. [PMID: 35748951 PMCID: PMC9587117 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Methods In this study, we developed a strategy for the prevention and therapy of melanoma using a whole-cell vaccine combined with a CpG/αOX40/cGAMP triple adjuvant. The CpG/αOX40/cGAMP triple adjuvant was used to co-culture melanoma cells in vitro to induce immunogenic death of tumor cells. The mixture of inactivated tumor cells and the triple drug was an optimized tumor whole-cell vaccine, which was injected subcutaneously into mice for tumor prevention and therapy. Furthermore, we analyzed the changes of immune cells in spleen and tumor by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and detected the changes of cytokines after vaccine application by cytometric bead array to explore the specific mechanism of vaccine. Results In vaccine prevention and therapy experiments, it was observed that the tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the whole-cell vaccine group, and the survival time of mice was significantly prolonged. Flow cytometry results showed that the proportion of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in tumor of mice in vaccine group was higher than that in control group, especially the CD4+ T cells. Conclusion The optimized vaccine has the unique ability to amplify tumor-specific CD4+ T cells, which improves antitumor sensitivity, and has a significant effect on the prevention and therapy of melanoma mice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-022-04117-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Du
- Department of Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinting Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Ding
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyan Lin
- Department of Oncology, Ruian City People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinduo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Mao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 2 Fuxue Road, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh J, Bowne WB, Snook AE. Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Tumor Prevention and Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111298. [PMID: 34835229 PMCID: PMC8619937 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, we highlight articles published in this Special Issue of Vaccines on “Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Tumor Prevention and Treatment”, recent developments in the field of cancer vaccines, and the potential for immunotherapeutic combinations in cancer care. This issue covers important developments and progress being made in the cancer vaccine field and possible future directions for exploring new technologies to produce optimal immune responses against cancer and expand the arena of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines for the treatment of this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Wilbur B. Bowne
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1100 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and Microbiology & Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|