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Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Cargnin Faccin F, Cáceres CJ, Gay LC, Seibert B, van Bentem N, Rodriguez LA, Soares Fraiha AL, Cardenas M, Geiger G, Ortiz L, Carnaccini S, Kapczynski DR, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Mass vaccination with reassortment-impaired live H9N2 avian influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:136. [PMID: 39097573 PMCID: PMC11297921 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza poses a severe threat to poultry production and global food security, prompting the development of vaccination programs in numerous countries. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, with their potential for mass application, offer a distinct advantage over existing options. However, concerns surrounding reversion, recombination, and unintended transmission have hindered the progress of MLV development for avian influenza in poultry. To address these concerns, we engineered reassortment-impaired, non-transmissible, safe, immunogenic, and protective MLVs through the rearrangement of internal gene segments and additional modifications to the surface gene segments HA and NA. The unique peptide marker aspartic acid-arginine-proline-alanine-valine-isoleucine-alanine-asparragine (DRPAVIAN) was incorporated into HA, while NA was modified to encode the chicken interleukin-18 (ckIL18) gene (MLV-H9N2-IL). In vitro, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates demonstrated stability and virus titers comparable to the wild-type H9N2 strain. In chickens, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates did not transmit via direct contact. Co-infection studies with wild-type virus confirmed that the altered HA and NA segments exhibited fitness disadvantages and did not reassort. Vaccinated chickens showed no clinical signs upon vaccination, all seroconverted, and the inclusion of ckIL18 in the MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine enhanced neutralizing antibody production. A significant decrease in viral loads post-challenge underscored the protective effect of the MLVs. The MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine, administered via drinking water, proved immunogenic in chickens in a dose-dependent manner, generating protective levels of neutralizing antibodies upon aggressive homologous virus challenge. In summary, this study lays the groundwork for safe MLVs against avian influenza suitable for mass vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C Joaquin Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - L Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nick van Bentem
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis A Rodriguez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo, Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matias Cardenas
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Barbieri ES, Sosa-Holt C, Ibañez LI, Baztarrica J, Garaicoechea L, Gay CL, Caceres CJ, Aduriz M, Baumeister E, Escribano JA, Perez D, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño GV, Puntel M. Anti-hemagglutinin monomeric nanobody provides prophylactic immunity against H1 subtype influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301664. [PMID: 38985719 PMCID: PMC11236207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses constitute a major threat to human health globally. The viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is the immunodominant antigen, contains the site for binding to the cellular receptor (RBS), and it is the major target of neutralizing antibody responses post-infection. We developed llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (VHHs) specific for type A influenza virus. Four VHHs were identified and further characterized. VHH D81 bound residues in the proximity of the C-terminal region of HA1 of H1 and H5 subtypes, and showed weak neutralizing activity, whereas VHH B33 bound residues in the proximity of the N-terminal region of the HA's stem domain (HA2) of H1, H5, and H9 subtypes, and showed no neutralizing activity. Of most relevance, VHHs E13 and G41 recognized highly conserved conformational epitopes on the H1 HA's globular domain (HA1) and showed high virus neutralizing activity (ranging between 0.94 to 0.01μM), when tested against several human H1N1 isolates. Additionally, E13 displayed abrogated virus replication of a panel of H1N1 strains spanning over 80 years of antigenic drift and isolated from human, avian, and swine origin. Interestingly, E13 conferred protection in vivo at a dose as low as 0.05 mg/kg. Mice treated with E13 intranasally resulted in undetectable virus challenge loads in the lungs at day 4 post-challenge. The transfer of sterilizing pan-H1 immunity, by a dose in the range of micrograms given intranasally, is of major significance for a monomeric VHH and supports the further development of E13 as an immunotherapeutic agent for the mitigation of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Susana Barbieri
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Sosa-Holt
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Itati Ibañez
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Baztarrica
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Garaicoechea
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Lindsey Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carlos Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matias Aduriz
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Baumeister
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Malbran Institute, Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys Viviana Parreño
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Thomas MN, Zanella GC, Cowan B, Caceres CJ, Rajao DS, Perez DR, Gauger PC, Vincent Baker AL, Anderson TK. Nucleoprotein reassortment enhanced transmissibility of H3 1990.4.a clade influenza A virus in swine. J Virol 2024; 98:e0170323. [PMID: 38353535 PMCID: PMC10949443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01703-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased detection of H3 C-IVA (1990.4.a) clade influenza A viruses (IAVs) in US swine in 2019 was associated with a reassortment event to acquire an H1N1pdm09 lineage nucleoprotein (pdmNP) gene, replacing a TRIG lineage NP (trigNP). We hypothesized that acquiring the pdmNP conferred a selective advantage over prior circulating H3 viruses with a trigNP. To investigate the role of NP reassortment in transmission, we identified two contemporary 1990.4.a representative strains (NC/19 and MN/18) with different evolutionary origins of the NP gene. A reverse genetics system was used to generate wild-type (wt) strains and swap the pdm and TRIG lineage NP genes, generating four viruses: wtNC/19-pdmNP, NC/19-trigNP, wtMN/18-trigNP, and MN/18-pdmNP. The pathogenicity and transmission of the four viruses were compared in pigs. All four viruses infected 10 primary pigs and transmitted to five indirect contact pigs per group. Pigs infected via contact with MN/18-pdmNP shed virus 2 days earlier than pigs infected with wtMN/18-trigNP. The inverse did not occur for wtNC/19-pdmNP and NC/19-trigNP. This suggests that pdmNP reassortment resulted in a combination of genes that improved transmission efficiency when paired with the 1990.4.a hemagglutinin (HA). This is likely a multigenic trait, as replacing the trigNP gene did not diminish the transmission of a wild-type IAV in swine. This study demonstrates how reassortment and evolutionary change of internal genes can result in more transmissible viruses that influence HA clade detection frequency. Thus, rapidly identifying novel reassortants paired with dominant hemagglutinin/neuraminidase may improve the prediction of strains to include in vaccines.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are composed of eight non-continuous gene segments that can reassort during coinfection of a host, creating new combinations. Some gene combinations may convey a selective advantage and be paired together preferentially. A reassortment event was detected in swine in the United States that involved the exchange of two lineages of nucleoprotein (NP) genes (trigNP to pdmNP) that became a predominant genotype detected in surveillance. Using a transmission study, we demonstrated that exchanging the trigNP for a pdmNP caused the virus to shed from the nose at higher levels and transmit to other pigs more rapidly. Replacing a pdmNP with a trigNP did not hinder transmission, suggesting that transmission efficiency depends on interactions between multiple genes. This demonstrates how reassortment alters IAV transmission and that reassortment events can provide an explanation for why genetically related viruses with different internal gene combinations experience rapid fluxes in detection frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Giovana Ciacci Zanella
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Cardenas-Garcia S, Cáceres CJ, Jain A, Geiger G, Mo JS, Gay LC, Seibert B, Jasinskas A, Nakajima R, Rajao DS, Davies DH, Perez DR. Impact of sex on humoral immunity with live influenza B virus vaccines in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:45. [PMID: 38409236 PMCID: PMC10897209 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (FLUBV) poses a significant infectious threat, with frequent vaccine mismatch limiting its effectiveness. Our previous work investigated the safety and efficacy of modified live attenuated FLUBV vaccines with rearranged genomes (FluB-RAM and FluB-RANS) or a temperature-sensitive PB1 segment with a C-terminal HA tag (FluB-att). In this study, we compared the immune responses of female and male DBA/2J mice vaccinated with these vaccines, including versions containing a chimeric HA segment with an N-terminal IgA-inducing peptide (IGIP). Importantly, both recombinant viruses with and without IGIP remained genetically stable during egg passage. We found that introducing IGIP strengthened vaccine attenuation, particularly for FluB-RAM/IGIP. Prime-boost vaccination completely protected mice against lethal challenge with a homologous FLUBV strain. Notably, recombinant viruses induced robust neutralizing antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition titers ≥40) alongside antibodies against NA and NP. Interestingly, female mice displayed a consistent trend of enhanced humoral and cross-reactive IgG and IgA responses against HA, NA, and NP compared to male counterparts, regardless of the vaccine used. However, the presence of IGIP generally led to lower anti-HA responses but higher anti-NA and anti-NP responses, particularly of the IgA isotype. These trends were further reflected in mucosal and serological responses two weeks after challenge, with clear distinctions based on sex, vaccine backbone, and IGIP inclusion. These findings hold significant promise for advancing the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - C Joaquín Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jong-Suk Mo
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - L Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Algimantas Jasinskas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Caceres CJ, Gay LC, Faccin FC, Pérez DR. Use of Reverse Genetics for the Generation of Recombinant Influenza Viruses Carrying Nanoluciferase. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2733:47-74. [PMID: 38064026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3533-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (FLUAV) and influenza B (FLUBV) viruses are human and/or animal pathogens widely studied due to their importance to public health and animal production. Both FLUAV and FLUBV possess a genome composed of eight viral gene segments. For reverse genetics of influenza viruses, transcription of the mRNA for the viral proteins is typically done from a plasmid encoding an RNA polymerase II (pol II) promoter element upstream of cloned viral cDNA and expressed like host mRNA. On the other side, the synthesis of the negative-sense, single-stranded, uncapped vRNAs can be accomplished by the host's RNA polymerase I (pol I). The reverse genetics for influenza has allowed the manipulation of influenza genomes incorporating heterogeneous sequences into different segments of the influenza genome, such as reporter genes. In this chapter, we outline the protocol from the generation of reverse genetic plasmid that can be applied for the cloning of any of the segments of FLUAV or FLUBV. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for generating FLUAV or FLUBV recombinant viruses carrying Nanoluciferase (NLuc) in the PB1 gene using reverse genetics. Finally, we delineate a microneutralization protocol using FLUAV-NLuc or FLUBV-NLuc viruses optimized for the use of antibodies from different sources (mice, ferrets, avian, etc.), which provides a more sensitive, reliable, and avidity-independent method to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies against FLUAV or FLUBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - L Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Pérez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Rajao DS, Zanella GC, Wymore Brand M, Khan S, Miller ME, Ferreri LM, Caceres CJ, Cadernas-Garcia S, Souza CK, Anderson TK, Gauger PC, Vincent Baker AL, Perez DR. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine expressing an IgA-inducing protein protects pigs against replication and transmission. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1042724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
IntroductionThe rapid evolution of influenza A viruses (FLUAV) complicates disease control for animal and public health. Although vaccination is an effective way to control influenza, available vaccines for use in swine result in limited protection against the antigenically distinct FLUAV that currently co-circulate in pigs. Vaccines administered parenterally usually stimulate IgG antibodies but not strong mucosal IgA or cell-mediated responses, which are typically more cross-reactive.MethodsWe developed a live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine containing IgA-inducing protein (IGIP) as a molecular marker and immunomodulator. This Flu-IGIP vaccine was tested in a bivalent formulation (H1N1 and H3N2) against challenge with antigenically drifted viruses in pigs. Pigs were vaccinated intranasally with either a bivalent Flu-IGIP or a bivalent Flu-att (control without IGIP) and boosted two weeks later. Three weeks post boost, pigs were challenged with antigenically drifted H1N1 or H3N2 virus.ResultsVaccinated pigs had increased numbers of influenza-specific IgA-secreting cells in PBMC two weeks post boost and higher numbers of total and influenza-specific IgA-secreting cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 5 days post inoculation (dpi) compared to naïve pigs. Pigs vaccinated with both Flu-IGIP and Flu-att shed significantly less virus after H1N1 or H3N2 challenge compared to non-vaccinated pigs. Vaccination with Flu-att reduced respiratory transmission, while Flu-IGIP fully blocked transmission regardless of challenge virus. Both Flu-IGIP and Flu-att vaccines reduced virus replication in the lungs and lung lesions after inoculation with either virus. IgG and IgA levels in BALF and nasal wash of vaccinated pigs were boosted after inoculation as soon as 5 dpi and remained high at 14 dpi.ConclusionOur results indicate that Flu-IGIP leads to protection from clinical signs, replication and shedding after antigenically drifted influenza virus infection.
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Progress on Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101068. [PMID: 34696176 PMCID: PMC8537863 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Multicomponent Vaccines against Group A Streptococcus Can Effectively Target Broad Disease Presentations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091025. [PMID: 34579262 PMCID: PMC8473114 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is an important global human pathogen, with a wide range of disease presentations, from mild mucosal infections like pharyngitis to invasive diseases such as toxic shock syndrome. The effect on health and mortality from GAS infections is substantial worldwide, particularly from autoimmune sequelae-like rheumatic heart disease (RHD), and there is currently no licenced vaccine. We investigated protein antigens targeting a broad range of GAS disease presentations as vaccine components in individual and combination formulations. The potency and functional immunity generated were evaluated and compared between groups. Antibodies against all components were found in pooled human IgG (IVIG) and an immune response generated following the subcutaneous immunisation of mice. A combination immunisation showed a reduction in IgG response for SpyCEP but an increase for Cpa and Mac-1 (IdeS). An opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) showed the killing of GAS with immune sera against M protein and combination groups, with a lower killing activity observed for immune sera against other individual antigens. Specific antigen assays showed functional immunity against SpyCEP and Mac-1 from both individual and combination immunisations, with the activity correlating with antibody titres. However, efficient blocking of the binding activity of Cpa to collagen I and fibronectin could not be demonstrated with immune sera or purified IgG. Our data indicate that combination immunisations, while effective at covering a broader range of virulence factors, can also affect the immune response generated. Further, our results showed that an OPA alone is inadequate for understanding protection from vaccination, particularly when considering protection from immune evasion factors and evaluation of the colonisation leading to pharyngitis.
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