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Kassem NM, Abdelmegid YA, El-Sayed MK, Sayed RS, Abdel-Aalla MH, Kassem HA. Nutrigenomics and microbiome shaping the future of personalized medicine: a review article. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:134. [PMID: 37993702 PMCID: PMC10665279 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between nutrition and genes has long been hinted at and sometimes plainly associated with certain diseases. Now, after many years of research and coincidental findings, it is believed that this relationship, termed "Nutrigenomics," is certainly a factor of major importance in various conditions. In this review article, we discuss nutrigenomics, starting with basics definitions and enzymatic functions and ending with its palpable association with cancer. Now, diet is basically what we eat on a daily basis. Everything that enters through our alimentary tract ends up broken down to minute molecules and amino acids. These molecules interact with our microbiome and genome in discreet ways. For instance, we demonstrate how proper intake of probiotics enhances beneficial bacteria and may alleviate IBS and prevent colorectal cancer on the long term. We also show how a diet rich in folic acid is essential for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) function, which lowers risk of colorectal cancer. Also, we discuss how certain diets were associated with development of certain cancers. For example, red and processed meat are highly associated with colorectal and prostate cancer, salty diets with stomach cancer, and obesity with breast cancer. The modification of these diets significantly lowered the risk and improved prognosis of these cancers among many others. We also examined how micronutrients had a role in cancer prevention, as vitamin A and C exert anti-carcinogenic effects through their function as antioxidants. In addition, we show how folic acid prevent DNA mutations by enhancing protein methylation processes. Finally, after a systematic review of myriad articles on the etiology and prevention of cancer, we think that diet should be a crucial feature in cancer prevention and treatment programs. In the future, healthy diets and micronutrients may even be able to successively alter the liability to genetic mutations that result in cancer. It also will play a role in boosting treatment and improving prognosis of diagnosed cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neemat M Kassem
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Al Ainy Centre of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud K El-Sayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana S Sayed
- Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H Abdel-Aalla
- Faculty of Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah A Kassem
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Kasr Al Ainy Centre of Clinical Oncology & Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Mekuria AN, Seyoum T, Alemayehu DH, Abebe M, Nedi T, Abula T, Gong YY, Engidawork E. Copy Number Variation in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 Genes and the Risk of Liver Cirrhosis in Eastern Ethiopia. Appl Clin Genet 2023; 16:171-179. [PMID: 37881645 PMCID: PMC10595957 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s435852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) can cause an entire gene deletion. The current methodology can accurately identify GSTM1 and GSTT1 copy number variants (CNVs), which may shed light on the true contribution of each gene copy to the cellular detoxification process and disease risk. Because liver cirrhosis is becoming a critical worldwide health issue, this study determined the CNVs of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and their relationship to the risk of liver cirrhosis. Methods In this study, we compared 106 patients with liver cirrhosis to 104 healthy controls. Real-time PCR was used to identify the CNVs of GSTM1 and GSTT1. Logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between liver cirrhosis and clinical chemistry variables with the CNVs, respectively. Results In 3.3% of the study participants, >2 copies of the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genes were detected. GSTT1 carriers had a significantly lower risk of liver cirrhosis (p<0.05) compared with individuals who had homozygous deletion (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.86). This risk reduction was significant (p<0.05) in patients with a single copy of the GSTT1 gene (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.91). Those with ≥2 copies of combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 also had a significantly (p<0.05) lower risk of developing liver cirrhosis compared with double null genotypes (AOR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.91, p trend <0.001). Moreover, ≥2 copies of combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were associated with a substantial decrease in alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, respectively. Conclusion A single copy number of GSTT1, and ≥2 copies of combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were associated with a reduced risk of liver cirrhosis in Ethiopians. These findings underscore the importance of gene-environment interactions in the multifactorial development of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nigussie Mekuria
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamrayehu Seyoum
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Hailu Alemayehu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Nedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Abula
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Chorfi L, Fercha A, Derouiche F, Sebihi FZ, Houhou D, Chorfi K, Bendjemana K. N-Acetyltransferase 2, Glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma in an Algerian population. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:99-104. [PMID: 35138223 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the potential association of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1/T1 (GSTM1, GSTT1), and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genes and epidemiological parameters with the risk of HCC in the Algerian population.A case-control study including 132 confirmed HCC patients and 141 cancer-free controls was performed. Genotyping analysis was performed using conventional multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).GSTM1 null and NAT2 slow acetylator genotypes confer an increased risk to HCC (OR =1.88, 95% CI 1.16-3.05; OR =2.30, 95% CI 1.26-4.18, respectively). This association was prevalent in smokers (OR =2.00, 95% CI 1.05-3.8 and OR =2.55, 95% CI 1.22-5.34, respectively). No significant association was observed for GSTT1 null genotype in the contribution to HCC risk (OR =0.76, 95% CI 0.46-1.27).In conclusion, the GSTM1 and NAT2 gene polymorphisms are positively associated with the risk of HCC in older men and especially in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Chorfi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Azzedine Fercha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Faouzia Derouiche
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Fatima Zohra Sebihi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Frères Mentouri University, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Dallal Houhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Keltoum Chorfi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
| | - Katia Bendjemana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela, Algeria
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