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Geng N, Fu J, Lv Z, Li J, Kong Y, Qu L, Guo Z, Zhao J, Zhu L, Wang F, Zhao C, Liu S, Hu Z, Li N. M1 polarization of chicken macrophage HD11 can be activated by duck Tembusu virus via MyD88-NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109867. [PMID: 37639898 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has caused significant economic losses to the global duck industry since its outbreak in 2010. The macrophages act as the key immune cell, and its polarization in different functional states is very important for host's immune responses and microbial infections. Avian macrophages are the main target cells of DTMUV, its polarization induced by DTMUV and the underlying mechanisms were explored in this study. Through quantitative real-time PCR, nitrite assay, and flow cytometry analysis, we found that DTMUV caused severe inflammatory responses in chicken macrophage line HD11 by reprogramming the expression of M1- and M2-associated genes, leading to the polarization of HD11 macrophage to M1-type. In term of mechanism, transcriptomics was performed to analyze the M1-type polarization triggered by DTMUV, it was found that most differential genes were implicated in biological processes, and DTMUV infection significantly activated innate immune signaling pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, transcription factors NF-κB and AP1 also be activated after viral infection. However, further validation analysis by inhibitors and siRNAs of NF-κB and AP1 showed that NF-κB molecule was essential for DTMUV-induced M1 polarization in HD11 cell, but not AP1. Additionally, the inhibiting assays targeting MyD88 and TRIF molecules were conducted to determine their effect on NF-κB and M1-associated genes upregulated by DTMUV. The results showed that although the inhibition of both MyD88 and TRIF significantly downregulated the mRNA level of NF-κB, but the expression of M1-associated genes such as CD86 was lower in MyD88 inhibition group than in the other group, indicating that the role of MyD88 in mediating M1 polarization induced by DTMUV was more important. Overall, these results demonstrated that DTMUV infection induces M1-type polarization in chicken macrophage HD11 through MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathways. This finding will lay the foundation for further study the pathogenesis of DTMUV, and provide new insights into the prevention and control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Ji Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Zehao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuxin Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service Centre of Linshu, Linyi, 276700 Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Taian City Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Hushan East Road, Taian City, 271000 Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Zhao
- Taian City Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Hushan East Road, Taian City, 271000 Shandong Province, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province, China.
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Wahyuningtyas R, Wu ML, Chung WB, Chaung HC, Chang KT. Toll-like Receptor-Mediated Immunomodulation of Th1-Type Response Stimulated by Recombinant Antigen of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2). Viruses 2023; 15:v15030775. [PMID: 36992483 PMCID: PMC10057405 DOI: 10.3390/v15030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PRRSV infects CD163-positive macrophages and skews their polarization toward an M2 phenotype, followed by T-cell inactivation. In our previous study, we found that recombinant protein A1 antigen derived from PRRSV-2 was a potential vaccine or adjuvant for immunization against PRRSV-2 infection due to its ability to repolarize macrophages into M1 subtype, thereby reducing CD163 expression for viral entry and promoting immunomodulation for Th1-type responses, except for stimulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. The aim of our current study was to evaluate the effects of another two recombinant antigens, A3 (ORF6L5) and A4 (NLNsp10L11), for their ability to trigger innate immune responses including TLR activation. We isolated pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) from 8- to 12-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) piglets and stimulated them with PRRSV (0.01 MOI and 0.05 MOI) or antigens. We also investigated the T-cell differentiation by immunological synapse activation of PAMs and CD4+ T-cells in the cocultured system. To confirm the infection of PRRSV in PAMs, we checked the expression of TLR3, 7, 8, and 9. Our results showed that the expression of TLR3, 7, and 9 were significantly upregulated in PAMs by A3 antigen induction, similar to the extent of PRRSV infection. Gene profile results showed that A3 repolarizes macrophages into the M1 subtype potently, in parallel with A1, as indicated by significant upregulation of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12). Upon immunological synapse activation, A3 potentially differentiated CD4 T cells into Th1 cells, determined by the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion. On the contrary, antigen A4 promoted regulatory T cell (T-reg) differentiation by significant upregulation of IL-10 expression. Finally, we concluded that the PRRSV-2 recombinant protein A3 provided better protection against PRRSV infection, suggested by its capability to reeducate immunosuppressive M2 macrophages into proinflammatory M1 cells. As M1 macrophages are prone to be functional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), they can call for TLR activation and Th1-type immune response within the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Wahyuningtyas
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Li Wu
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Chung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hso-Chi Chaung
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (H.-C.C.); (K.-T.C.)
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Zhang R, Wang P, Ma X, Wu Y, Luo C, Qiu L, Zeshan B, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Wang X. Nanopore-Based Direct RNA-Sequencing Reveals a High-Resolution Transcriptional Landscape of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:2531. [PMID: 34960801 PMCID: PMC8706258 DOI: 10.3390/v13122531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The TRS-mediated discontinuous transcription process is a hallmark of Arteriviruses. Precise assessment of the intricate subgenomic RNA (sg mRNA) populations is required to understand the kinetics of viral transcription. It is difficult to reconstruct and comprehensively quantify splicing events using short-read sequencing, making the identification of transcription-regulatory sequences (TRS) particularly problematic. Here, we applied long-read direct RNA sequencing to characterize the recombined RNA molecules produced in porcine alveolar macrophages during early passage infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Based on sequencing two PRRSV isolates, namely XM-2020 and GD, we revealed a high-resolution and diverse transcriptional landscape in PRRSV. The data revealed intriguing differences in subgenomic recombination types between the two PRRSVs while also demonstrating TRS-independent heterogeneous subpopulation not previously observed in Arteriviruses. We find that TRS usage is a regulated process and share the common preferred TRS in both strains. This study also identified a substantial number of TRS-mediated transcript variants, including alternative-sg mRNAs encoding the same annotated ORF, as well as putative sg mRNAs encoded nested internal ORFs, implying that the genetic information encoded in PRRSV may be more intensively expressed. Epigenetic modifications have emerged as an essential regulatory layer in gene expression. Here, we gained a deeper understanding of m5C modification in poly(A) RNA, elucidating a potential link between methylation and transcriptional regulation. Collectively, our findings provided meaningful insights for redefining the transcriptome complexity of PRRSV. This will assist in filling the research gaps and developing strategies for better control of the PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Peixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yifan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Chen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Li Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Basit Zeshan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yefei Zhou
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (R.Z.); (P.W.); (X.M.); (Y.W.); (C.L.); (L.Q.); (Z.Y.)
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