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Wada Y, Ibrahim AB, Umar YA, Afolabi HA, Wada M, Alissa M, Al Amri KAS, Al Ibrahim AA, Al Fares MA, Albayat H, AlKhathlan MK, Al Kaabi NA, Al-Subaie MF, Alfaresi M, Alrasheed HA, Rabaan AA, Yean CY, Zaidah AR. Status of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in species of wild birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:1023-1036. [PMID: 38657438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild birds could be a reservoir of medically relevant microorganisms, particularly multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. Resistant bacteria's epidemiology and transmission between animals and humans has grown, and their zoonotic potential cannot be ignored. This is the first study to evaluate the status of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in various wild bird species using meta-analysis and a systematic review. In this study, the pooled prevalence was obtained by analyzing data from published articles on the occurrence of VRE in wild bird species. It's unclear how the antibiotic resistance gene transfer cycle affects wild birds. Google Scholar and PubMed were used to conduct the research. The data and study methodology was assessed and extracted by two reviewers independently, with a third reviewing the results. Heterogeneity between study and publication bias were analyzed using the random effect model. Thirty-eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. 382 out of the 4144 isolates tested, were VRE. The pooled prevalence of VRE among wild birds was estimated at 11.0% (95% CI; 6.9 -17.2%; I2 = 93.204%; P < 0.001). There was high variability between study (t2 = 2.156; heterogeneity I2 = 93.204% with chi-square (Q) = 544.413, degrees of freedom (df) = 37, and P < 0.001). Egger's test verified the funnel plot's bias, while result from the leave-one-out forest plot had no effect on the pooled prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Wada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Hafeez A Afolabi
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha Wada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Mona A Al Fares
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nawal A Al Kaabi
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, 51900, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maha F Al-Subaie
- Research Center, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh 13328, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh 13328, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Alfaresi
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference laboratory, Cleveland clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 92323, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayam A Alrasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Rahman Zaidah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
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Vieira APGC, de Souza AN, Lima WG, Brito JCM, Simião DC, Gonçalves LVR, Cordeiro LPB, de Oliveira Scoaris D, Fernandes SOA, Resende JM, Bechinger B, Verly RM, de Lima ME. The Synthetic Peptide LyeTx I mn∆K, Derived from Lycosa erythrognatha Spider Toxin, Is Active against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) In Vitro and In Vivo. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:248. [PMID: 38534683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The urgent global health challenge posed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections demands effective solutions. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent promising tools of research of new antibacterial agents and LyeTx I mn∆K, a short synthetic peptide based on the Lycosa erythrognatha spider venom, is a good representative. This study focused on analyzing the antimicrobial activities of LyeTx I mn∆K, including minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations, synergy and resensitization assays, lysis activity, the effect on biofilm, and the bacterial death curve in MRSA. Additionally, its characterization was conducted through isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, calcein release, and finally, efficacy in a mice wound model. The peptide demonstrates remarkable efficacy against planktonic cells (MIC 8-16 µM) and biofilms (>30% of inhibition) of MRSA, and outperforms vancomycin in terms of rapid bactericidal action and anti-biofilm effects. The mechanism involves significant membrane damage. Interactions with bacterial model membranes, including those with lysylphosphatidylglycerol (LysylPOPG) modifications, highlight the versatility and selectivity of this compound. Also, the peptide has the ability to sensitize resistant bacteria to conventional antibiotics, showing potential for combinatory therapy. Furthermore, using an in vivo model, this study showed that a formulated gel containing the peptide proved superior to vancomycin in treating MRSA-induced wounds in mice. Together, the results highlight LyeTx I mnΔK as a promising prototype for the development of effective therapeutic strategies against superficial MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Gonçalves Coelho Vieira
- Faculdade de Saúde Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina e Biomedicina, Belo Horizonte 30150-240, Brazil
| | - Amanda Neves de Souza
- Departamento de Química, FACET, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)-Campus JK, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil
- Institut de Chimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7177, Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - William Gustavo Lima
- Faculdade de Saúde Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina e Biomedicina, Belo Horizonte 30150-240, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Carolina Simião
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia-Campus Pampulha, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinícius Ribeiro Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Saúde Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina e Biomedicina, Belo Horizonte 30150-240, Brazil
| | - Lídia Pereira Barbosa Cordeiro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia-Campus Pampulha, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Magalhães Resende
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Institut de Chimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7177, Université de Strasbourg, 67070 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Moreira Verly
- Departamento de Química, FACET, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM)-Campus JK, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Faculdade de Saúde Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina e Biomedicina, Belo Horizonte 30150-240, Brazil
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Torres Manno MA, Gizzi FO, Martín M, Espariz M, Magni C, Blancato VS. Metagenomic approach to infer rumen microbiome derived traits of cattle. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:250. [PMID: 37439894 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants enable the conversion of indigestible plant material into animal consumables, including dairy products, meat, and valuable fibers. Microbiome research is gaining popularity in livestock species because it aids in the knowledge of illnesses and efficiency processes in animals. In this study, we use WGS metagenomic data to thoroughly characterize the ruminal ecosystem of cows to infer positive and negative livestock traits determined by the microbiome. The rumen of cows from Argentina were described by combining different gene biomarkers, pathways composition and taxonomic information. Taxonomic characterization indicated that the two major phyla were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; in third place, Proteobacteria was highly represented followed by Actinobacteria; Prevotella, and Bacteroides were the most abundant genera. Functional profiling of carbohydrate-active enzymes indicated that members of the Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) class accounted for 52.2 to 55.6% of the total CAZymes detected, among them the most abundant were the oligosaccharide degrading enzymes. The diversity of GH families found suggested efficient hydrolysis of complex biomass. Genes of multidrug, macrolides, polymyxins, beta-lactams, rifamycins, tetracyclines, and bacitracin resistance were found below 0.12% of relative abundance. Furthermore, the clustering analysis of genera and genes that correlated to methane emissions or feed efficiency, suggested that the cows analysed could be regarded as low methane emitters and clustered with high feed efficiency reference animals. Finally, the combination of bioinformatic analyses used in this study can be applied to assess cattle traits difficult to measure and guide enhanced nutrition and breeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Torres Manno
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernán O Gizzi
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana Martín
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - UNR, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Martín Espariz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología e Inocuidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF) - Municipalidad de Granadero Baigorria, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Christian Magni
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología e Inocuidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF) - Municipalidad de Granadero Baigorria, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
- Biotecnología de los Alimentos, LCTA, FBioyF-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Víctor S Blancato
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética de Bacterias Lácticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología e Inocuidad de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBioyF) - Municipalidad de Granadero Baigorria, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina.
- Biotecnología de los Alimentos, LCTA, FBioyF-UNR, Suipacha 590, Rosario, Argentina.
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Božić Cvijan B, Korać Jačić J, Bajčetić M. The Impact of Copper Ions on the Activity of Antibiotic Drugs. Molecules 2023; 28:5133. [PMID: 37446795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal and its concentration in body plasma is tightly regulated. An increase in Cu concentration in body fluids is observed in numerous pathological conditions, including infections caused by microorganisms. Evidence shows that Cu ions can impact the activity of antibiotics by increasing efficiency or diminishing/neutralizing antibiotic activity, forming complexes which may lead to antibiotic structure degradation. Herein, we represent the evidence available on Cu-antibiotic interactions and their possible impact on antimicrobial therapy efficiency. So far, in vitro studies described interactions between Cu ions and the majority of antibiotics in clinical use: penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, isoniazid, metronidazole. In vitro-described degradation or lower antimicrobial activity of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefaclor, ceftriaxone, and meropenem in the presence of Cu ions suggest caution when using prescribed antibiotics in patients with altered Cu levels. On the other hand, several Cu-dependent compounds with antibacterial activity including the drug-resistant bacteria were discovered, such as thiosemicarbazones, disulfiram, dithiocarbamates, 8-hydroxiquinoline, phenanthrolines, pyrithione. Having in mind that the development of new antibiotics is already marked as inadequate and does not meet global needs, the potential of Cu-antibiotic interactions to change the efficiency of antimicrobial therapy requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Božić Cvijan
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Korać Jačić
- Life Sciences Department, Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Bajčetić
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Children's Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Aiyegoro OA, Moyane JN, Adegoke AA, Jideani AIO, Reddy P, Okoh AI. Virulence Signatures, Integrons, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Strains Recovered from Selected Commercial Dairy Products and Fresh Raw Meat. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:254. [PMID: 37355481 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial species responsible for food infections and intoxication are sometimes carried through the food production and processing. Very few published literatures exist on integrons among antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal strains from foods of animal origin in Gauteng Province, South Africa, hence this study. A total of 720 samples (360 meat and 360 dairies) from a community abattoir of a research farm in South Africa, using conventional bacteriological and molecular methods. Nine (9) bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis AYO-123, Acinetobacter baumannii AYO-241, Staphylococcus lentus AYO-352, among others were identified and submitted to GenBank. More bacterial strains were recovered from raw meat (90.5%) than dairy products (9.5%). Resistance was shown (0-100%) to Imipenem, Meropenem, Norfloxacin, Clindamycin, and 22 other antibiotics, without any carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin/vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus species (MRSS/VRSS). Virulence genes for fibronectin-binding protein A (FnbA) were predominant (56.24%) followed by the circulating nucleic acids (cna) gene (43.75%). Others were staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea, 41%), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb, 23.5%). Co-presence of sea and seb genes occurred in 11.76% of the isolates, but no coa genes was amplified. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), tetK (70.58%), linA (29.4%), and ermA (11.76%) were detected, but none of the mecA and vat genes was amplified. Class 2 integron (50%) was more predominantly detected than integron 1 (25%), but no Class 3 integron was detected. Bacteria with both the detected virulence and antibiotic resistance genes are of potential risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka A Aiyegoro
- Collaborating Partner, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, North West, South Africa
| | - Jeremia N Moyane
- School of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Anthony A Adegoke
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, 4001, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Afam I O Jideani
- School of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- Postharvest-Handling Group, ISEKI-Food Association, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poovendhree Reddy
- Department of Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, 4001, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of For Hare, Alice, South Africa
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A snapshot survey of antimicrobial resistance in food-animals in low and middle-income countries. One Health 2023; 16:100489. [PMID: 36683959 PMCID: PMC9850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance remains a threat to global public health. Low-and middle-income countries carry a greater burden of resistance because of higher rates of infection as well as, potentially, location-specific risk factors. Food animals occupy a critical crossover point for the spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans and the environment. However, this domain remains poorly surveilled outside high-income settings. We used point surveillance from 191 studies reporting phenotypic AMR in food animals across 38 African, Middle Eastern, Asian and South and Central American countries to depict antimicrobial resistance trend in food animals. By computing Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices and finding an overall mean of 0.34 ± 0.16, which is above the 0.2 index associated with multidrug resistance and high risk, we show that multidrug resistance in bacteria from food animal sources is worryingly high. MAR indexes from food animals were overall higher than those previously computed from aquaculture but, unlike aquaculture-computed MAR indices, did not track closely with those of human-associated bacteria in the same countries. Food animals are an important reservoir for rising antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, and hence improved surveillance in this sector is highly recommended.
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Ribeiro J, Silva V, Monteiro A, Vieira-Pinto M, Igrejas G, Reis FS, Barros L, Poeta P. Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers: A Review Focused on Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1362. [PMID: 37106925 PMCID: PMC10135345 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens can acquire bacteria at different stages, and bacterial diversity can occur due to production practices, diet, and environment. The changes in consumer trends have led to increased animal production, and chicken meat is one of the most consumed meats. To ensure high levels of production, antimicrobials have been used in livestock for therapeutic purposes, disease prevention, and growth promotion, contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance across the resident microbiota. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens that can develop strains capable of causing a wide range of diseases, i.e., opportunistic pathogens. Enterococcus spp. isolated from broilers have shown resistance to at least seven classes of antibiotics, while E. coli have shown resistance to at least four. Furthermore, some clonal lineages, such as ST16, ST194, and ST195 in Enterococcus spp. and ST117 in E. coli, have been identified in humans and animals. These data suggest that consuming contaminated animal-source food, direct contact with animals, or environmental exposure can lead to the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this review focused on Enterococcus spp. and E. coli from the broiler industry to better understand how antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged, which antibiotic-resistant genes are most common, what clonal lineages are shared between broilers and humans, and their impact through a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ribeiro
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipa S. Reis
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Rajendiran S, Veloo Y, Thahir SSA, Shaharudin R. Resistance towards Critically Important Antimicrobials among Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium in Poultry Farm Environments in Selangor, Malaysia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081118. [PMID: 36009987 PMCID: PMC9405032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistant (MDR) enterococci pose significant public health challenges. However, the extent of resistance in the environment is less explored. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance in a poultry farm environment. Eighty enterococcal isolates recovered from the soil and effluent water of 28 poultry farms in Selangor state were included in the study for further bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing using a VITEK 2 system. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27. The resistance rate and MDR of enterococcal isolates were reported. Out of 80 isolates recovered, 72 (90%) exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, with 50 isolates (62.5%) being found to be MDR. All linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) exhibit MDR, which constituted 40% of resistance among all the isolates recovered from poultry environment. Since linezolid is listed as critically important antibiotics for clinical use by the World Health Organization (WHO), the higher resistance towards it and other critically important antibiotic for human use is a serious concern. Hence, relevant agencies need to investigate the use of clinically important antimicrobials in poultry farms paying special attention towards linezolid or any other antibiotics that can facilitate the development of LRE.
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WHO critical priority van-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in dogs and cats. Prev Vet Med 2022; 202:105614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Experience of Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Two Multidisciplinary Hospitals in Latvia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58030370. [PMID: 35334546 PMCID: PMC8955216 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Management of infectious diseases is a huge burden to every healthcare system worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance, including antibacterial resistance, is an increasing problem worldwide; therefore, more new antibiotics are necessary to be discovered. Meanwhile, “old” antibacterial agents are still administered to fight infectious diseases caused by resistant bacteria. One of these antibacterial agents is vancomycin, which is effective in treating serious systemic infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Thus, it is necessary to perform vancomycin concentration measurements in plasma due to its narrow therapeutic index. Various approaches are implemented for more precise therapy, including therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of vancomycin and with a supervision of a clinical pharmacist. The purpose of the study was to investigate if the TDM practice is improved with a local vancomycin TDM protocol applied in a hospital. The results of TDM in two multidisciplinary hospitals, one with a local TDM protocol implemented and applied and the other with no local TDM protocol implemented and applied, were compared. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed in two multidisciplinary hospitals in Latvia. The data were collected for a time period of 4 years (2016−2020) in a hospital without a local TDM protocol and for a time period of 2 years (2018−2020) in a hospital with a local TDM protocol, starting with a period of time when the vancomycin TDM protocol was developed. The data about the patients included in the study were analyzed based on gender, age, body weight, and renal function. Vancomycin therapy was analyzed based on dosing schemes (vancomycin dose and dosing interval), data about loading and maintenance doses, vancomycin concentration, and details about vancomycin concentration (sampling time and concentration level). Results: Differences between the hospitals were found in terms of the initiation of vancomycin administration and concentration sampling. In the hospital with a TDM protocol compared with the hospital without a TDM protocol, more accurate initiation was found, alongside adaption of therapy (97.22% vs. 18.95%, p < 0.001), better performance of administration of a loading dose (22.73% vs. 1.29%, p < 0.01), and reaching of target concentration (55.56% vs. 35.29%, p < 0.01). Concentration sampling in the correct timeframe before the vancomycin dose and vancomycin administration did not show statistically better results in either of the hospitals (4.60% vs. 6.29%, p = 0.786). Conclusions: Better results of adequate adjustments of vancomycin therapy were achieved in the hospital with a TDM protocol. In the long term, sustainable results and regular medical professionals’ training is necessary.
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López-Catalina A, Atxaerandio R, García-Rodríguez A, Goiri I, Gutierrez-Rivas M, Jiménez-Montero JA, González-Recio O. Characterisation of the rumen resistome in Spanish dairy cattle. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:63. [PMID: 34551823 PMCID: PMC8456196 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumen microorganisms carry antimicrobial resistance genes which pose a threaten to animals and humans in a One Health context. In order to tackle the emergence of antimicrobial resistance it is vital to understand how they appear, their relationship with the host, how they behave as a whole in the ruminal ecosystem or how they spread to the environment or humans. We sequenced ruminal samples from 416 Holstein dairy cows in 14 Spanish farms using nanopore technology, to uncover the presence of resistance genes and their potential effect on human, animal and environmental health. RESULTS We found 998 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the cow rumen and studied the 25 most prevalent genes in the 14 dairy cattle farms. The most abundant ARGs were related to the use of antibiotics to treat mastitis, metritis and lameness, the most common diseases in dairy cattle. The relative abundance (RA) of bacteriophages was positively correlated to the ARGs RA. The heritability of the RA of the more abundant ARGs ranged between 0.10 (mupA) and 0.49 (tetW), similar to the heritability of the RA of microbes that carried those ARGs. Even though these genes are carried by the microorganisms, the host is partially controlling their RA by having a more suitable rumen pH, folds, or other physiological traits that promote the growth of those microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS We were able to determine the most prevalent ARGs (macB, msbA, parY, rpoB2, tetQ and TaeA) in the ruminal bacteria ecosystem. The rumen is a reservoir of ARGs, and strategies to reduce the ARG load from livestock must be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián López-Catalina
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria Y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, 01192, Arkaute, Spain
| | - Aser García-Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, 01192, Arkaute, Spain
| | - Idoia Goiri
- Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute, 01192, Arkaute, Spain
| | - Mónica Gutierrez-Rivas
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Oscar González-Recio
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Crta. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria Y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Kim B, Yang Q, Chan LW, Bhatia SN, Ruoslahti E, Sailor MJ. Fusogenic porous silicon nanoparticles as a broad-spectrum immunotherapy against bacterial infections. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:330-340. [PMID: 33599221 PMCID: PMC8098644 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00624f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are re-emerging as substantial threats to global health due to the limited selection of antibiotics that are capable of overcoming antibiotic-resistant strains. By deterring such mutations whilst minimizing the need to develop new pathogen-specific antibiotics, immunotherapy offers a broad-spectrum therapeutic solution against bacterial infections. In particular, pathology resulting from excessive immune response (i.e. fibrosis, necrosis, exudation, breath impediment) contributes significantly to negative disease outcome. Herein, we present a nanoparticle that is targeted to activated macrophages and loaded with siRNA against the Irf5 gene. This formulation is able to induce >80% gene silencing in activated macrophages in vivo, and it inhibits the excessive inflammatory response, generating a significantly improved therapeutic outcome in mouse models of bacterial infection. The versatility of the approach is demonstrated using mice with antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) muscle and lung infections, respectively. Effective depletion of the Irf5 gene in macrophages is found to significantly improve the therapeutic outcome of infected mice, regardless of the bacteria strain and type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungji Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in Agriculture: Lessons in Evolution from a Multispecies Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00182-20. [PMID: 33568553 PMCID: PMC7950364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00182-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Lawpidet P, Tengjaroenkul B, Saksangawong C, Sukon P. Global Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Food of Animal Origin: A Meta-Analysis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:405-412. [PMID: 33684315 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a leading cause of nosocomial infections in patients worldwide. VRE contamination in food of animal origin may create a risk for human health. This study was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of VRE in food of animal origin worldwide, to assess the result heterogeneity, and to determine cumulative evidence and the trend of the prevalence over time. Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of VRE in food of animal origin. Subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess the heterogeneity of the results. A cumulative meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted to determine cumulative evidence and the trend of the prevalence of VRE in food of animal origin over time, respectively. Of the 1352 retrieved studies, 50 articles were included. The pooled prevalence of VRE in food of animal origin was 11.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 8.4 to 16.0). Subgroup meta-analyses showed a significant difference in the prevalence of VRE for two characteristics. First, for the source of food, the prevalence of VRE was highest in aquatic food (43.4% [95% CI = 28.4 to 59.7]) and lowest in dairy food (4.1% [95% CI = 1.7 to 9.8]). Second, for continents, the prevalence of VRE was highest in Africa (18.5% [95% CI = 12.8 to 26.1]) and lowest in North America (0.3% [95% CI = 0.1 to 1.1]). Cumulative evidence showed two distinct features in two different periods. The pooled prevalence of VRE rapidly decreased from 79.3% in 1998 to 13.1% in 2003; it has slightly fluctuated between 10.5% and 20.5% since 2004. The results of the meta-regression indicated that the prevalence gradually decreased over time. In conclusion, the estimate of overall VRE prevalence worldwide in food of animal origin was ∼12%, indicating the burden of VRE contamination in food of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bundit Tengjaroenkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Development on Toxic Substances, Microorganisms and Feed Additives in Livestock and Aquatic Animals for Food Safety, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Peerapol Sukon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Research and Development on Toxic Substances, Microorganisms and Feed Additives in Livestock and Aquatic Animals for Food Safety, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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15
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Mu F, Zhou X, Fan F, Chen Z, Shi G. A fluorescence biosensor for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin using in vivo microdialysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1151:338250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lima WG, de Brito JCM, Cardoso VN, Fernandes SOA. In-depth characterization of antibacterial activity of melittin against Staphylococcus aureus and use in a model of non-surgical MRSA-infected skin wounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 156:105592. [PMID: 33049305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) require the development of new and effective topical antibiotics. In this context, melittin, the main component of apitoxin, has a potent antibacterial effect. However, little is known regarding the anti-inflammatory potential this peptide in infection models, or its ability to induce clinically important resistance. Here, we aimed to conduct an in-depth characterization of the antibacterial potential of melittin in vitro and evaluate the pharmaceutical potential of an ointment containing melittin for the treatment of non-surgical infections induced by MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration of melittin varied from 0.12 to 4 μM. The antibacterial effect was mainly bactericidal and fast (approximately 0.5 h after incubation) and was maintained even in stationary cells and mature MRSA biofilms. Melittin interacts synergistically with beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, and its ability to form pores in the membrane reverses the resistance of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) to amoxicillin, and vancomycin. Its ability to induce resistance in vitro was absent, and melittin was stable in several conditions often associated with infected wounds. In vivo, aointment containing melittin reduced bacterial load and the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1 beta. Collectively, these data point to melittin as a potential candidate for topical formulations aimed at the treatment of non-surgical infections caused by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gustavo Lima
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos, Departamento de Análises Clinicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang B, Skelly JD, Braun BM, Ayers DC, Song J. Surface-grafted zwitterionic polymers improve the efficacy of a single antibiotic injection in suppressing S. aureus periprosthetic infections. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5896-5904. [PMID: 34368642 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Implant-associated bacterial infections are difficult to treat due to the tendency of biofilm formation on implant surfaces, which protects embedded pathogens from host defense and impedes antibiotic penetration, rendering systemic antibiotic injections ineffective. Here, we test the hypothesis that implant coatings that reduce bacterial colonization would make planktonic bacteria within the periprosthetic environment more susceptible to conventional systemic antibiotic treatment. We covalently grafted zwitterionic polymer brushes poly(sulfobetaine methacryate) from Ti6Al4V surface to increase the substrate surface hydrophilicity and reduce staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) adhesion. Using a mouse femoral intramedullary (IM) canal infection model, we showed that the anti-fouling coating applied to Ti6Al4V IM implants, when combined with a single vancomycin systemic injection, significantly suppressed both bacterial colonization on implant surfaces and the periprosthetic infections, outperforming either treatment alone. This work supports the hypothesis that grafting anti-fouling polymers to implant surfaces improves the efficacy of systemic antibiotic injections to combat periprosthetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jordan D Skelly
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Benjamin M Braun
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - David C Ayers
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Orthopedics & Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Healthy Thoroughbred Racehorses in Japan. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103232. [PMID: 33077095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) enterococci was evaluated in Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses in Japan. Fecal samples were collected from 212 healthy TB racehorses at the Miho and Ritto Training Centers of the Japan Racing Association from March 2017 to August 2018. Isolation and identification were performed by enterococcus selective medium and confirmed to the species using MALDI-TOF MS. Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 11 antimicrobials by minimum inhibitory concentration based on recommendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Among 583 enterococcus isolates, E. faecium and E. faecalis were identified for 48.2% (281/583) and 7.4% (43/583), respectively. One isolate that was representing E. faecium (153 isolates) and E. faecalis (31 isolates) from each sample was selected for antimicrobial susceptibility test. The highest rate of resistance for E. faecium isolates was observed against enrofloxacin (57.5%; 88/153), followed by streptomycin (32.0%; 49/153), kanamycin (18.3%; 28/153), gentamycin (5.9%; 9/153), erythromycin (5.9%; 9/153), and oxytetracycline (4.6%; 7/153). For E. faecium isolates, the highest resistance was observed against streptomycin (90.3%; 28/31), followed by kanamycin (41.9%; 13/31), gentamycin (29.0%; 9/31), lincomycin (9.7%; 3/31), oxytetracycline (6.5%; 2/31), erythromycin (6.5%; 2/31), tylosin (6.5%; 2/31), enrofloxacin (6.5%; 2/31), and chloramphenicol (3.2%; 1/31). The results indicated that enrofloxacin and aminoglycosides were highly resistant among tested antimicrobials. Continuous monitoring studies are useful to increase the awareness of the potential for AMR bacteria to arise from imprudent use of antimicrobials in TB racehorses in Japan.
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Jayaweera JAAS, Sivakumar D. Asymptomatic central line-associated bloodstream infections in children implanted with long term indwelling central venous catheters in a teaching hospital, Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:457. [PMID: 32600427 PMCID: PMC7325288 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indwelling central venous catheters (CVC) are used to provide long term hemodialysis. The commonest and the severe complication of CVC is the central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). This study was done to assess the etiology and infectious complications of CVC in children on long term hemodialysis. METHODS Children newly undergoing hemodialysis and having indwelling CVC were included. They were followed up to a period of 2-years to assess infectious complications. Catheter bundle care approach was employed to prevent infections and other complications. Automated culture from the central catheter and peripheral vein and 2D echocardiography were done in each hemodialysis. Serial procalcitonin (PCT) was measured. Differential time of positivity (DTP) was used to detect CLABSI. During homestay in weekly telephone conversations were done to assess features of infection, and whenever having, we have asked to admit to the tertiary care unit. Logistic regression was performed, and the significant outcome variable was considered following multivariable analysis as a risk factor. RESULTS Blood cultures were positive in 1090 (74.5%) out of 1462 children. According to DTP, 410 (28%) were having CLABSI, while 520 (35.6%) were having bacteremia without CLABSI. Out of 410 CLABSI patients, 79 (19.2%) were asymptomatic. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CoNS) bacteremia was significantly associated with asymptomatic CLABSI. Right-sided infective endocarditis (RS-IE) was significantly associated with asymptomatic CLABSI and asymptomatic bacteremia without CLABSI. CoNS was associated significantly in RS-IE following asymptomatic CLABSI and asymptomatic bacteremia. PCT was in asymptomatic CLABSI was 1.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL while in symptomatic CLABSI was 11.3 ± 2.5 ng/ml (P = 0.02). CoNS bloodstream infection, tunneled CVC, peripherally inserted central catheter, femoral site, the number of line days > 90, receipt of vancomycin, meropenem, or linezolid in the 5 days before CLABSI diagnosis and recurrent bacteremia were risk factors for asymptomatic CLABSI. CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic CLABSI could be a rare occurrence. CoNS was predominantly isolated in patients with asymptomatic CLABSI. RS- IE is a well-known complication in long term indwelling CVC. CoNS was significantly associated with RS-IE following asymptomatic CLABSI. Regular procalcitonin, microbiological, and imaging studies would be essential to detect infectious complications in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients implanted with long term indwelling CVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A A S Jayaweera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Microbiology, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka.
- Teaching Hospital Kandy, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
| | - D Sivakumar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Microbiology, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
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Jayathilake A, Jayaweera JAAS, Kumbukgolla WW, Herath S. Influence of early postoperative showering in undressed surgical wound for better clinical outcome. J Perioper Pract 2020; 30:163-169. [PMID: 31524077 DOI: 10.1177/1750458919868903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surgeons instruct the patients to avoid postoperative bathing and dress the wounds until the sutures are removed. All wounds were sutured at the end of surgery and kept undressed. Participants received a tap water body bath where the water covered the wound after 24h of surgery. The control group were asked not to wet the dressed surgical site until wound inspection on days 3 and 5. The patients were followed up in the surgery clinic on days 14 and 30 after surgery, when age, sex and type of surgery-matched controls' surgical site infection was significantly high in clean/contaminated and contaminated appendicectomy, breast lump excision, inguinal herniotomy and tendon repair surgeries. In contaminated appendicectomy, clean/contaminated and contaminated herniotomies postsurgical infections other than surgical site infection were significantly low in test groups. Early mobilisation, keeping the surgical wounds moist and providing a clean environment are suitable to minimise the surgical wound and other associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Jayathilake
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Wikum Widuranga Kumbukgolla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
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Abed RI, Hadi H. Determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Forms and Urine Samples Using Modified Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jayaweera JAAS, Pilapitiya S, Kumbukgolla W. The relationship between the exposure to healthcare settings and colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students. Germs 2020; 10:34-43. [PMID: 32274358 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2020.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Medical students who engage in clinical learning in healthcare settings can be potential methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study having a follow-up approach. Three batches of medical students who were studying at the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (1st, 3rd and 5th study years of MBBS course) were screened for nasal and axillary MRSA colonization. The first-year students were screened before and 6 months after clinical learning. The knowledge of the students about infection control was scored (percentage) using a questionnaire in the one week before and later one year after the hospital exposure. Data was compared using two-sample t test. Results The percentage of MRSA colonization was 6.36% (7/110) and 49.57% (59/119) before clinical exposure and after 2.5 years of exposure, respectively (p<0.012). The percentage of correct responses obtained by the students for the questionnaire about infection control was 28% and 66.9% one week before the exposure to the hospitals and one year after the exposure to the hospitals, consecutively. Conclusions MRSA carriage was significantly associated with the time duration of the clinical training of the medical students. The knowledge of students about infection control was significantly inadequate one week before the hospital exposure and they have gained the knowledge only after being exposed to the hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaweera Arachchige Asela Sampath Jayaweera
- Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, MBBS, MPhil, Pg. Dip. Micro., MSc Biostatistics, MD Clinical Microbiology, Senior Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - Senaka Pilapitiya
- Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, MBBS, MD Medicine, Senior Lecturer and Consultant Physician, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - Widuranga Kumbukgolla
- Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, BSc, MPhil, PhD, Senior Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka
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Characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in the species of the rumen microbiota. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5252. [PMID: 31748524 PMCID: PMC6868206 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria represent a therapeutic challenge both in clinical settings and in livestock production, but the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among the species of bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants is not well characterized. Here, we investigate the resistome of 435 ruminal microbial genomes in silico and confirm representative phenotypes in vitro. We find a high abundance of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and evidence that the tet(W) gene is under positive selective pressure. Our findings reveal that tet(W) is located in a novel integrative and conjugative element in several ruminal bacterial genomes. Analyses of rumen microbial metatranscriptomes confirm the expression of the most abundant antibiotic resistance genes. Our data provide insight into antibiotic resistange gene profiles of the main species of ruminal bacteria and reveal the potential role of mobile genetic elements in shaping the resistome of the rumen microbiome, with implications for human and animal health.
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Al-Amery K, Elhariri M, Elsayed A, El-Moghazy G, Elhelw R, El-Mahallawy H, El Hariri M, Hamza D. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel meat and slaughterhouse workers in Egypt. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:129. [PMID: 31404199 PMCID: PMC6683426 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) represents a challenge for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in both human and animals worldwide. Although VRSA has been detected in several animal species worldwide, data on the bacterial prevalence in dromedary camels and workers in camel slaughterhouses are scarce. Methods We investigated meat samples from 200 dromedary camel carcasses from three different abattoirs that were being prepared to be sent to the markets. Twenty hand swabs were voluntarily collected from the workers in the same abattoirs. Isolation and identification of the bacterial specimens from the samples were performed using conventional cultural techniques and biochemical identification and were confirmed by PCR amplification of the nuc gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobial agents commonly used in human and camels was tested using the disc diffusion method, and genetic analysis was performed by evaluating the mecA gene in phenotypically oxacillin (OXA)- and cefoxitin (FOX)-resistant isolates. The resistance of S. aureus to vancomycin (VAN) was tested by broth microdilution and confirmed by PCR targeting the vanA and vanB genes. The vanA and vanB genes were sequenced. Result S. aureus was detected in both camel meat (29/200, 14.5%) and in abattoir workers (11/20, 55%). Of the collected samples, 27% (8/29, camel) and 54% (6/11, human) were identified as VRSA. All VRSA isolates carried both the vanA and vanB genes. Additionally, all VRSA isolates were also classified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The vanA amplicons of the isolates from human and camel meat were homologous and clustered with a Chinese reference isolate sequence. Conclusion This study demonstrated that VRSA is present in camel abattoirs in Egypt. Zoonotic transmission between animals and human is probable and reflects both a public health threat and a food safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al-Amery
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elhariri
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Elsayed
- 2Department of Food Safety and Biotechnology, Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gihan El-Moghazy
- 2Department of Food Safety and Biotechnology, Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab Elhelw
- 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba El-Mahallawy
- 3Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | - Mohamed El Hariri
- 4Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Hamza
- 5Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
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Sim JXF, Khazandi M, Pi H, Venter H, Trott DJ, Deo P. Antimicrobial effects of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde combined with EDTA against canine otitis externa pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:99-108. [PMID: 31050849 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde against bacterial and fungal pathogens associated with canine otitis externa, as well as the effect of their combination with EDTA were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilution method while spot-plating technique was used to determine their bactericidal activity. Time-kill kinetics and checkerboard assays were performed to confirm the bactericidal activity and combination effects of the compounds. Cinnamon oil and cinnamaldehyde exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, as well as Malassezia pachydermatis. Synergistic interaction was shown when EDTA (672 μg ml-1 ) was combined with cinnamon oil (41 μg ml-1 ) and cinnamaldehyde (22 μg ml-1 ) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cinnamaldehyde exhibited significantly stronger antimicrobial activity than cinnamon bark oil. CONCLUSIONS Cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde, either used alone or in combination with EDTA, were effective against the causative micro-organisms of canine otitis externa. The data suggest that cinnamaldehyde could be a promising antimicrobial agent against canine otitis externa. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde, especially the latter, could be used in combination with EDTA as novel treatment for sensitive and resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens involved in canine otitis externa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X F Sim
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Khazandi
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - H Pi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - H Venter
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P Deo
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Maurey C, Boulouis HJ, Canonne-Guibert M, Benchekroun G. Clinical description of Corynebacterium urealyticum urinary tract infections in 11 dogs and 10 cats. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:239-246. [PMID: 30653665 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the clinical signs, laboratory findings, possible predisposing factors, antimicrobial sensitivity and outcomes of dogs and cats diagnosed with urinary tract infection caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective, observational study of dogs and cats that were diagnosed with urinary tract infection caused by C. urealyticum. RESULTS This report concerns a total of 11 dogs and 10 cats. All cats had a history of urethral catheterisation, and six cats had undergone urological surgery before diagnosis of this specific infection. Dogs had history of neurogenic urinary incontinence (n=5), urethral catheterisation (n=4), urological surgery (n=4), lower urinary tract disease (n=2) or prostatic disease (n=1). In seven animals, previous urine culture was negative. Median urine pH was 8.6 (interquartile range 7.5 to 9), and 19 animals had pyuria and struvite crystalluria. Encrusted cystitis was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound in nine animals. All but one isolate were resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes. Thirteen isolates were sensitive to tetracyclines. There was bacterial and clinical resolution of the infection in nine dogs and seven cats. Two animals died from sepsis and two cats were euthanased because of clinical deterioration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Urinary tract infection caused by C. urealyticum should be suspected in animals with pre-existing urinary disorders, especially if urine is alkaline and there is struvite crystalluria, negative routine urine culture and encrusted cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maurey
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Médecine Interne, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - H-J Boulouis
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - M Canonne-Guibert
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Médecine Interne, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - G Benchekroun
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Médecine Interne, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
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Jayaweera JAAS, Abeydeera WPH, Ranasinghe GR. Intravenously administered cloxacillin-induced neutropenia with eosinophilia in a patient with infective endocarditis: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:384. [PMID: 30593283 PMCID: PMC6310943 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteremia following Staphylococcus aureus is a serious clinical condition which is often associated with distant metastatic infections. One of the most dreaded complications of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is infective endocarditis. Cloxacillin is a common antibiotic prescribed for suspected staphylococcal infections and confirmed methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections. Prolonged use of cloxacillin may lead to neutropenia. Case presentation A 38-year-old Sinhalese man presented to Teaching Hospital Kurunegala, Sri Lanka, complaining of a 3-week history of fever; he was found to have a pansystolic murmur over the apex of his heart. He had leukocytosis with predominant neutrocytosis. His C-reactive protein was 231 mg/l and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 100 mm/first hour. Transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography revealed prolapsed mitral valve with 7 × 13 mm vegetation over the posterior mitral valve. On the following day, three blood cultures became positive and were subsequently identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Intravenously administered cloxacillin 3 g 6 hourly was started. Following day 24 of intravenously administered cloxacillin, our patient developed high spike fever. His total white blood cells were: 990/mm3 with 34% neutrophils and 22% eosinophils. His hemoglobin concentration was 9.5 g/dL and platelet count remained normal (202 × 106/mm3). His C-reactive protein was 78 mg/l, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 95 mm/first hour, and he was otherwise comfortable, showing no signs of sepsis beside the high grade fever. His serum was negative for filarial and Toxoplasma antibodies while stool was negative for oocytes and amoebic cysts. Further, his serum was negative for dengue virus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B antibodies. He was clinically well on day 6 after stopping cloxacillin with 44% neutrophils and 18% eosinophils. His C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate became normal, and there was no further plan for cardiothoracic intervention or administration of antimicrobials. He was discharged from hospital and remained well 6 months later. Conclusion This case report signifies the potential fatal adverse effect of cloxacillin in methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infections. Leukopenia is associated with prolonged use of high doses of cloxacillin. In addition to transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography and inflammatory markers, sequential white blood cells and differential counts would help clinicians to assess the prognosis of patients with infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A A S Jayaweera
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka. .,Teaching Hospital Kurunegala, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka.
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Liu M, Kemper N, Volkmann N, Schulz J. Resistance of Enterococcus spp. in Dust From Farm Animal Houses: A Retrospective Study. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3074. [PMID: 30619159 PMCID: PMC6300476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a retrospective study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus spp. isolated from stored sedimentation dust samples from cattle, pig and poultry barns to 16 antibiotics was determined using a microdilution test. The resistance phenotypes of 70 isolates from different timespans (8 from the 1980s, 15 from the 1990s, 43 from the 2000s and 4 from 2015) were determined. Resistant enterococci were detected in samples from all time periods. Resistances to three or more antibiotics occurred in 69 percent of all isolates. The oldest multidrug resistant isolate was an Enterococcus faecium obtained from a 35-year-old pig barn dust sample. No correlations (ρ = 0.16, p = 0.187) were found between the age of isolates and the number of resistances. Instead, the number of resistances was associated with the origin of the isolates. An exact logistic conditional regression analysis showed significant differences in resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, penicillin and tylosin between isolates from different animal groups. Interestingly, we isolated ciprofloxacin-resistant E. faecium from pig barn dust before fluoroquinolones were introduced into the market for use in animal husbandry. In conclusion, dust from farm animal houses is a reservoir and carrier of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. People working in barns are unavoidably exposed to these bacteria. Furthermore, it can be hypothesized that emissions from barns of intensive livestock farming contaminate the environment with multidrug resistant enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Liu
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Volkmann
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Jayaweera JAAS, Joseph A. Assessment of healthiness among long term inhabiting army soldiers in dry zone of Sri Lanka. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:474. [PMID: 30005685 PMCID: PMC6045845 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Military personnel, because of the unique nature of their duties, are reluctant to face stressors. Living in hot and humid conditions they frequently suffer dehydration. Army soldiers living in dry zone of Sri Lanka, were screened for chronic kidney disease (CKD), common non-communicable diseases and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization. Albumin creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g urine taken as cut-off for detection of CKD. RESULTS Screened 417 soldiers, all were men and body mass index were 21.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2. They smoke 0.5 ± 0.1 pack years while consume alcohol 32 ± 3 units/week and were having 100/min average daily moderate physical activity. Eight of them (0.2%) were having essential hypertension, 4 (0.1%) of them were having diabetes mellitus. Blood cholesterol was within normal range. CKD unknown etiology (CKDu) prevalence among screened army soldiers was 0.009. All were from native army recruits. Further, 71.2% had MRSA colonization. In a group of middle aged army recruits, despite tobacco smoking and moderate level of alcohol consumption while continuously having healthy dietary practices with physical activities would leads to low prevalence of communicable diseases. Further, compared to native group of solders, visitors but living long time recruits CKDu incidence is zero.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anpalaham Joseph
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
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Jayaweera JAAS, Reyes M. Antimicrobial misuse in pediatric urinary tract infections: recurrences and renal scarring. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2018; 17:27. [PMID: 29940982 PMCID: PMC6016131 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-018-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In children, urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of a common bacterial infection. This study was conducted to detect the uropathogen, antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogen associated with recurrences and renal scarring in children initially taken care from general practitioners and later presented to tertiary care. Methods Every inward UTI episode, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility was done while on past 6-month, history of infections and use of antimicrobials was collected using clinical records and demonstration of antimicrobials. Children with recurrent pyelonephritis was followed and in vitro bio film formation was assessed. Results Frequency of UTI was significantly high among infants (p = 0.03). Last 6-month, all (220) were exposed to antimicrobials. Cefixime was the commonly prescribed antimicrobial (p = 0.02). In current UTI episode, 64.5% (142/220) of children with UTI were consulted GPs’ prior to seek treatment from tertiary care pediatric unit (p = 0.02). While on follow up child who developed UTI, found urine culture isolates were significantly shifted from E. coli and K. pneumoniae to extended spectrum of beta-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Out of 208 participants, 36 of them had re-current pyelonephritis (R-PN). Renal scarring (RS) was detected in 22 out of 70 patients with pyelonephritis following dimercaptosuccinic acid scan. Following each episodes of recurrent pyelonephritis 11% of new scar formation was detected (p = 0.02). Bio film forming E. coli and K. pneumoniae was significantly associated in patients with R-PN (p = 0.04). Discussion Medical care providers often prescribe antimicrobials without having an etiological diagnosis. While continuing exposure of third generation cephalosporin and carbapenem leads to development of ESBL and CRE microbes in great. The empiric uses of antimicrobials need to be stream lined with local epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. R-PN in childhood leads to RS. In great, bio film formation act as the focus for such recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohommed Reyes
- Department of Pediactrics, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka
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Jayaweera JAAS, Kumbukgolla WW. Antibiotic resistance patterns of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from livestock and associated farmers in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Germs 2017; 7:132-139. [PMID: 28932713 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2017.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The animal husbandry comes to play an important role according to new economic reforms of the rural economy in South Asia including Sri Lanka, and the rural farming community has a poor knowledge about hygienic issues of animal husbandry, which can lead to spread of pathogenic bacterial strains from animals to humans. Our study was conducted to evaluate methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and its antimicrobial resistance pattern among livestock (n=188) and related farmers (n=94) in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka. METHODS S. aureus isolates were identified using mannitol salt agar, coagulase test and DNAase test. The agar plate dilution method was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxacillin against S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for other antibiotics was performed against MRSA isolates using antibiotic containing discs. To assess the MRSA transmission from livestock to humans, we have grouped MRSA strains according to antimicrobial susceptibility patterns against the tested antibiotics. RESULTS Among MRSA isolates, 14 different groups with similar MIC and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were identified. Of those, 2 groups amongst pigs and pig farmers showed a significant relationship (p=0.031). The other groups did not show any significant relationship between animals and the farmers. The percentages of MRSA prevalence in pigs and pig farmers were 26.6% each, in poultry and poultry farmers 8.3% and 13.3% respectively, in cattle and cattle farmers 8.3% and 3%. Compared to human MRSA isolates, animal isolates were significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin (p=0.031), gentamicin (p=0.010) and clindamycin (p=0.011). Similarly, animal methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates were significantly more resistant to ciprofloxacin (p=0.022) and doxycycline (p=0.012). CONCLUSION Pig farming showed a higher prevalence and 2.4 times higher risk (OR=2.4, CI95%: 1.2-4.8) of likely transmission of MRSA between animals and humans than cattle and poultry farming. Overall, 65% of MRSA and MSSA animal isolates were multidrug resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wikum Widuranga Kumbukgolla
- BSc, MPhil, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka
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Sampath Jayaweera JAA, Karunarathne M, Kumbukgolla WW. The importance of timely introduction of vancomycin therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and severity of MRSA bacteremia at Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2017.7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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