A Cellular Model of Infection with Brucella melitensis in Ovine Macrophages: Novel Insights for Intracellular Bacterial Detection

Nanosensor-Enabled Detection and Identification of Intracellular Bacterial Infections in Macrophages

Opportunistic bacterial pathogens can evade the immune response by residing and reproducing within host immune cells, including macrophages. These intracellular infections provide reservoirs for pathogens that enhance the progression of infections and inhibit therapeutic strategies. Current sensing strategies for intracellular infections generally use immunosensing of specific biomarkers on the cell surface or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the corresponding nucleic acids, making detection difficult, time-consuming, and challenging to generalize. Intracellular infections can induce changes in macrophage glycosylation, providing a potential strategy for signature-based detection of intracellular infections. We report here the detection of bacterial infection in macrophages using a boronic acid (BA)-based pH-responsive polymer sensor array engineered to distinguish mammalian cell phenotypes by their cell surface glycosylation signatures. The sensor was able to discriminate between different infecting bacteria in minutes, providing a promising tool for diagnostic and screening applications.

Molecular detection of Brucella spp. in ruminant herds in Greece

Brucellosis is a worldwide distributed infectious disease. Ruminants and other animal species (swine, dogs, equids, etc.), as well as wild mammals, can be affected. The disease can be transmitted to humans through the food chain or by direct contact with infected animals. Because of the relatively high economic burden due to abortions within a herd, significant efforts have been employed and hence the disease in most European countries has been eradicated. Accordingly, Greece applies both control and eradication programs concerning small ruminants (sheep and goats) and bovines depending on the geographical area. Current challenges in the standard antibody-based laboratory methods used for Brucella detection are the failure to differentiate antibodies against the wild strain from the ones against the vaccine strain Rev1 and antibodies against B. melitensis from those against B. abortus. The aim of the study was to reexamine and combine previously published protocols based on PCR analysis and to generate a rapid, not expensive, and easy to perform diagnostic tool able to confirm the doubtful results delivered from serology. For this reason, 264 samples derived from 191 ruminants of the farm and divided in 2 groups (male/female) were examined with a modified DNA extraction and PCR protocol. Molecular examination revealed the presence of Brucella spp. in 39 out of 264 samples (derived from 30 animals). In addition, Brucella spp. was detected in infected tissues such as testicles, inguinal lymph nodes, fetal liver, and fetal stomach content.

Evaluating the effect of TLR4-overexpressing on the transcriptome profile in ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Background

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the elimination of Gram-negative bacteria infections and the initiation of antiinflammatory response. Using the technology of pronuclear microinjection, genetically modified (GM) sheep with TLR4 overexpression were generated. Previous studies have shown that these GM sheep exhibited a higher inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria infection than wild type (WT) sheep. In order to evaluate the gene expression of GM sheep and study the co-expressed and downstream genes for TLR4, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from TLR4-overexpressing (Tg) and wild type (WT) sheep were selected to discover the transcriptomic differences using RNA-Seq.

Result

An average of 18,754 and 19,530 known genes were identified in the Tg and WT libraries, respectively. A total of 338 known genes and 85 novel transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in the two libraries (p < 0.01). A differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enrichment analysis showed that the GO terms of inflammatory response, cell recognition, etc. were significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched. Furthermore, the above DEGs were significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched in the sole KEGG pathway of the Phagosome. Real-time PCR showed the OLR1, TLR4 and CD14 genes to be differentially expressed in the two groups, which validated the DEGs data.

Conclusions

The RNA-Seq results revealed that the overexpressed TLR4 in our experiment strengthened the ovine innate immune response by increasing the phagocytosis in PBMC.

Susceptibility of Avian Species to Brucella Infection: A Hypothesis-Driven Study

Brucellosis is a highly contagious bacterial disease affecting a wide range of animals, as well as humans. The existence of the clinically diagnosed brucellosis in avian species is controversially discussed. In the current study, we set to summarize the current knowledge on the presence of brucellae in avian species. Anti-Brucella antibodies were monitored in different avian species using classical diagnostic tools. Experimental infection of chicken embryos induced the disease and resulted in the development of specific lesions. Few empirical studies have been performed in adult poultry. However, the isolation of brucellae from naturally-infected chickens has not been possible yet.

Development of a CRISPR/Cas9 system against ruminant animal brucellosis

BACKGROUND

Brucellosis, caused by several Brucella species, such as the bacterium Brucella melitensis, is considered one of the most severe zoonotic diseases worldwide. Not only does it affect ruminant animal populations, leading to a substantial financial burden for stockbreeders, but also poses severe public health issues. For almost four decades in southern Europe and elsewhere, eradication of the disease has been based on ambiguously effective programs, rendering massive sanitation of livestock urgent and indispensable. Gene therapy, which has been proved effective in the clinic, could possibly constitute an alternative option towards a permanent cure for brucellosis, by aiding in the deletion or inactivation of genes associated with the replication of Brucella within the host cells.

RESULTS

We infected ovine macrophages with B.melitensis, to simulate the host cell/microorganism interaction in vitro, and transduced the infected cells with CRISPR/Cas9 lentiviral vectors that target Brucella's RNA polymerase subunit A (RpolA) or virulence-associated gene virB10 at a multiplicity of infection of 60. We demonstrate a significant decrease in the bacterial load per cell when infected cells are transduced with the RpolA vector and that the number of internalized brucellae per cell remains unaffected when macrophages are transduced with a conventional lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescence protein, thus underlining the bactericidal effect of our CRISPR/Cas9 system.

CONCLUSIONS

Pending in vivo verification of our findings, overall, these results may prove critical not only for the treatment of human brucellosis, but for other infectious diseases in general.