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Oliveira-Lopes AF, Götze MM, Lopes-Neto BE, Guerreiro DD, Bustamante-Filho IC, Moura AA. Molecular and Pathobiology of Canine Mammary Tumour: Defining a Translational Model for Human Breast Cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 39011576 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMT) have histological, clinicopathological and molecular resemblances to human breast cancer (HBC), positioning them as viable models for studying the human disease. CMT initiation and progression occur spontaneously in immune-competent animals, which challenge the suggested limitations of genetically modified mice, also enabling the evaluation of immunotherapies in canine patients. Dogs have shorter life expectancy compared to humans, and cancer advances more rapidly in this species. This makes it possible to perform studies about the clinical efficacy of new therapeutic modalities in a much shorter time than in human patients. The identification of biomarkers for tumour subtypes, progression and treatment response paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. This review addresses the similarities between CMT and HBC and the molecular signatures identified in CMT samples that have been explored to date. We proposed a detailed molecular exploration of the CMT stroma using state-of-the-art methods in transcriptomics and proteomics. Using CMT as an analog for HBC not only helps to understand the complexities of the disease, but also to advance comparative oncology to the next level to prove the claim of dogs as a valid translational model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo M Götze
- Graduate Studies Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
| | | | - Denise D Guerreiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Dolka I, Czopowicz M, Stopka D, Wojtkowska A, Kaszak I, Sapierzyński R. Risk factor analysis and clinicopathological characteristics of female dogs with mammary tumours from a single-center retrospective study in Poland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5569. [PMID: 38448646 PMCID: PMC10917774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive retrospective study to characterize female dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs) using a dataset retrieved from the archives of the Division of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine in Warsaw, and to identify prognostic factors. Clinical and histopathological data of 1447 dogs with CMTs were included. Malignant tumours were found in 83.3% (n = 1206), benign tumours in 11.7% (n = 169), and non-neoplastic lesions in 5.0% (n = 72) of dogs. Dogs most often had grade II carcinomas (38.2%, 215/562) of a single histological subtype (88.5%, 1281/1447), mostly simple carcinoma (35.3%, 510/1447). Dogs with a median age of 10 years significantly often had larger (≥ 3 cm) and malignant CMTs, whereas intact females had smaller tumours (median size 2.0 cm). However, the threshold value for the age of the dog in the differentiation of malignant and non-neoplastic/benign masses could not be determined. Most females were hormonally active (76.4%, 372/487). Hormonally active dogs significantly more often had multiple tumours. Multiple tumours were significantly smaller (median 2.5 cm) than single ones. Among pedigree dogs, small-breed dogs were mostly recorded (43%, 428/1006). Twelve breeds had an increased risk of CMTs, regardless of tumour behaviour, compared with the theoretical distribution of pedigree dogs in Poland. Four breeds were often affected only by malignant and other four breeds only by non-neoplastic/benign CMT. Large-breed dogs were significantly younger and affected by larger CMT (median 4 cm) compared with small- and medium-breed dogs. Ninety dogs with a malignant CMT and complete records were included in the full analysis of CMT-specific survival (CMT-SS) with a median follow-up time of 20.0 months. We showed that the timing of ovariohysterectomy in relation to mastectomy was significantly associated with grade, CMT-SS, and CMT-related death. We indicated the low diagnostic accuracy of palpation of regional lymph nodes (RLN) in the prediction of their metastatic involvement. By multivariable analysis, dogs with neoplastic emboli, tumour ulceration, and simple or complex carcinoma had a significantly higher risk of local recurrence. Tumour size > 3 cm was as a strong independent predictor of lung metastases. Compared with dogs with an easily separated localized tumour, dogs with a multiple/diffuse malignant CMT pattern had a fivefold higher risk of death. The risk of death was significantly higher in the presence of neoplastic emboli (~ fivefold) and tumour ulceration (~ fourfold). Furthermore, the presence of neoplastic emboli and large tumour size were independent predictors of CMT-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Stopka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wojtkowska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kaszak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Galadima M, Teles M, Pastor J, Hernández-Losa J, Rodríguez-Gil JE, Rivera del Alamo MM. Programmed Death-Ligand (PD-L1), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Relaxin, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3): Potential Biomarkers of Malignancy in Canine Mammary Neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1170. [PMID: 38256245 PMCID: PMC10816983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene expression has been suggested as a putative tool for prognosis and diagnosis in canine mammary neoplasia (CMNs). In the present study, 58 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) paraffined canine mammary neoplasias from 27 different bitches were included. Thirty-seven tumours were classified as benign, whereas thirty-one were classified as different types of canine carcinoma. In addition, mammary samples from three healthy bitches were also included. The gene expression for vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGFα), CD20, progesterone receptor (PGR), hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), relaxin (RLN2), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) was assessed through RT-qPCR. All the assessed genes yielded a higher expression in neoplastic mammary tissue than in healthy tissue. All the evaluated genes were overexpressed in neoplastic mammary tissue, suggesting a role in the process of tumorigenesis. Moreover, PD-L1, EGF, relaxin, and MMP3 were significantly overexpressed in malignant CMNs compared to benign CMNs, suggesting they may be useful as malignancy biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makchit Galadima
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.G.); (J.P.); (J.E.R.-G.)
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Pastor
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.G.); (J.P.); (J.E.R.-G.)
| | - Javier Hernández-Losa
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, VHIR, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Joan Enric Rodríguez-Gil
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.G.); (J.P.); (J.E.R.-G.)
| | - Maria Montserrat Rivera del Alamo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.G.); (J.P.); (J.E.R.-G.)
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Yang NY, Zheng HH, Yu C, Ye Y, Du CT, Xie GH. Research progress of good markers for canine mammary carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10617-10625. [PMID: 37943402 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammary gland tumors are the most common neoplastic diseases in elderly female dogs, about 50% of which are considered to be malignant. Canine mammary tumors are similar to human breast cancers in many respects, so canine mammary tumors are frequently studied alongside human breast cancer. This article mentioned KI-67, HER-2, COX-2, BRCA1, BRCA2, P53, CA15-3, MicroRNA, Top2α and so on. All these markers are expected to have an important role in the clinic. METHODS Existing markers of canine mammary carcinoma are reviewed, and the expression of each marker and its diagnostic role for this tumor are described in detail. RESULTS This article introduced several effective markers of canine mammary tumors, among them, antigen KI-67 (KI-67), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) are promising and can be detected in both serum and tissue samples. Breast cancer caused by mutations in the breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 gene (BRCA2) is also a hot topic of research. In addition to the above symbols, tumor protein p53 (p53), cancer antigen15-3 (CA15-3), MicroRNA (miRNA), topoisomerase πα (Top2α), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and E-cadherin will also be involved in this paper. We will also mention Mammaglobin, which has been rarely reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hui-Hua Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yan Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chong-Tao Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Guang-Hong Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
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